s3-1 The OP-AMP The operational amplifier hereafter OP-AMP) is developed in the 1940s primarily for use in analog computers, made cheaply and readily available in the late 1960s through integrated-circuit technology. The actual construction of a modern oP-AMP is indeed very complex, involving many transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors
The operational amplifier (hereafter OP-AMP) is developed in the 1940s primarily for use in analog computers, made cheaply and readily available in the late 1960s through integrated-circuit technology. §3-1 The OP-AMP The actual construction of a modern OP-AMP is indeed very complex, involving many transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors
B Bt. B--batteries 十 N,P input-voltages 十 P output-voltage B A--gain (Some of the connected terminals to the op-amp N R R; --input-resistor 2 Ro--output-resistor P A(U PO C P N a controlled source (a simple model of the op-amp)
input voltages N , P − − − B B − −batteries + − , − −output − voltage 2 R input resistor i − − − R output resistor o − − − A− −gain − − a controlled source ( ) C = A P − N P Ri Ro ( ) C = A P − N (a simple model of the op-amp) − + − + 2 N (Some of the connected terminals to the op-amp) + B − B N P − + 2 A + + − •
The bt and b are usually suppressed in the symbol. R R A (UP-UN) P (some of the connected (a simple model of the op-amp) terminals to the op-amp) In the ideal model,A→0,R2→>o,Rn=0. J 十 G AO-D)U2U2>10007 A→
???? : V If P N V 100000 1 2 = = In the ideal model, → , → , = 0. A Ri Ro ( ) A P − N A→ + i − i − + 2 P N − + (a simple model of the op-amp) + i − i • N P − + 2 + + − (some of the connected terminals to the op-amp) • N P − + 2 A + + − The B+ and B- are usually suppressed in the symbol. P Ri Ro A( ) P − N − + − + 2 N
