Contents of Today S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications Continue /Review previous 2nd law Entropy Reversible process Carnot cycle etc. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I Contents of Today Continue / Review previous 2nd law Entropy Reversible process Carnot cycle etc
Review Key points S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications 1.Adiabatic process:Joule-Thomson expansion 2.Equations of state 3.Adiabatic compression or expansion 4.Enthalpies of formation 5.Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions 6.Adiabatic temperature change in chemical reactions SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I Review / Key points 1. Adiabatic process: Joule-Thomson expansion 2. Equations of state 3. Adiabatic compression or expansion 4. Enthalpies of formation 5. Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions 6. Adiabatic temperature change in chemical reactions
1.17 Adiabatic Compression or Expansion (1) S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications Air arises rapidly (adiabatically)up a mountainside At the higher altitude,the pressure is lower,and the temperature is also lower. Adiabatic Reversible:Presisting=Psystem Ideal gas System boundary 0+r=d0 -Pdv dU =nCrdT P system X Presisting PV=nRT Pav+Vdp nRdT 绝热压缩和膨胀 SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I 1.17 Adiabatic Compression or Expansion (1) Air arises rapidly (adiabatically) up a mountainside. At the higher altitude, the pressure is lower, and the temperature is also lower. Presisting System boundary Psystem Adiabatic Reversible: Presisting=Psystem Ideal gas δQ +δW = dU − PdV = dU = nCV dT PdV VdP nRdT PV nRT + = = 绝热压缩和膨胀
1.17 Adiabatic Compression or Expansion (4) S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications Helium,ideal gas Valve First gas,？ Insulated 50-liter,25 C,20 atm Quench chamber,?10 atm (L,),-(H。)6im。+8Q+8w=dU=0 System -boundary om m。 H,=H。 T=T, H(T,P)=H(T) Quench chamber.?10 atm,Close system Define the system as the quantity of gas remaining in the tank when the pressure reaches 10 atm Adiabatic expansion T3=T(0.758)=298×0.758=226K 226K/-47C SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I 1.17 Adiabatic Compression or Expansion (4) Helium, ideal gas Insulated 50-liter, 25 °C, 20 atm Quench chamber, ?, 10 atm (H ) m − (H ) m + Q + W = dU = 0 i δ i o δ o δ δ Valve H i = H o ( ) 5 2 0.4 1 2 1 2 ) (0.5) 2010 = ( ) = ( = R R CR P PP TT T2 = T1(0.758) = 298×0.758 = 226 K 226K / -47 °C System boundary δmi δmo First gas, ? Ti = To Quench chamber, ?, 10 atm， Close system H(T, P) = H(T) Define the system as the quantity of gas remaining in the tank when the pressure reaches 10 atm Adiabatic expansion
Questions and Answers S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications 80=dU=CvdT dU=CdT V1,T1 V2,T2 d CdT dU =0 Ideal gas V1,T2 =0 20 atm 10 atm 20 atm 50L 50L ?L 10 atm 25C 25℃ 50L Adiabatic ? expansion SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I Questions and Answers V1,T1 V2,T2 V1,T2 dU = 0 Ideal gas ⎟ = 0 ⎠⎞ ⎜⎝⎛ ∂∂V T U dU = CV dT Q dU C dT dU = CV dT δ = = V 20 atm 50 L 25 °C 10 atm 50 L ? 10 atm 50 L ? 20 atm ? L 25 °C Adiabatic expansion
1.20 Adiabatic Temperature Change in Chemical Reactions(1) S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications Adiabatic flame temperature Fuel gas 20% Carbon monoxide (CO) 30% Carbon dioxide(CO2) 50% Nitrogen (N2) C0+20,→c0, Gas Moles in Moles out Exit gas composition (% co 0.20 0 C02 0.30 0.50 36 02 0.10 0 N2 0.5+0.1×(79/21) 0.88 64 Total 1.38 100 SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I 1.20 Adiabatic Temperature Change in Chemical Reactions (1) Adiabatic flame temperature Gas Moles in Moles out Exit gas composition (%) CO 0.20 0 CO2 0.30 0.50 36 O2 0.10 0 N2 0.5+0.1×(79/21) 0.88 64 Total 1.38 100 Fuel gas 20 % Carbon monoxide (CO) 30 % Carbon dioxide (CO2) 50 % Nitrogen (N2) 2 2 2 1 CO + O → CO
1.20 Adiabatic Temperature Change in Chemical Reactions(3) S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications ∑H。n,=∑Hn 0+0→c0, △H/.c0.298=-110,500J Cp.N:=34.3 J/(mol.K) △Hf,c0,298=-393,500J Cp.co.=57.3 J/(mol.K) T=1260K AFT:adiabatic flame temperature The maximum temperature of these gases leaving the burner. Moisture,combustion reaction completion or not. Chemical equilibrium SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I 1.20 Adiabatic Temperature Change in Chemical Reactions (3) ∑ Hono = ∑ Hini 2 2 21 CO + O → CO H J Δ f ,CO,298 = −110,500 H J f ,CO ,298 393,500 2 Δ = − C J (mol K) P N = 34.3 / ⋅ 2 , C J (mol K) P CO = 57.3 / ⋅ 2 , T =1260 K AFT: adiabatic flame temperature The maximum temperature of these gases leaving the burner. Moisture, combustion reaction completion or not. Chemical equilibrium ?
Index of nomenclature S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications Adiabatic绝热 Equations of State状态方程 Non-ideal Gases非理想气体 Enthalpies of Formation生成焓 Exothermic:放热 Endothermic:吸热 Enthalpy of combusion: 燃烧焓 Enthalpy Change in Chemical Reactions化学反应的焓变 AFT:adiabatic flame temperature绝热燃烧温度 SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I Index of nomenclature Adiabatic绝热 Equations of State状态方程 Non-ideal Gases非理想气体 Enthalpies of Formation生成焓 Exothermic: 放热 Endothermic: 吸热 Enthalpy of combusion：燃烧焓 Enthalpy Change in Chemical Reactions化学反应的焓变 AFT: adiabatic flame temperature绝热燃烧温度 Index of nomenclature
Index of nomenclature S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications Second Law第二定律 Entropy熵 Reversible process可逆过程 Carnot cycle卡诺循环 SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I Index of nomenclature Second Law第二定律 Entropy熵 Reversible process可逆过程 Carnot cycle卡诺循环 Index of nomenclature
The Second Law S.J.T.0. Phase Transformation and Applications The First Law:the conservation of energy and energy transfer in terms of heat and work. Energy is a state function. The Second Law:ENTROPY. Overview Heat engines,devices that convert thermal energy (heat)into mechanical energy (work). The first law places no limits on the amounts that can be converted. The second law is concerned with limits on the conversion of"heat"into “work”by heat engines. 1824,a French engineer,Sadi Carnot,idealized heat engine. P.W.Atkins,The Second Law,Scientific American Books,1984 SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 3 Second law I
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 3 Second law I The Second Law The First Law: the conservation of energy and energy transfer in terms of heat and work. Energy is a state function. The Second Law: ENTROPY. Overview Heat engines, devices that convert thermal energy (heat) into mechanical energy (work). The first law places no limits on the amounts that can be converted. The second law is concerned with limits on the conversion of “heat” into “work” by heat engines. 1824, a French engineer, Sadi Carnot, idealized heat engine. P. W. Atkins, The Second Law, Scientific American Books, 1984