《Dictionary of Engineering》McGraw-Hill，Dictionary of Engineering，Second Edition，2003.2ed

MCGRAW-HILL SECOND EDITION DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING MORE THAN 18.000 ESSENTIAL TERMS COVERS EVERY DISCIPLINE OF ENGINEERING PROVIDES SYNONYMS. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering Second Edition Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Jua

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

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For more information about this title. click here Contents Staff How to Use the Dictionary Fields and Their Scope Pronunciation Key A-Z Terms Appendix 627-643 Equivalents of commonly used units for the U.S Customary System and the metric system Conversion factors for the U. S Customary System metric system, and International System Special constants Electrical and magnetic units imensional formulas of common quant Internal energy and generalized work General rules of integration Schematic electronic symbols opyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................v Staff ........................................................................................................................vi How to Use the Dictionary .............................................................................vii Fields and Their Scope ....................................................................................ix Pronunciation Key .............................................................................................xi A-Z Terms ...................................................................................................... 1-626 Appendix .................................................................................................... 627-643 Equivalents of commonly used units for the U.S. Customary System and the metric system ......................................629 Conversion factors for the U.S. Customary System, metric system, and International System .......................................630 Special constants ....................................................................................634 Electrical and magnetic units ................................................................635 Dimensional formulas of common quantities .....................................635 Internal energy and generalized work ...................................................636 General rules of integration ...................................................................637 Schematic electronic symbols ...............................................................639 For more information about this title, click here. Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

Preface The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering provides a compendium of more than 18,000 terms that are central to the various branches of engineering and related fields of science. The coverage in this Second Edition is focused on building construction, chemical engineering, civil engineering, control systems, design engineering, electricity and electronics, engineering acoustics, industrial engi neering, mechanics and mechanical engineering, systems engineering, and thermodynamics. Many new entries have been added since the previous edition ith others revised as necessary. Many of the terms used in engineering are often found in specialized dictionaries and glossaries; this Dictionary, however, aims to provide the user with the convenience of a single, comprehensive All of the definitions are drawn from the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, Sixth Edition(2003). Each definition is classified according to the field with which it is primarily associated; if it is used in more than one area,it is idenfified by the general label ENGINEERING The pronunciation of each term is provided along with synonyms, acronyms, and abbreviations where appropriate. a guide to the use of the Dictionary appears on pages vii and viii, explaining the alphabetical organization of terms, the format of the book, cross referencing, and how synonyms, variant spellings, abbreviations, and similar information are handled. The pronunciation Key is given on page xi. The Appendix provides conversion tables for commonly used scientific units as well as listings of useful mathematical, engineering, and scientific data It is the editors' hope that the Second Edition of the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering will serve the needs of scientists, engineers, students, teachers, librarians, and writers for high-quality information, and that it will contribute to scientific literacy and communication Mark D. Lick Publisher Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

Preface The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering provides a compendium of more than 18,000 terms that are central to the various branches of engineering and related fields of science. The coverage in this Second Edition is focused on building construction, chemical engineering, civil engineering, control systems, design engineering, electricity and electronics, engineering acoustics, industrial engi￾neering, mechanics and mechanical engineering, systems engineering, and thermodynamics. Many new entries have been added since the previous edition with others revised as necessary. Many of the terms used in engineering are often found in specialized dictionaries and glossaries; this Dictionary, however, aims to provide the user with the convenience of a single, comprehensive reference. All of the definitions are drawn from the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, Sixth Edition (2003). Each definition is classified according to the field with which it is primarily associated; if it is used in more than one area, it is idenfified by the general label [ENGINEERING]. The pronunciation of each term is provided along with synonyms, acronyms, and abbreviations where appropriate. A guide to the use of the Dictionary appears on pages vii and viii, explaining the alphabetical organization of terms, the format of the book, cross referencing, and how synonyms, variant spellings, abbreviations, and similar information are handled. The Pronunciation Key is given on page xi. The Appendix provides conversion tables for commonly used scientific units as well as listings of useful mathematical, engineering, and scientific data. It is the editors’ hope that the Second Edition of the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering will serve the needs of scientists, engineers, students, teachers, librarians, and writers for high-quality information, and that it will contribute to scientific literacy and communication. Mark D. Licker Publisher v Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

Staff lark D. Licker. Publisher--Science Elizabeth Geller, Managing Editor Jonathan Weil, Senior Staff edito David Blumel. Staff Editor Alyssa Rappaport, Staff Editor Charles Wagner, Digital Content Manager Renee Taylor, Editorial Assistant Roger Kasunic, Vice President-Editing, Design, and Production Joe Faulk. editi Frank Kotowski or Editing Supervisor Ron Lane, Art Director Thomas G. Kowalczyk, Production Manager Pamela A. Pelton, Senior Production Supervisor Henry F. Beechhold, Pronunciation Editor Former chair Linguistics Program The College of New jersey Trenton, New jersey Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

Staff Mark D. Licker, Publisher—Science Elizabeth Geller, Managing Editor Jonathan Weil, Senior Staff Editor David Blumel, Staff Editor Alyssa Rappaport, Staff Editor Charles Wagner, Digital Content Manager Renee Taylor, Editorial Assistant Roger Kasunic, Vice President—Editing, Design, and Production Joe Faulk, Editing Manager Frank Kotowski, Jr., Senior Editing Supervisor Ron Lane, Art Director Thomas G. Kowalczyk, Production Manager Pamela A. Pelton, Senior Production Supervisor Henry F. Beechhold, Pronunciation Editor Professor Emeritus of English Former Chairman, Linguistics Program The College of New Jersey Trenton, New Jersey vi Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

How to Use the Dictionary ALPHABETIZATION. The terms in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of engineering Second Edition, are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis; word spacing hyphen, comma, solidus, and apostrophe in a term are ignored in the sequenc ing. For example, an ordering of terms would be abat-vent air band Abney level FORMAT. The basic format for a defining entry provides the term in boldface, the field is small capitals, and the single definition in lightface term FIELDI Definition A field may be followed by multiple definitions, each introduced by a bold face number term FIELD 1. Definition. 2. Definition 3. Definition a term may have definitions in two or more fields term IClv ENG Definition. lENG AcoUSI Definition A simple cross-reference entry appears A cross reference may also appear in combination with definitions term ICIV ENGI Definition. ENG ACOUs| Definition CROSS REFERENCING. A cross-reference entry directs the user to the access flooring See raised flooring. The user then turns to the "r" terms for the definition Cross references are also made from variant spellings, acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols ARL See acceptable reliability level arriswise See arrisways at See technical atmosphere ALSO KNOWN AS tc. a definition may conclude with a mention of a synonym of the term, a variant spelling, an abbreviation for the term, or other Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

How to Use the Dictionary ALPHABETIZATION. The terms in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis; word spacing, hyphen, comma, solidus, and apostrophe in a term are ignored in the sequenc￾ing. For example, an ordering of terms would be: abat-vent ADP Ablock air band Abney level airblasting FORMAT. The basic format for a defining entry provides the term in boldface, the field is small capitals, and the single definition in lightface: term [FIELD] Definition. A field may be followed by multiple definitions, each introduced by a bold￾face number: term [FIELD] 1. Definition. 2. Definition. 3. Definition. A term may have definitions in two or more fields: term [CIV ENG] Definition. [ENG ACOUS] Definition. A simple cross-reference entry appears as: term See another term. A cross reference may also appear in combination with definitions: term [CIV ENG] Definition. [ENG ACOUS] Definition. CROSS REFERENCING. A cross-reference entry directs the user to the defining entry. For example, the user looking up “access flooring” finds: access flooring See raised flooring. The user then turns to the “R” terms for the definition. Cross references are also made from variant spellings, acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols. ARL See acceptable reliability level. arriswise See arrisways. at See technical atmosphere. ALSO KNOWN AS ..., etc. A definition may conclude with a mention of a synonym of the term, a variant spelling, an abbreviation for the term, or other vii Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

such information, introduced by " Also known as "Abbreviated,., "Symbolized.., ""Derived from.., When a term has more than one definition, the positioning of any of these phrases conveys the term IClv ENGI 1. Definition. Also known as synonym. 2. Definition. Symbolized t In the above arrangement, "also known as, "applies only to the first defini tion;"Symbolized.. "applies only to the second definition term ICIV ENGI 1. Definition. 2. Definition, ENG Acous Definition. Also known as synonym In the above arrangement. "Also known as. applies only to the second field term ICIv ENGI Also known as synonym. 1 Definition. 2. Definition JENG ACOUSI Definitio In the above arrangement, "Also known as.. applies to both definitions in the first field term Also known as synonym. ICIV ENGI 1. Definition. 2. Definition JENG AcoUS Definitio In the above arrangement, Also known as,, applies to all definitions in both fields

such information, introduced by “Also known as . . . ,” “Also spelled . . . ,” “Abbreviated . . . ,” “Symbolized . . . ,” “Derived from . . . .” When a term has more than one definition, the positioning of any of these phrases conveys the extent of applicability. For example: term [CIV ENG] 1. Definition. Also known as synonym. 2. Definition. Symbolized T. In the above arrangement, “Also known as . . .” applies only to the first defini￾tion; “Symbolized . . .” applies only to the second definition. term [CIV ENG] 1. Definition. 2. Definition. [ENG ACOUS] Definition. Also known as synonym. In the above arrangement, “Also known as . . .” applies only to the second field. term [CIV ENG] Also known as synonym. 1. Definition. 2. Definition. [ENG ACOUS] Definition. In the above arrangement, “Also known as . . .” applies to both definitions in the first field. term Also known as synonym. [CIV ENG] 1. Definition. 2. Definition. [ENG ACOUS] Definition. In the above arrangement, “Also known as . . .” applies to all definitions in both fields. viii

Fields and Their Scope building construction-The technology of assembling materials into a struc- ture, especially one designated for occupancy chemical engineering-A branch of engineering which involves the design and operation of chemical plants civil engineering-The planning, design, construction, and maintenance of fixed structures and ground facilities for industry, for transportation, for use and control of water, for occupancy, and for harbor facilities control systems-The study of those systems in which one or more outputs are forced to change in a desired manner as time progresses engineering-The branch of engineering concerned with the design roduct or facility according to generally accepted uniform standards and lures, such as the specification of a linear dimension, or a manufacturing ce,such as the consistent use of a particular size of screw to fasten covers electricity-The science of physical phenomena involving electric charges and their effects when at rest and when in motion electronics-The technological area involving the manipulation of and electric currents through the use of various devices for the pu performing some useful action with the currents and voltages; this generally divided into analog electronics, in which the signals to be lated take the form of continuous currents or voltages, and digital electronics in which signals are represented by a finite set of state engineering-The science by which the properties of matter and the sources of power in nature are made useful to humans in structures, machines, and products engineering S-The field of that deals with the prodi e of sound by devices, including the ion of such th phones, loudspeakers. recorders and reproducers, and publ ss sytems. industrial engineering-A branch of engineering dealing with the development, and implementation of integrated systems of humans, ma and information resources to provide products and services. Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

Fields and Their Scope building construction—The technology of assembling materials into a struc￾ture, especially one designated for occupancy. chemical engineering—A branch of engineering which involves the design and operation of chemical plants. civil engineering—The planning, design, construction, and maintenance of fixed structures and ground facilities for industry, for transportation, for use and control of water, for occupancy, and for harbor facilities. control systems—The study of those systems in which one or more outputs are forced to change in a desired manner as time progresses. design engineering—The branch of engineering concerned with the design of a product or facility according to generally accepted uniform standards and procedures, such as the specification of a linear dimension, or a manufacturing practice, such as the consistent use of a particular size of screw to fasten covers. electricity—The science of physical phenomena involving electric charges and their effects when at rest and when in motion. electronics—The technological area involving the manipulation of voltages and electric currents through the use of various devices for the purpose of performing some useful action with the currents and voltages; this field is generally divided into analog electronics, in which the signals to be manipu￾lated take the form of continuous currents or voltages, and digital electronics, in which signals are represented by a finite set of states. engineering—The science by which the properties of matter and the sources of power in nature are made useful to humans in structures, machines, and products. engineering acoustics—The field of acoustics that deals with the production, detection, and control of sound by electrical devices, including the study, design, and construction of such things as microphones, loudspeakers, sound recorders and reproducers, and public address sytems. industrial engineering—A branch of engineering dealing with the design, development, and implementation of integrated systems of humans, machines, and information resources to provide products and services. ix Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use

mechanical engineering-The branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, mechanics, and mechanisms and devices for diverse applications inging from automotive parts through nanomachines mechanics-The branch of physics which seeks to formulate general rules for predicting the behavior of a physical system under the influence of any type of interaction with its environment systems engineering-The branch of engineering dealing with the design of a complex interconnection of many elements (a system) to maximize an agreed upon measure of system performance thermodynamics-The branch of physics which seeks to derive, from a few basic postulates, relations between properties of substances, especially those which are affected by changes in temperature, and a description of the conver sion of energy from one form to another

mechanical engineering—The branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, mechanics, and mechanisms and devices for diverse applications, ranging from automotive parts through nanomachines. mechanics—The branch of physics which seeks to formulate general rules for predicting the behavior of a physical system under the influence of any type of interaction with its environment. systems engineering—The branch of engineering dealing with the design of a complex interconnection of many elements (a system) to maximize an agreed￾upon measure of system performance. thermodynamics—The branch of physics which seeks to derive, from a few basic postulates, relations between properties of substances, especially those which are affected by changes in temperature, and a description of the conver￾sion of energy from one form to another. x