EIGHTH EDITION Writing the Research Paper A HANDBOOK Anthony C.Winkler Jo Ray Metherell
Contents Preface xix 8 Revising Your Rough Draft 8a Principles of revision 119 Basic Information about the 8b Revising the opening paragraph 120 Research Paper 8c Revising sentences for variety and style 125 la Hatred of the research paper 3 8d Revising words:Diction 130 1b Definition of the research paper 3 Se Rules for Writers.Not.134 Format of the research paper 4 9 ld The MLA System of Documentation Reasons for the research paper 5 le The report paper and the thesis paper 5 93 Parenthetical documentation:Author- If Drafts of the research paper 6 work (MLA)139 1g Writing the research paper:Steps and 9b Format for"Works Cited"(MLA)144 schedule 9 9c Content notes 174 9d Finished form of the MLA paper 176 2 Choosing a Topic 9e Peer review checklist 184 2a How to choose a topic 13 of Submitting your paper electronically 184 2b Topics to avoid 15 10 The APA System of Documentation 2c Narrowing the topic 17 10a Parenthetical documentation:Author- 3 The Library date (APA)187 10b Format for "References"(APA)193 3a Layout of the library 21 10c 3b Organization of the library Writing the abstract 208 10d collections 27 Finished form of the paper 209 10e Peer review checklist 218 Using the Computer in Your 10f Submitting your paper electronically 218 Research 11 The Traditional System of 4a Computers and the research paper 37 Documentation(CMS) b The Internet 38 lla Footnotes and endnotes 221 4c Online resources 38 11b Subsequent references in footnotes and 4d Researching with search engines 41 endnotes 229 Usenet,Listserv,telnet,and gopher 42 11c Electronic sources 230 4f Evaluating Internet sources 43 11d Finished form of the paper 231 4g Running a search 46 11e Peer review checklist 235 4h Useful Internet sites 47 11f Submitting your paper electronically 236 5 Doing the Research 5a What information to look for 51 12 Sample Student Papers 5b Where to look for information 52 12a Paper using author-work documentation 5c Assembling a working bibliography 58 (MLA)239 5d Selecting your sources:Skimming 60 12b Paper using author-date documentation 5e Note-taking 63 (APA)251 5f Plagiarism and how to avoid it 69 12c Paper using footnote documentation (CMS)265 6 The Thesis and the Outline Appendices 6a The thesis:Definition and function 75 6b The outline 81 A Mechanics 6c Choosing an outline form 87 Al Numbers and dates 271 7 Transforming the Notes into a A2 Titles 273 A3 Italic and underlining 277 Rough Draft A4 Names of people 278 7a Preparing to write the rough draft: A5 Hyphenating words 279 A checklist 91 A6 Spaces and punctuation marks 280 7b Writer's block 91 A7 Foreign-language words 280 1c Writing with a computer 91 A8 Abbreviations 281 Using your notes in the paper 92 A9 Spelling 291 7e How to use quotations to explore and B discover 104 General and Specialized References, Writing with unity,coherence,and an Annotated List emphasis 105 Bl A list of general references 293 7g Using the proper tense 108 B2 A list of specialized references 306 7h Using graphics in your research paper 109 Credits 329 7i Writing the abstract 115 Index 333 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Preface xix 1 Basic Information about the Research Paper 1a Hatred of the research paper 3 1b Defi nition of the research paper 3 1c Format of the research paper 4 1d Reasons for the research paper 5 1e The report paper and the thesis paper 5 1f Drafts of the research paper 6 1g Writing the research paper: Steps and schedule 9 2 Choosing a Topic 2a How to choose a topic 13 2b Topics to avoid 15 2c Narrowing the topic 17 3 The Library 3a Layout of the library 21 3b Organization of the library collections 27 4 Using the Computer in Your Research 4a Computers and the research paper 37 4b The Internet 38 4c Online resources 38 4d Researching with search engines 41 4e Usenet, Listserv, telnet, and gopher 42 4f Evaluating Internet sources 43 4g Running a search 46 4h Useful Internet sites 47 5 Doing the Research 5a What information to look for 51 5b Where to look for information 52 5c Assembling a working bibliography 58 5d Selecting your sources: Skimming 60 5e Note-taking 63 5f Plagiarism and how to avoid it 69 6 The Thesis and the Outline 6a The thesis: Defi nition and function 75 6b The outline 81 6c Choosing an outline form 87 7 Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft 7a Preparing to write the rough draft: A checklist 91 7b Writer’s block 91 7c Writing with a computer 91 7d Using your notes in the paper 92 7e How to use quotations to explore and discover 104 7f Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasis 105 7g Using the proper tense 108 7h Using graphics in your research paper 109 7i Writing the abstract 115 8 Revising Your Rough Draft 8a Principles of revision 119 8b Revising the opening paragraph 120 8c Revising sentences for variety and style 125 8d Revising words: Diction 130 8e Rules for Writers. Not. 134 9 The MLA System of Documentation 9a Parenthetical documentation: Authorwork (MLA) 139 9b Format for “Works Cited” (MLA) 144 9c Content notes 174 9d Finished form of the MLA paper 176 9e Peer review checklist 184 9f Submitting your paper electronically 184 10 The APA System of Documentation 10a Parenthetical documentation: Authordate (APA) 187 10b Format for “References” (APA) 193 10c Writing the abstract 208 10d Finished form of the paper 209 10e Peer review checklist 218 10f Submitting your paper electronically 218 11 The Traditional System of Documentation (CMS) 11a Footnotes and endnotes 221 11b Subsequent references in footnotes and endnotes 229 11c Electronic sources 230 11d Finished form of the paper 231 11e Peer review checklist 235 11f Submitting your paper electronically 236 12 Sample Student Papers 12a Paper using author-work documentation (MLA) 239 12b Paper using author-date documentation (APA) 251 12c Paper using footnote documentation (CMS) 265 Appendices A Mechanics A1 Numbers and dates 271 A2 Titles 273 A3 Italic and underlining 277 A4 Names of people 278 A5 Hyphenating words 279 A6 Spaces and punctuation marks 280 A7 Foreign-language words 280 A8 Abbreviations 281 A9 Spelling 291 B General and Specialized References, an Annotated List B1 A list of general references 293 B2 A list of specialized references 306 Credits 329 Index 333 Contents Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Contents Preface xix Basic Information about the Research Paper 1a Hatred of the research paper 3 1b Definition of the research paper 3 1c Format of the research paper 4 1d Reasons for the research paper 5 1e The report paper and the thesis paper 5 1f Drafts of the research paper 6 1g Writing the research paper:Steps and schedule 9 Choosing a Topic 2a How to choose a topic 13 2b Topics to avoid 15 2b-1 Topics that are too big 15 2b-2 Topics based on a single source 15 2b-3 Topics that are too technical 15 2b-4 Topics that are trivial 16 2b-5 Topics that are too hot 16 2c Narrowing the topic 17 3 The Library 3a Layout of the library 21 3a-1 The computer 21 3a-2 Online full-text databases 23 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
v Preface xix 1 Basic Information about the Research Paper 1a Hatred of the research paper 3 1b Defi nition of the research paper 3 1c Format of the research paper 4 1d Reasons for the research paper 5 1e The report paper and the thesis paper 5 1f Drafts of the research paper 6 1g Writing the research paper: Steps and schedule 9 2 Choosing a Topic 2a How to choose a topic 13 2b Topics to avoid 15 2b-1 Topics that are too big 15 2b-2 Topics based on a single source 15 2b-3 Topics that are too technical 15 2b-4 Topics that are trivial 16 2b-5 Topics that are too hot 16 2c Narrowing the topic 17 3 The Library 3a Layout of the library 21 3a-1 The computer 21 3a-2 Online full-text databases 23 Contents Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
vi Contents 3a-3 Microform indexes 24 3a-4 Stacks 24 3a-5 Reserve room or shelf 25 3a-6 Main desk 25 3a-7 Reserve desk 25 3a-8 Audiovisual room 25 3a-9 Microform room 26 3a-10 Newspaper racks 26 3a-11 Computer room 27 3a-12 Carrels 27 3b Organization of the library collections 27 3b-1 The Dewey Decimal System 28 3b-2 The Cutter-Sanborn Author Marks 29 3b-3 The Library of Congress Classification System 30 3b-4 Classification of periodicals 31 3b-5 Classification of nonbooks 33 4 Using the Computer in Your Research 4a Computers and the research paper 37 4b The Internet 38 4b-1 The World Wide Web 38 4c Online resources 38 4c-1 Databases 39 4c-2 Electronic journals 39 4c-3 Online public-access catalogs (OPACs) 39 4c-4 Blogs and social networks 40 4d Researching with search engines 41 4d-1 Finding a search engine 42 4e Usenet,Listserv,telnet,and gopher 42 4f Evaluating Internet sources 43 4f-1 Where was the information found? 43 4f-2 Who wrote it?44 4f-3 Who publishes it?44 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
vi Contents 3a-3 Microform indexes 24 3a-4 Stacks 24 3a-5 Reserve room or shelf 25 3a-6 Main desk 25 3a-7 Reserve desk 25 3a-8 Audiovisual room 25 3a-9 Microform room 26 3a-10 Newspaper racks 26 3a-11 Computer room 27 3a-12 Carrels 27 3b Organization of the library collections 27 3b-1 The Dewey Decimal System 28 3b-2 The Cutter-Sanborn Author Marks 29 3b-3 The Library of Congress Classification System 30 3b-4 Classifi cation of periodicals 31 3b-5 Classification of nonbooks 33 4 Using the Computer in Your Research 4a Computers and the research paper 37 4b The Internet 38 4b-1 The World Wide Web 38 4c Online resources 38 4c-1 Databases 39 4c-2 Electronic journals 39 4c-3 Online public-access catalogs (OPACs) 39 4c-4 Blogs and social networks 40 4d Researching with search engines 41 4d-1 Finding a search engine 42 4e Usenet, Listserv, telnet, and gopher 42 4f Evaluating Internet sources 43 4f-1 Where was the information found? 43 4f-2 Who wrote it? 44 4f-3 Who publishes it? 44 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Contents vii 4f-4 What are the writer's sources? 44 4f-5 What tone does the writer use? 45 4f-6 What do the writer's contemporaries have to say?45 4f-7 What is the writer's motive?45 4f-8 What is the context of the writer's opinion？45 4g Running a search 46 4h Useful Internet sites 47 5 Doing the Research 5a What information to look for 51 5a-1 Single-fact information 151 5a-2 General information 51 5a-3 In-depth information 52 5b Where to look for information 52 5b-1 General indexes 53 5b-2 Specialized indexes 54 5b-3 Using interviews and surveys 57 5b-4 Corresponding by e-mail 57 5b-5 Attending lectures,concerts,or art exhibits 58 5c Assembling a working bibliography 58 5d Selecting your sources:Skimming 60 5d-1 Primary and secondary sources 61 5d-2 Evaluating sources 61 5e Note-taking 63 5e-1 Using the computer to take notes 64 5e-2 Using a copy machine to take notes 65 5e-3 Kinds of notes 65 a.The summary 65 b.The paraphrase 66 c.The quotation 66 d.The personal comment 68 5f Plagiarism and how to avoid it 69 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Contents vii 4f-4 What are the writer’s sources? 44 4f-5 What tone does the writer use? 45 4f-6 What do the writer’s contemporaries have to say? 45 4f-7 What is the writer’s motive? 45 4f-8 What is the context of the writer’s opinion? 45 4g Running a search 46 4h Useful Internet sites 47 5 Doing the Research 5a What information to look for 51 5a-1 Single-fact information 51 5a-2 General information 51 5a-3 In-depth information 52 5b Where to look for information 52 5b-1 General indexes 53 5b-2 Specialized indexes 54 5b-3 Using interviews and surveys 57 5b-4 Corresponding by e-mail 57 5b-5 Attending lectures, concerts, or art exhibits 58 5c Assembling a working bibliography 58 5d Selecting your sources: Skimming 60 5d-1 Primary and secondary sources 61 5d-2 Evaluating sources 61 5e Note-taking 63 5e-1 Using the computer to take notes 64 5e-2 Using a copy machine to take notes 65 5e-3 Kinds of notes 65 a. The summary 65 b. The paraphrase 66 c. The quotation 66 d. The personal comment 68 5f Plagiarism and how to avoid it 69 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
viii Contents The Thesis and the Outline 6a The thesis:Definition and function 75 6a-1 Formulating the thesis 76 6a-2 Rules for wording the thesis 77 6a-3 Placing the thesis 79 6a-4 Choosing a title 80 6b The outline 81 6b-1 Visual conventions of the outline 81 6b-2 Equal ranking in outline entries 82 6b-3 Parallelism in outline entries 82 6b-4 Types of outlines 83 a.The topic outline 83 b.The sentence outline 84 c.The paragraph outline 85 d.Decimal outline notation 86 6c Choosing an outline form 87 Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft 7a Preparing to write the rough draft:A checklist 91 7b Writer's block 91 7c Writing with a computer 91 7c-1 Overdoing it 92 7c-2 Using a spell-checker 92 7d Using your notes in the paper 92 7d-1 Summaries and paraphrases 92 7d-2 Direct and indirect quotations 93 7d-3 Using brief direct quotations 94 7d-4 Using long quotations 95 7d-5 Using quotations from poetry 97 7d-6 Using a quotation within another quotation 98 7d-7 Punctuating quotations 98 7d-8 Handling interpolations in quoted material 99 7d-9 Using the ellipsis 99 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
viii Contents 6 The Thesis and the Outline 6a The thesis: Defi nition and function 75 6a-1 Formulating the thesis 76 6a-2 Rules for wording the thesis 77 6a-3 Placing the thesis 79 6a-4 Choosing a title 80 6b The outline 81 6b-1 Visual conventions of the outline 81 6b-2 Equal ranking in outline entries 82 6b-3 Parallelism in outline entries 82 6b-4 Types of outlines 83 a. The topic outline 83 b. The sentence outline 84 c. The paragraph outline 85 d. Decimal outline notation 86 6c Choosing an outline form 87 7 Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft 7a Preparing to write the rough draft: A checklist 91 7b Writer’s block 91 7c Writing with a computer 91 7c-1 Overdoing it 92 7c-2 Using a spell-checker 92 7d Using your notes in the paper 92 7d-1 Summaries and paraphrases 92 7d-2 Direct and indirect quotations 93 7d-3 Using brief direct quotations 94 7d-4 Using long quotations 95 7d-5 Using quotations from poetry 97 7d-6 Using a quotation within another quotation 98 7d-7 Punctuating quotations 98 7d-8 Handling interpolations in quoted material 99 7d-9 Using the ellipsis 99 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Contents ix 7d-10 Overusing quotations 102 7d-11 Personal commentary 103 7e How to use quotations to explore and discover 104 7f Writing with unity,coherence,and emphasis 105 7f-1 Unity 105 71-2 Coherence 106 7f-3 Emphasis 108 7g Using the proper tense 108 7h Using graphics in your research paper 109 7i Writing the abstract 115 8 Revising Your Rough Draft 8a Principles of revision 119 8a-1 Rereading your writing 119 8a-2 Revising the paper from biggest to smallest elements 119 8b Revising the opening paragraph 120 8b-1 Revising the introduction 121 a.Use a quotation 121 b.Ask a question 121 c.Present an illustration 122 8b-2 Check that your paragraphs follow the sequence of topics in the thesis 122 8b-3 Revising the body paragraphs 123 8b-4 Check paragraph transitions 124 8c Revising sentences for variety and style 125 8c-1 Revise sentences to use the active voice 126 8c-2 Revise to use an appropriate point of view 128 8c-3 Revise sexist language 129 8d Revising words:Diction 130 8d-1 Revise diction for accuracy and exactness 131 8d-2 Revise the overuse of phrases for subjects instead of single nouns 132 8d-3 Revise redundant expressions 133 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Contents ix 7d-10 Overusing quotations 102 7d-11 Personal commentary 103 7e How to use quotations to explore and discover 104 7f Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasis 105 7f-1 Unity 105 7f-2 Coherence 106 7f-3 Emphasis 108 7g Using the proper tense 108 7h Using graphics in your research paper 109 7i Writing the abstract 115 8 Revising Your Rough Draft 8a Principles of revision 119 8a-1 Rereading your writing 119 8a-2 Revising the paper from biggest to smallest elements 119 8b Revising the opening paragraph 120 8b-1 Revising the introduction 121 a. Use a quotation 121 b. Ask a question 121 c. Present an illustration 122 8b-2 Check that your paragraphs follow the sequence of topics in the thesis 122 8b-3 Revising the body paragraphs 123 8b-4 Check paragraph transitions 124 8c Revising sentences for variety and style 125 8c-1 Revise sentences to use the active voice 126 8c-2 Revise to use an appropriate point of view 128 8c-3 Revise sexist language 129 8d Revising words: Diction 130 8d-1 Revise diction for accuracy and exactness 131 8d-2 Revise the overuse of phrases for subjects instead of single nouns 132 8d-3 Revise redundant expressions 133 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Contents 8d-4 Revise meaningless words and phrases 133 8d-5 Revise snobbish diction 134 8e Rules for Writers.Not. 134 9 The MLA System of Documentation 9a Parenthetical documentation:Author-work(MLA) 139 9a-1 What to document 140 9a-2 Guidelines for in-text citations 140 9b Format for "Works Cited"(MLA) 144 9b-1 General order in references to books 145 a.Author 146 b.Title 147 c.Name of editor,compiler,or translator 147 d.Edition (other than first)147 e.Series name and number 147 f Volume number 148 g.Publication facts 148 h.Page numbers 149 i Medium of publication 149 9b-2 Sample references to books 149 a.Book by a single author 149 b.Book by two or more authors 149 c.Book by a corporate author 149 d.Book by an anonymous or pseudonymous author 150 e.Work in several volumes or parts 150 f.Work within a collection of pieces,all by the same author 150 g.Collections:Anthologies,casebooks,and readers 151 h.Double reference-a quotation within a cited work 151 i Reference works 151 Work in a series 151 k.Reprint 152 I.Edition 152 m.Edited work 152 n.Book published in a foreign country 152 o.Introduction,preface,foreword,or afterword 153 p.Translation 153 q.Book of illustrations 153 r.Foreign title 153 9b-3 General order in references to periodicals 153 a.Author 153 b.Title of the article 154 c.Publication information 154 d.Pages 155 e.Medium of publication 155 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
x Contents 8d-4 Revise meaningless words and phrases 133 8d-5 Revise snobbish diction 134 8e Rules for Writers. Not. 134 9 The MLA System of Documentation 9a Parenthetical documentation: Author-work (MLA) 139 9a-1 What to document 140 9a-2 Guidelines for in-text citations 140 9b Format for “Works Cited” (MLA) 144 9b-1 General order in references to books 145 a. Author 146 b. Title 147 c. Name of editor, compiler, or translator 147 d. Edition (other than fi rst) 147 e. Series name and number 147 f. Volume number 148 g. Publication facts 148 h. Page numbers 149 i. Medium of publication 149 9b-2 Sample references to books 149 a. Book by a single author 149 b. Book by two or more authors 149 c. Book by a corporate author 149 d. Book by an anonymous or pseudonymous author 150 e. Work in several volumes or parts 150 f. Work within a collection of pieces, all by the same author 150 g. Collections: Anthologies, casebooks, and readers 151 h. Double reference—a quotation within a cited work 151 i. Reference works 151 j. Work in a series 151 k. Reprint 152 l. Edition 152 m. Edited work 152 n. Book published in a foreign country 152 o. Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword 153 p. Translation 153 q. Book of illustrations 153 r. Foreign title 153 9b-3 General order in references to periodicals 153 a. Author 153 b. Title of the article 154 c. Publication information 154 d. Pages 155 e. Medium of publication 155 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Contents xi 9b-4 Sample references to periodicals 155 a.Anonymous author 155 b.Single author 155 c.More than one author 155 d.Journal with continuous or separate pagination 156 e.Monthly magazine 156 f.Weekly magazine 156 g.Newspaper 157 h.Editorial 157 i.Letter to the editor 157 Critical review 157 k.Published interview 157 L. Published address or lecture 158 9b-5 References to electronic sources 158 9b-6 General order in references to electronic sources 158 9b-7 Sample references to electronic sources 159 a.Abstract online or on CD-ROM 160 b.CD-ROM 160 c.Computer program 160 d.Corporate website 160 e.E-mail 160 f.FTP source 160 g.Gopher 160 h.Government website 161 i. Electronic mailing list 161 L MOOs and MUDs(synchronous communication)161 k.Online book 161 I.Online database 161 m.Online dictionary 161 n.Online encyclopedia 162 o.Online magazine article-author listed 162 p.Online magazine article-no author listed 162 g.Telnet 162 r.Usenet 162 s.Website-author listed 162 t.Website-no author listed 162 9b-8 Sample references to nonprint materials 162 a.Address or lecture 162 b.Artwork 163 c.Film,videotape,or DVD 163 d.Interview 164 e.Musical composition 164 f.Radio or television program 165 g.Sound recording (compact disc or tape)165 h.Performance 166 9b-9 Sample references to special items 167 a.Artwork,published 167 b.The Bible and other sacred writings 167 c.Classical works in general 167 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Contents xi 9b-4 Sample references to periodicals 155 a. Anonymous author 155 b. Single author 155 c. More than one author 155 d. Journal with continuous or separate pagination 156 e. Monthly magazine 156 f. Weekly magazine 156 g. Newspaper 157 h. Editorial 157 i. Letter to the editor 157 j. Critical review 157 k. Published interview 157 l. Published address or lecture 158 9b-5 References to electronic sources 158 9b-6 General order in references to electronic sources 158 9b-7 Sample references to electronic sources 159 a. Abstract online or on CD-ROM 160 b. CD-ROM 160 c. Computer program 160 d. Corporate website 160 e. E-mail 160 f. FTP source 160 g. Gopher 160 h. Government website 161 i. Electronic mailing list 161 j. MOOs and MUDs (synchronous communication) 161 k. Online book 161 l. Online database 161 m. Online dictionary 161 n. Online encyclopedia 162 o. Online magazine article—author listed 162 p. Online magazine article—no author listed 162 q. Telnet 162 r. Usenet 162 s. Website—author listed 162 t. Website—no author listed 162 9b-8 Sample references to nonprint materials 162 a. Address or lecture 162 b. Artwork 163 c. Film, videotape, or DVD 163 d. Interview 164 e. Musical composition 164 f. Radio or television program 165 g. Sound recording (compact disc or tape) 165 h. Performance 166 9b-9 Sample references to special items 167 a. Artwork, published 167 b. The Bible and other sacred writings 167 c. Classical works in general 167 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
i Contents d.Dissertation 168 e.Footnote or endnote citation 168 f.Manuscript or typescript 168 g.Pamphlet or brochure 169 h.Personal letter 169 i.Plays 169 j.Poems 170 k.Public documents 171 I.Quotation used as a source 172 m.Report 173 n.Table,graph,chart,map,or other illustration 173 9c Content notes 174 9c-1 Content note explaining a term 175 9c-2 Content note expanding on an idea 175 9c-3 Content note referring the reader to another source 175 9c-4 Content note explaining procedures 175 9c-5 Content note acknowledging help 176 9c-6 Content note consolidating references 176 9d Finished form of the MLA paper 176 9d-1 Appearance 176 9d-2 Title page 176 9d-3 Abstract 177 9d-4 Pagination and headings 177 9d-5 Spacing of text 178 9d-6 Font 178 9d-7 Illustrations,tables,and other graphics 178 a.Tables 179 b.Other illustrative materials 180 9d-8 Use of numbers 183 9d-9 Bibliography (titled "Works Cited") 183 9e Peer review checklist 184 9f Submitting your paper electronically 184 10 The APA System of Documentation 10a Parenthetical documentation:Author-date (APA) 187 10a-1 Examples of APA in-text citations to books 188 a.One work by a single author 188 b.Subsequent references 188 Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
xii Contents d. Dissertation 168 e. Footnote or endnote citation 168 f. Manuscript or typescript 168 g. Pamphlet or brochure 169 h. Personal letter 169 i. Plays 169 j. Poems 170 k. Public documents 171 l. Quotation used as a source 172 m. Report 173 n. Table, graph, chart, map, or other illustration 173 9c Content notes 174 9c-1 Content note explaining a term 175 9c-2 Content note expanding on an idea 175 9c-3 Content note referring the reader to another source 175 9c-4 Content note explaining procedures 175 9c-5 Content note acknowledging help 176 9c-6 Content note consolidating references 176 9d Finished form of the MLA paper 176 9d-1 Appearance 176 9d-2 Title page 176 9d-3 Abstract 177 9d-4 Pagination and headings 177 9d-5 Spacing of text 178 9d-6 Font 178 9d-7 Illustrations, tables, and other graphics 178 a. Tables 179 b. Other illustrative materials 180 9d-8 Use of numbers 183 9d-9 Bibliography (titled “Works Cited”) 183 9e Peer review checklist 184 9f Submitting your paper electronically 184 10 The APA System of Documentation 10a Parenthetical documentation: Author-date (APA) 187 10a-1 Examples of APA in-text citations to books 188 a. One work by a single author 188 b. Subsequent references 188 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it