苏州大学：物理科学与技术学院物理学专业《薄膜技术与纳米材料》课程教学大纲（英文）.pdf_大学文库

《薄膜技术与纳米材料（英文）》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息英文名称 Thin Films Technology and Nanostructure Materials 课程代码 PHYS3118 课程性质 Major Elective 授课对象 Physics 学分 2 学时 36 主讲教师 Rujun Tang(汤如俊) 修订日期 2021.9 指定教材 1. Rujun Tang, 《Introduction to Thin Film Materials and Technology》,Soochow University Press, ISBN: 978-7-5672-3579-3(2021). 2. Yaojun Zhang, 《 Fundamentals of Nanomaterials 》 ,Chemistry Industry Inc. publisher, ISBN: 9787122101297 (2011). 二、课程目标（一）总体目标： The discipline of thin films technology and nanostructure materials is a new scientific field that has attracted much attentions in recent years. It involves the knowledge of condensed matter physics, chemistry, materials, electronics and other disciplines, and has a far-reaching impact on condensed matter physics and materials. This course is a professional improvement course related to condensed matter physics and material science. The task of the course is to enable students to understand and master the basic concepts of nano materials and thin film technologies, and the research progress of nano materials and thin film technologies. With the study of this course, we will cultivate students' comprehensive ability in interdisciplinary science, enable students to understand the latest achievements and development trend of nano materials and thin film technologies. It will also expand their scientific and technological vision, improve their scientific research quality and ability, and lay a foundation for knowledge innovation and technological innovation. （二）课程目标： Course objective 1：Understand the basic definitions of the length-scale; Understand the nanometer effects and physical properties of nanomaterials; Know some preparation techniques of nanomaterials, and know some characterization techniques of nanomaterials. Course objective 2：Understand the basic knowledge of vacuum, the physical and chemical vapor deposition techniques, and some thin film growth mechanism. After finishing this course, the students are supposed to have some basic understanding on both the thin film/nano physics and

三、教学内容 Chapter 1 A general introduction on nanomaterials 1. Course objective This chapter includes the basic concept of nano scale, the concept of nano materials, the classification of nano materials, and the relationship between nano science and nano technology. Help students understand the frontier and development trends of physics, the physical ideas in new technologies. They are expected to be familiar with the impact of new discoveries, theories and technologies in nano science and nano technology. 2. Key and difficult points in Teaching Classification of nano materials，relationship between nano science and nano technology 3. Teaching contents 1）What is nanoscale? This section introduces the concepts of size and nano. How small is “Small”? Is Nano new? What is a nanometer? What things are measured in nanometers? Is a red blood cell bigger or smaller than a bacterium? Step down in size to find out the answers and learn about different types of units that are used to measure very tiny things. 2）What is nanoscience and nanotechnology? This section introduces the major areas of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and the difference between them. Nanomaterials will impact the vast branches of scientific research and technological development. Studies of fundamental nanoscience have gone ever deeper, and the attainment in new nanomaterials and understanding of their structure property relationship has promoted significant technological developments. 3）What is nanomaterial and the classifications of nanomaterials? This section introduces the classification of nanomaterials. Materials can be produced that are nanoscale in one dimension (for example, very thin surface coatings), in two dimensions (for example, nanowires and nanotubes) or in all three dimensions (for example, nanoparticles). 4. Teaching Methods Teachers teach, teachers and students discuss, and guide students' self-learning. 5. Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class, supplementary exercises, thinking questions, etc; Chapter 2 Nanometer Effects of Nanomaterials 1. Course objective This chapter includes how is material formed, what is small size effect and surface effect, what is quantum size effect, and what is tunnel effect. Help students master the basic knowledge and basic

2.Key and difficult points in Teaching How is material formed,what is small size effect and surface effect 3.Teaching contents 1)How is material formed? This section introduces the various types of chemical bonds.and discusses how the nature of the bonds gives an insight into some crystal structures.The concepts of grain and grain boundary will also be introduced. 2)What is Small Size Effect and surface effect? This section introduces the small size effect and surface effect.When the size of the particles is equal to or smaller than the physical characteristic size such as the wavelength of the light. the Deborah wavelength and the coherence length of the superconductivity,the periodic boundary conditions of the crystal will be destroyed,and the atomic density near the surface layer of the amorphous nanoparticles decreases.This leads to changes in sound,light. electricity,magnetism,heat,mechanics,and other properties that exhibit new physical properties. 3)What is Quantum Size Effect? This section introduces the Quantum Size Effect.Quantum size effects mean that when the particle size drops to a certain value.the energy levels near the Fermi level change from quasi enry gap widens.When the energy level changes more than that of thermal energy,light energy and electromagnetic energy,the magnetic. optical,acoustic,thermal,lctrical and superconducting properties of nanoparticles are significantly different from those of conventional materials 4)What is Tunnel Effect? This section introduces the phenomenon and definition of Tunnel Effect.Quantum tunneling or tunneling refers to the quantum mechanical phenomenon where a partice tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount.It has important applications to modern devices such as the computingand the microscope 4.Teaching Methods Teachers teach,teachers and students discuss,and guide studentsself-earing 5.Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class,supplementary exercises,thinking questions,etc Chapter 3 Physical Properties of Nanomaterials 1.Course objective

physical experimental methods related to nano size effect, and can use physical theory to explain or understand physical phenomenon in nanoscale. 2. Key and difficult points in Teaching How is material formed，what is small size effect and surface effect 3. Teaching contents 1）How is material formed? This section introduces the various types of chemical bonds, and discusses how the nature of the bonds gives an insight into some crystal structures. The concepts of grain and grain boundary will also be introduced. 2）What is Small Size Effect and surface effect? This section introduces the small size effect and surface effect. When the size of the particles is equal to or smaller than the physical characteristic size such as the wavelength of the light, the Deborah wavelength and the coherence length of the superconductivity, the periodic boundary conditions of the crystal will be destroyed, and the atomic density near the surface layer of the amorphous nanoparticles decreases. This leads to changes in sound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat, mechanics, and other properties that exhibit new physical properties. 3）What is Quantum Size Effect? This section introduces the Quantum Size Effect. Quantum size effects mean that when the particle size drops to a certain value, the energy levels near the Fermi level change from quasi continuous to discrete energy levels or the energy gap widens. When the energy level changes more than that of thermal energy, light energy and electromagnetic energy, the magnetic, optical, acoustic, thermal, electrical and superconducting properties of nanoparticles are significantly different from those of conventional materials. 4) What is Tunnel Effect? This section introduces the phenomenon and definition of Tunnel Effect. Quantum tunneling or tunneling refers to the quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. It has important applications to modern devices such as the tunnel diode, quantum computing, and the scanning tunneling microscope. 4. Teaching Methods Teachers teach, teachers and students discuss, and guide students' self-learning. 5. Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class, supplementary exercises, thinking questions, etc; Chapter 3 Physical Properties of Nanomaterials 1. Course objective

This chapter includes mechanical properties,thermal properties,magnetic properties,electric materials.Help students master the basic knowledge and or understand physical phenomenon in nanoscale 2.Key and difficult points in Teaching mechanical properties,thermal properties,magnetic properties,electric properties and optical properties of nanc naterials 3.Teaching contents 1)Mechanical properties of Nanomaterials. This section introduces the definitions of stress,strain and dislocation.The Hall-Petch Relationship and Inverse Hall-Petch Relationship will also be studied.The relationship between the stress and strain that a particular material displays is known as that particular material's stress-strain curve 2)Thermal properties of Nanomaterials This section introduces the size dependent melting temperature,specific heat and thermal conductivity.When the size of the particles is small enough,the melting temperature specific heat and thermal conductivity may be greatly changed. 3)Magnetic properties of Nanomaterials. This section introduces the concepts of ferromagentism,magnetic domain and magnetic hysteresis loop:Phenomenons of super-paramagnetism,size dependent magnetic domain and hysteresis loop will also be studied. 4)Electrical and optical properties of Nanomaterials. This section inroduces the concepts of energy band,band gap,the Size dependen conductivity (IV curve)and Coulomb blockade.The Concepts of surface plasma,light adsorption and emission will asbe studied. 4.Teaching Methods Teachers teach,teachers and students discuss,and guide studentssef-eain 5.Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class,supplementary exercises,thinking questions,et Chapter 4 Synthesis Techniques for Nanomaterials 1.Course objective This chapter includes concept of top-dowr and botto om-up methods for preparation of nanoparticles.Help students master the basic knowledge and basic physical experimental methods related to nanomaterial synthesis 2.Key and difficult points in Teaching

This chapter includes mechanical properties, thermal properties, magnetic properties, electric properties and optical properties of nanomaterials. Help students master the basic knowledge and basic physical experimental methods related to nano physics, and can use physical theory to explain or understand physical phenomenon in nanoscale. 2. Key and difficult points in Teaching mechanical properties, thermal properties, magnetic properties, electric properties and optical properties of nanomaterials. 3. Teaching contents 1) Mechanical properties of Nanomaterials. This section introduces the definitions of stress, strain and dislocation. The Hall-Petch Relationship and Inverse Hall-Petch Relationship will also be studied. The relationship between the stress and strain that a particular material displays is known as that particular material's stress–strain curve. 2) Thermal properties of Nanomaterials. This section introduces the size dependent melting temperature, specific heat and thermal conductivity. When the size of the particles is small enough, the melting temperature, specific heat and thermal conductivity may be greatly changed. 3) Magnetic properties of Nanomaterials. This section introduces the concepts of ferromagentism, magnetic domain and magnetic hysteresis loop; Phenomenons of super-paramagnetism, size dependent magnetic domain and hysteresis loop will also be studied. 4) Electrical and optical properties of Nanomaterials. This section introduces the concepts of energy band, band gap, the Size dependent conductivity (IV curve) and Coulomb blockade. The Concepts of surface plasma, light adsorption and emission will also be studied. 4. Teaching Methods Teachers teach, teachers and students discuss, and guide students' self-learning. 5. Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class, supplementary exercises, thinking questions, etc; Chapter 4 Synthesis Techniques for Nanomaterials 1. Course objective This chapter includes concept of top-down and bottom-up methods for preparation of nanoparticles. Help students master the basic knowledge and basic physical experimental methods related to nanomaterial synthesis. 2. Key and difficult points in Teaching

Top-down and bottom-up methods for preparation of nanoparticles 3.Teaching contents 1)Concept of top-down and bottom-up. This section introduces the top-down and bottom-up methods toprepare the nanomaterials "Top-down"-building something by starting with a larger component and carving away material (like a sculpture).Such as photolithography and etching away material,as in building integrated circuits "Bottom-up"-building something by assembling smaller components(like building a house).Such as self-assembly of atoms and molecules in chemical and biological systems. 2)Preparation methods of nanoparticles This section introduces some physical methods and chemical methods to prepare the nanomaterials,especilly the Physical vapor deposition(PVD)and Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 4.Teaching Methods Teachers teach,teachers and students discuss,and guide students'self-learning. 5.Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class.supplementary exercises,thinking questions.etc. Chapter 5 Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials 1.Course objective This chapter includes concept of mechanism of scanning electron microscope and mechanism of atomic force microscope.Help students master the basic knowledge and basic physical experimental methods related tonanomaterial synthesis 2.Key and difficult points in Teaching Mechanism of scanning electron microscope and mechanism of atomic force microscope 3.Teaching contents 1)Mechanism of scanning electron microscope. This section introduces mechanism of scanning electron microscope.A scanning tunneling microscope(STM)is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling.When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined,a bias (voltage difference)applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them.The resulting tunneling current is a function oftip position,applied voltage,and the local density of states(LDOS)of the sample Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tip's position scans across the surface. and is usually displayed in image form

Top-down and bottom-up methods for preparation of nanoparticles 3. Teaching contents 1) Concept of top-down and bottom-up. This section introduces the top-down and bottom-up methods to prepare the nanomaterials. “Top-down” – building something by starting with a larger component and carving away material (like a sculpture). Such as photolithography and etching away material, as in building integrated circuits “Bottom-up” – building something by assembling smaller components (like building a house). Such as self-assembly of atoms and molecules in chemical and biological systems. 2) Preparation methods of nanoparticles. This section introduces some physical methods and chemical methods to prepare the nanomaterials, especially the Physical vapor deposition (PVD) and Chemical vapor deposition (CVD). 4. Teaching Methods Teachers teach, teachers and students discuss, and guide students' self-learning. 5. Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class, supplementary exercises, thinking questions, etc; Chapter 5 Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials 1. Course objective This chapter includes concept of mechanism of scanning electron microscope and mechanism of atomic force microscope. Help students master the basic knowledge and basic physical experimental methods related to nanomaterial synthesis. 2. Key and difficult points in Teaching Mechanism of scanning electron microscope and mechanism of atomic force microscope 3. Teaching contents 1) Mechanism of scanning electron microscope. This section introduces mechanism of scanning electron microscope. A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a bias (voltage difference) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resulting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage, and the local density of states (LDOS) of the sample. Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tip's position scans across the surface, and is usually displayed in image form

2)Mechanism of atomic force microscope This section introduces mechanism of atomic foree microscope.Atomic-force microscopy (AFM)or seanning-force microscopy(SFM)isa type of scanning probe microscopy(SPM). with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer.more than 1000 times better than the optical diffractonimit 4.Teaching Methods Teachers teach.teachers and students discuss,and guide students'self-learning 5.Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class,supplementary exercises,thinking questions,etc Chapter 6 Introduction to Thin Film Technologies 1.Course objective This chapter includes concepts of what is thin film material,what is thin film science and thin films.Help students master the basic knowledge and basi physical experimental methods related 2.Key and difficult points in Teaching What is thin film material,what is thin film science and technology 3.Teaching contents 1)What is thin film material? This section introduces the concept of thin flm.Macroscopically,thin film is a layer of material between two planes.and its thickness is much smaller than that of the other two dimensions.From the microscopic point of viw thin film is made upof of two-dimensional materials.But there are no strict boundaries regarding how "thin"a material n be considered asa thin fim.In general,the research area of thin film physics and technology is between the nanometer scale to micron-meter scale.A film thicker than a micron is usually called a thick film. 2)What is thin film science and technology This section introduces the history of thin film science and technology.The explosive growth in the semiconductor industry has caused a rapid evolution of thin film materials that lend themselves to the fabrication of state-of-the-art semiconductor devices.In the last25 years,tremendous advances have been made in the science and technology of thin films prepared by means of vapor phase deposition. 3)Classifications of thin films? introduces the elassifications of thin films. 4.Teaching Methods

2) Mechanism of atomic force microscope. This section introduces mechanism of atomic force microscope. Atomic-force microscopy (AFM) or scanning-force microscopy (SFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. 4. Teaching Methods Teachers teach, teachers and students discuss, and guide students' self-learning. 5. Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class, supplementary exercises, thinking questions, etc; Chapter 6 Introduction to Thin Film Technologies 1. Course objective This chapter includes concepts of what is thin film material, what is thin film science and technology and classifications of thin films. Help students master the basic knowledge and basic physical experimental methods related to thin film technologies. 2. Key and difficult points in Teaching What is thin film material, what is thin film science and technology 3. Teaching contents 1) What is thin film material? This section introduces the concept of thin film. Macroscopically, thin film is a layer of material between two planes, and its thickness is much smaller than that of the other two dimensions. From the microscopic point of view, thin film is made up of atoms or clusters of two-dimensional materials. But there are no strict boundaries regarding how "thin" a material can be considered as a thin film. In general, the research area of thin film physics and technology is between the nanometer scale to micron-meter scale. A film thicker than a micron is usually called a thick film. 2) What is thin film science and technology? This section introduces the history of thin film science and technology. The explosive growth in the semiconductor industry has caused a rapid evolution of thin film materials that lend themselves to the fabrication of state-of-the-art semiconductor devices. In the last 25 years, tremendous advances have been made in the science and technology of thin films prepared by means of vapor phase deposition. 3) Classifications of thin films? This section introduces the classifications of thin films. 4. Teaching Methods

Teachers teach, teachers and students discuss, and guide students' self-learning. 5. Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class, supplementary exercises, thinking questions, etc; Chapter 7 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Vacuum Technology 1. Course objective This chapter includes concepts of vapor and gases, ideal-gas Law and mean free path, transport properties of thin film materials, gas evolution, gas throughput and mechanisms of vacuum pumps. Help students master the basic knowledge and basic physical experimental methods related to thin film technologies. 2. Key and difficult points in Teaching Transport properties of thin film materials, and mechanisms of vacuum pumps. 3. Teaching contents 1) Vapor and Gases; This section introduces the concepts of vapor and gases. Gases and vapors are naturally associated with thin film material and material processing systems. The equilibrium between thin film material and material vapor determines the temperatures achieved during processing. 2) Ideal-Gas Law and Mean Free Path; The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. In physics, the mean free path is the average distance traveled by a moving particle between successive impacts (collisions), which modify its direction or energy or other particle properties. Both ideal-gas law and mean free path are important for the thin film growth technology. 3)Transport properties of thin film materials. This section introduces the transport properties of thin film materials between bulk target and substrate. 4) Gas Evolution and Throughput This section introduces the gas evolution process, the gas evolution reaction and gas throughput process in the vacuum system. A gas evolution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one of the end products is a gas (such as oxygen or carbon dioxide) is produced. 5) Mechanisms of Vacuum Pumps This section introduces mechanisms of various vacuum Pumps. The working mechanisms of rotary vane pump, diffusion pump and turbo-molecular pump will be studied respectively. 4. Teaching Methods

Teachers teach,teachers and students discuss,and guide students'self-learning 5.Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class,supplementary exercises,thinking questions,etc Chapter 8Thin films Deposition Techniques 1.Course objective This chapter includes concepts of mechanisms of thermal evaporation deposition,mechanisms of sputtering mechanisms of pulsed mechanisms of chemical vapor dpostion.Helpdcnsm ster the basic knowledge and basi methd related to thin film technologies 2.Key and difficult points in Teaching Mechanisms of sputtering deposition,mechanisms of pulsed laser deposition and mechanisms of chemical vapor deposition 3.Teaching content 1)Mechanisms of thermal evaporation deposition. This section introduces the mechanism of thermal evaporation deposition.Evaporation is a common method of thin-film deposition.The source material is evaporated in a vacuum. The vacuum allows vapor particles to travel directly to the target object(substrate),where they condense back to a solid state.Evaporation is used in microfabrication,and to make macro-scale products such as metallized plastic film 2)Mechanisms of sputtering deposition. This section introduces the mechanism of sputtering deposition.Sputtering is a process whereby particles are ejected from asolid target materialdue to bombardment of the target by energetic particles,particularly.in the laboratory,gas ions.It only happens when the kinetic energy of the incoming partices is much higher than conventionl thermal nergies (eV).This process can lead,during prolonged ion or plasma bombardment of a material, materials,and can thus be harmful.On the other hand,it iscommonly used for thin-film deposition,etching and analytical techniques.Sputtering is done either using DC Voltage(DC Sputtering)or using AC Voltage(RF Sputtering). 3)Mechanisms of pulsed laser deposition. the mechanism of pulsed aser deposition Pulsed aser deposition (PLD)isaphysical vapor deposition(PVD)technique where ahigh-power pulsed laser beam is focused inside a vacuum chamber tostrike a target of the material that is tobe deposited. This material is vaporized from the target(in a plasma plume)which deposits it as a thin film on asubstrate(such as asilicon wafer facing the target).This process canoccur in ultra-high vacuum or in the presence of a background gas,such as oxygen which is commonly used when depositing oxides to fully oxygenate the deposited films

Teachers teach, teachers and students discuss, and guide students' self-learning. 5. Teaching Evaluation Corresponding exercises after class, supplementary exercises, thinking questions, etc; Chapter 8 Thin films Deposition Techniques 1. Course objective This chapter includes concepts of mechanisms of thermal evaporation deposition, mechanisms of sputtering deposition, mechanisms of pulsed laser deposition and mechanisms of chemical vapor deposition. Help students master the basic knowledge and basic physical experimental methods related to thin film technologies. 2. Key and difficult points in Teaching Mechanisms of sputtering deposition, mechanisms of pulsed laser deposition and mechanisms of chemical vapor deposition. 3. Teaching contents 1) Mechanisms of thermal evaporation deposition. This section introduces the mechanism of thermal evaporation deposition. Evaporation is a common method of thin-film deposition. The source material is evaporated in a vacuum. The vacuum allows vapor particles to travel directly to the target object (substrate), where they condense back to a solid state. Evaporation is used in microfabrication, and to make macro-scale products such as metallized plastic film. 2) Mechanisms of sputtering deposition. This section introduces the mechanism of sputtering deposition. Sputtering is a process whereby particles are ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic particles, particularly, in the laboratory, gas ions. It only happens when the kinetic energy of the incoming particles is much higher than conventional thermal energies (≫1 eV). This process can lead, during prolonged ion or plasma bombardment of a material, to significant erosion of materials, and can thus be harmful. On the other hand, it is commonly used for thin-film deposition, etching and analytical techniques. Sputtering is done either using DC Voltage (DC Sputtering) or using AC Voltage (RF Sputtering). 3) Mechanisms of pulsed laser deposition. This section introduces the mechanism of pulsed laser deposition. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique where a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused inside a vacuum chamber to strike a target of the material that is to be deposited. This material is vaporized from the target (in a plasma plume) which deposits it as a thin film on a substrate (such as a silicon wafer facing the target). This process can occur in ultra-high vacuum or in the presence of a background gas, such as oxygen which is commonly used when depositing oxides to fully oxygenate the deposited films