Circuitsand SystemsforWirelessCommunicationsEdited byMarkusHelfensteinandGeorgeS.MoschytzSwiss Federal Institute of Technology,ZurichKLUWERACADEMICPUBLISHERSNEWYORK,BOSTON,DORDRECHT,LONDON,MOSCOW
Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications Edited by Markus Helfenstein and George S. Moschytz Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
ContentsXVPrefacePartIRF System Integration13RFSystemIntegrationChris Toumazou31.1Introduction tothefollowing papers7References29RFSystem Board Level Integration for MobilePhonesGordonJ.Aspin92.1Introduction102.2Designapproach10KeyGSMsystemspecs2.3102.3.1Transmitterphase error112.3.2Transmittermodulationspectrum112.3.3Transmitternoise in thereceiverband2.3.413Receiverblocking vs.sensitivity132.4Architecture choices2.5Results172.5.117Transmitterphaseerror2.5.218Transmittermodulation spectrum192.5.3Receive sensitivity2.5.420Blockingperformance212.6Futureoptions323IntegrationofRFSystemsonaChipPeter J.Mole233.1RFissues233.1.1Receiverconcerns253.1.2Transmitterconcerns263.2Radio architectures263.2.1Receiverarchitecturesv
Contents Preface Part I RF System Integration 1 RF System Integration Chris Toumazou 1.1 Introduction to the following papers References 2 RF System Board Level Integration for Mobile Phones Gordon J. Aspin 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Design approach Key GSM system specs 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 Transmitter phase error Transmitter modulation spectrum Transmitter noise in the receiver band Receiver blocking vs. sensitivity 2.4 2.5 Architecture choices Results 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 Transmitter phase error Transmitter modulation spectrum Receive sensitivity Blocking performance 2.6 Future options 3 Integration of RF Systems on a Chip Peter J. Mole 3.1 RF issues 3.1.1 3.1.2 Receiver concerns Transmitter concerns 3.2 Radio architectures 3.2.1 Receiver architectures xv 3 3 7 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 13 13 17 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 23 25 26 26 v
viCIRCUITSANDSYSTEMSFORWMRELESSCOMMUNICATIONS29Transmitterarchitectures3.2.2313.2.3Architecturesoverview323.3Somedesign issues323.3.1Powersupplyandground coupling333.3.2Substrate coupling343.3.3On-chip oscillators35References437Towards theFull Integration of Wireless Front-End CircuitsMichiel SteyaertIntroduction384.1384.2Technology4.339FullyintegratedCMOSdown-converters4.441Thesynthesiser4.543RFCMOSup-converters4.6FullyintegratedCMOStransceivers454.7Conclusions45References46549GSMTransceiverFront-EndCircuitsin0.25μmCMOSQiutingHuang,PaoloOrsatti,andFrancescoPiazza495.1Introduction5.250TransceiverarchitectureandrelevantGSM specifications5.353Low-noiseamplifier545.3.1Input stage585.3.2Output stage5.460Single and double-balanced mixer5.562Thetransmitterpreamplifier645.6Powerconsumption645.7Measured results5.868ConclusionsReferences69Part IIRFFront-EndCircuits673RFFront-End CircuitsQiuting HuangIntroduction to thefollowing papers736.1775Phase-Noise-to-CarrierRatioinLC OscillatorsOiuting Huang7.1Introduction76
vi CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 29 31 32 32 33 34 35 37 38 38 39 41 43 45 45 46 49 49 50 53 54 58 60 62 64 64 68 69 73 73 75 76 3.2.2 3.2.3 Transmitter architectures Architectures overview 3.3 Some design issues 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 Power supply and ground coupling Substrate coupling On-chip oscillators References 4 Towards the Full Integration of Wireless Front-End Circuits Michiel Steyaert 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Introduction Technology Fully integrated CMOS down-converters The synthesiser RF CMOS up-converters Fully integrated CMOS transceivers Conclusions References 5 GSM Transceiver Front-End Circuits in 0.25 µm CMOS Qiuting Huang, Paolo Orsatti, and Francesco Piazza 5.1 5.2 5.3 Introduction Transceiver architecture and relevant GSM specifications Low-noise amplifier 5.3.1 5.3.2 Input stage Output stage 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Single and double-balanced mixer The transmitter preamplifier Power consumption Measured results Conclusions References Part II RF Front-End Circuits 6 RF Front-End Circuits Qiuting Huang 6.1 Introduction to the following papers 7 Phase-Noise-to-Carrier Ratio in LC Oscillators Qiuting Huang 7.1 Introduction
Contentsvi7.277Theweaknessesofexistingphasenoisemodels7.2.1Linear,frequency-domainanalyseswithnoisesources77additivetothe carrier signal7.2.2Linearfrequencydomain analyseswithnoisesources79additivetothephaseofthecarrier7.2.3Time-domainanalyses with noise sources additive to80the carrier signal7.2.4Time domain analyses with noise sources additive to80thephase ofthe carrier7.3General description of LC oscillatoroperationand determina-81tionofoscillationamplitude7.491Oscillatorresponsetoaninterferingcurrent7.597Noise-to-carrierratioinaCMOScolpittsoscillator7.6102ExactdesignofRFoscillators7.7Conclusions104106References8109Design Studyof a 900 MHz/1.8GHz CMOS Transceiver for Dual-BandApplicationsBehzad Razavi1098.1Introduction8.2Receiverdesign considerations1108.3Receiverbuildingblocks1131138.3.1LNA/mixer8.3.2IF mixer1148.4Transmitterdesign considerations1168.5121Transmitter building blocks1218.5.1Firstup-conversion8.5.2123SSBmodulator8.5.3Differential to Single-Ended Converter1248.5.4Outputbuffer1258.6125ConclusionReferences1269127IntegratedWirelessTransceiverDesignMihaiBanu,CarloSamori,JackGlas,and JohnKhoury1279.1Introduction1289.2Integratedtransceiverconventional wisdom9.3131IF sampling:Conditionsand limitations9.4136Band-passA/Dconversion9.5137ConclusionsReferences13810141TransmitterConcepts,IntegrationandDesignTrade-Offs
Contents vii 77 77 79 80 80 81 91 97 102 104 106 109 109 110 113 113 114 116 121 121 123 124 125 125 126 127 127 128 131 136 137 138 141 7.2 The weaknesses of existing phase noise models 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 Linear, frequency-domain analyses with noise sources additive to the carrier signal Linear frequency domain analyses with noise sources additive to the phase of the carrier Time-domain analyses with noise sources additive to the carrier signal Time domain analyses with noise sources additive to the phase of the carrier 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 General description of LC oscillator operation and determination of oscillation amplitude Oscillator response to an interfering current Noise-to-carrier ratio in a CMOS colpitts oscillator Exact design of RF oscillators Conclusions References 8 Design Study of a 900 MHz/1.8 GHz CMOS Transceiver for DualBand Applications Behzad Razavi 8.1 8.2 8.3 Introduction Receiver design considerations Receiver building blocks 8.3.1 8.3.2 LNA/mixer IF mixer 8.4 8.5 Transmitter design considerations Transmitter building blocks 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.4 First up-conversion SSB modulator Differential to Single-Ended Converter Output buffer 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Integrated Wireless Transceiver Design Mihai Banu, Carlo Samori, Jack Glas, and John Khoury 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Introduction Integrated transceiver conventional wisdom IF sampling: Conditions and limitations Band-pass A/D conversion Conclusions References 10 Transmitter Concepts, Integration and Design Trade-Offs
viliCIRCUITSANDSYSTEMSFORWRELESSCOMIMUNICATIONSStefan Heinen and Stefan Herzinger14110.1Introduction142GSMtransmitterrequirements10.214410.3BasicGMSKTXarchitectures14410.3.1Directmodulation10.3.2IFmodulation14914910.3.3Modulationloop15210.4Implementationresults10.5Conclusionsandfuturerequirements154References15511157RFChallengesforTomorrow'sWirelessTerminalsPetteriAlinikula15711.1Introduction15811.2Capacityforwirelessmultimedia16011.3Multipleradiosinoneunit16111.4 The smaller the better162...forthelowestcost11.516311.6ConclusionsPartIlIWidebandConversionforSoftwareRadio12169WidebandConversionforSoftwareRadioJoseE.Franca16912.1IntroductiontothefollowingpapersReferences17213173Wide-bandSub-SamplingA/DConversionwithImageRejectionC.Azeredo-Leme,Ricardo Reis,and EduardoViegas17313.1 Introduction17513.2Oversampledarchitectures13.3Powerdissipationissues17613.4IFsamplingarchitectures178178Image-rejection sub-samplingADC13.513.5.1Casestudy18113.6182Digital tuning13.7 Architecturesimulation18218513.8ConclusionsReferences18514187Wide-bandA/DConversionforBaseStationsRaf L.J.Roovers
viii CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Stefan Heinen and Stefan Herzinger 141 142 144 144 149 149 152 154 155 157 157 158 160 161 162 163 169 169 172 173 173 175 176 178 178 181 182 182 185 185 187 10.1 10.2 10.3 Introduction GSM transmitter requirements Basic GMSK TX architectures 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 Direct modulation IF modulation Modulation loop 10.4 10.5 Implementation results Conclusions and future requirements References 11 RF Challenges for Tomorrow’s Wireless Terminals Petteri Alinikula 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Introduction Capacity for wireless multimedia Multiple radios in one unit The smaller the better . for the lowest cost Conclusions Part III Wideband Conversion for Software Radio 12 Wideband Conversion for Software Radio José E. Franca 12.1 Introduction to the following papers References 13 Wide-band Sub-Sampling A/D Conversion with Image Rejection C. Azeredo-Leme, Ricardo Reis, and Eduardo Viegas 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Introduction Oversampled architectures Power dissipation issues IF sampling architectures Image-rejection sub-samplinq ADC 13.5.1 Case study 13.6 13.7 13.8 Digital tuning Architecture simulation Conclusions References 14 Wide-band A/D Conversion for Base Stations Raf L. J. Roovers
ixContents18714.1Introduction18814.2PerformancemetricsforA/Dconverters14.3190ReceiverarchitectureandADCspecification14.4Case study19314.5Conclusions196References19615197Low-SpuriousADCArchitecturesforSoftwareRadioBang-Sup Song15.1Introduction19719915.1.1 Technical challengesindigital wireless15.1.2ADCstateoftheart19915.2 Techniques for High-ResolutionADCs20020415.3Outlook15.4Conclusions210210ReferencesPartVProcessTechnologiesforFutureRFSystems16215ProcessTechnologiesforFutureRFSytsemsUrs Lott21516.1Introductiontothefollowingpapers17217Low-CostSiandSi/Si1-xGexHeterostructureBiCMOSTechnologiesforWirelessApplicationsClifford AKing21817.1Introduction17.2218SiliconBiCMOS17.2.1 High-energy-implanted sub-collector21821817.3LateraletchingandamorphousSirefillingprocess22217.4 Si/SitGerheterostructurebipolartransistors17.4.1EpitaxialgrowthandmaterialpropertiesofSi1-xGex22317.4.2 Sit-xGex bipolar transistor structures22517.5228Summary229References18231GaAs-BasedRFiCTechnologyforConsumerRadiosRobChrist23218.1TheRF-integrationparadigm isdifferent23218.2 Where is RF integration being used?23318.3GaAsformobilepowerapplications23518.4GaAsinmobilereceivers
Contents ix 187 188 190 193 196 196 197 197 199 199 200 204 210 210 215 215 217 218 218 218 218 222 223 225 228 229 231 232 232 233 235 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Introduction Performance metrics for A/D converters Receiver architecture and ADC specification Case study Conclusions References 15 Low-Spurious ADC Architectures for Software Radio Bang-Sup Song 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 15.1.2 Technical challenges in digital wireless ADC state of the art 15.2 15.3 15.4 Techniques for High-Resolution ADCs Outlook Conclusions References Part IV Process Technologies for Future RF Systems 16 Process Technologies for Future RF Sytsems Urs Lott 16.1 Introduction to the following papers 17 Low-Cost Si and Si/Si1 _ xGex Heterostructure BiCMOS Technologies for Wireless Applications Clifford A. King 17.1 17.2 Introduction Silicon BiCMOS 17.2.1 High-energy-implanted sub-collector 17.3 17.4 Lateral etching and amorphous Si refilling process Si/Si1_rGer heterostructure bipolar transistors 17.4.1 17.4.2 Epitaxial growth and material properties of Si1-xGex Si1-xGex bipolar transistor structures 17.5 Summary References 18 GaAs-Based RFIC Technology for Consumer Radios Rob Christ 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 The RF-integration paradigm is different Where is RF integration being used? GaAs for mobile power applications GaAs in mobile receivers
+CIRCUITSANDSYSTEMSFORWMRELESSCOMMUNICATIONS23518.5Testingtheassumptions23818.6Advantages/disadvantagesofdifferentRFICtechnologies23818.7Predicting thefuture:Whereareconsumerradiosgoing?24018.8 Low-techGaAsMESFETs:Cost-effectiveRFintegration24118.9Conclusion19245MonolithicIntegrated TransceiverCircuitsforGHzFrequenciesUrs Lott and Werner Bachtold245SomemythsaboutRFintegratedcircuits19.119.1.1s usinga singletechnologyanadvantage?24524619.1.2PresenttechnologiesforRFintegratedcircuits24819.1.3Technologychoicesforbasebandcircuits24819.1.4Prosandconsofcompleteintegration24919.2ExamplesofGHztransceivercircuits24919.2.1Lownoiseamplifiersinthe2GHzrange25119.2.25GHzLNAwithswitchforantennadiversity25319.2.317GHzPHEMTpoweramplifier25719.3Conclusions259ReferencesPartVDSPforWirelessCommunications20263DSPforWirelessCommunicationsUrsFawerandGertjanKaat26320.1 Introductiontothefollowingpapers26420.2Trends26420.3Presentationoverview21265EfficientDesignFlowforFixed-PointSystemsHolgerKeding,Martin Coors,andHeinrichMeyr26621.1 Introduction26821.2TheFRIDGEdesignflow26921.3 Fixed-C and local annotations27021.3.1ThedatatypeFixed27021.3.2 The data type fixed27221.3.3Interpolator directives27221.4lnterpolation27221.4.1Maximumprecision interpolation21.4.2Utilisationofstatisticalknowledgeforinterpolation27327421.5 Backends27521.5.1ANSI-Candfast-simulation back end27621.6 Conclusion277References
X CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 235 238 238 240 241 245 245 245 246 248 248 249 249 251 253 257 259 263 263 264 264 265 266 268 269 270 270 272 272 272 273 274 275 276 277 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 Testing the assumptions Advantages/disadvantages of different RFIC technologies Predicting the future: Where are consumer radios going? Low-tech GaAs MESFETs: Cost-effective RF integration Conclusion 19 Monolithic Integrated Transceiver Circuits for GHz Frequencies Urs Lott and Werner Bächtold 19.1 Some myths about RF integrated circuits 19.1.1 19.1.2 19.1.3 19.1.4 Is using a single technology an advantage? Present technologies for RF integrated circuits Technology choices for baseband circuits Pros and cons of complete integration 19.2 Examples of GHz transceiver circuits 19.2.1 19.2.2 19.2.3 Low noise amplifiers in the 2 GHz range 5 GHz LNA with switch for antenna diversity 17 GHz PHEMT power amplifier 19.3 Conclusions References Part V DSP for Wireless Communications 20 DSP for Wireless Communications Urs Fawer and Gertjan Kaat 20.1 20.2 20.3 Introduction to the following papers Trends Presentation overview 21 Efficient Design Flow for Fixed-Point Systems Holger Keding, Martin Coors, and Heinrich Meyr 21.1 21.2 21.3 Introduction The FRIDGE design flow Fixed-C and local annotations 21.3.1 21.3.2 21.3.3 The data type Fixed The data type fixed Interpolator directives 21.4 Interpolation 21.4.1 21.4.2 Maximum precision interpolation Utilisation of statistical knowledge for interpolation 21.5 Back ends 21.5.1 ANSI-C and fast-simulation back end 21.6 Conclusion References
xiContents22279R.E.ALDSPE.Lambers.C.Moerman,P.Kievits.J.Walkier.andRWoudsma28022.1Introduction28022.2TowardsanewDSParchitecture28122.3TheR.E.A.L.DSParchitecture28322.4 The R.E.A.L.DSP instruction set28522.5 R.E.A.L.DSPdevelopmenttoolsR.E.A.LDSPASICimplementation28522.628622.7R.E.A.L.DSPfacts andfigures287References23289DedicatedVLSIArchitecturesBrunoHaller29023.1Introduction29123.2TheartofVLSIsignal processing292Overviewonsmartantennas23.329423.4QRD-RLSalgorithmandsystolicarchitectures29623.4.1 QRD-RLSalgorithm23.4.2HardwareimplementationoftheQRD-RLSalgorithm29730323.4.3Applicationtotemporal referencebeamforming30523.4.4Simulationresults30923.5ApplicationtoadaptiveDS-CDMAreceivers31123.6SummaryandconclusionsReferences31124317EvolutionofSpeechCodingforWirelessCommunicationsGillesMiet31824.1Overview31924.2Narrow-bandAMR31924.2.1.Needforanewstandard31924.2.2Variablebitratesforspeechandchannelcodecs32124.2.3Complexity/performancecompromiseoftheAMR32124.3Multi-modeAMR32224.4 Wide-bandAMR32224.4.1Wide-bandversusnarrow-bandquality32324.4.2Minimumbandwidthforspeechtosoundwide-band32324.5 Conclusion324References25325Digital Signal Processing and DSPJavier Sanche-32625.1 Introduction32625.1.1 DSPfunctionsand applications
Contents xi 279 280 280 281 283 285 285 286 287 289 290 291 292 294 296 297 303 305 309 311 311 317 318 319 319 319 321 321 322 322 323 323 324 325 326 326 22 R.E.A.L DSP E. Lambers, C. Moerman, P. Kievits, J. Walkier, and R. Woudsma 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 Introduction Towards a new DSP architecture The R.E.A.L. DSP architecture The R.E.A.L. DSP instruction set R.E.A.L. DSP development tools R.E.A.L DSP ASIC implementation R.E.A.L. DSP facts and figures References 23 Dedicated VLSI Architectures Bruno Haller 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Introduction The art of VLSI signal processing Overview on smart antennas QRD-RLS algorithm and systolic architectures 23.4.1 23.4.2 23.4.3 23.4.4 QRD-RLS algorithm Hardware implementation of the QRD-RLS algorithm Application to temporal reference beamforming Simulation results 23.5 23.6 Application to adaptive DS-CDMA receivers Summary and conclusions References 24 Evolution of Speech Coding for Wireless Communications Gilles Miet 24.1 24.2 Overview Narrow-band AMR 24.2.1 24.2.2 24.2.3 Need for a new standard Variable bit rates for speech and channel codecs Complexity/performance compromise of the AMR 24.3 24.4 Multi-mode AMR Wide-band AMR 24.4.1 24.4.2 Wide-band versus narrow-band quality Minimum bandwidth for speech to sound wide-band 24.5 Conclusion References 25 Digital Signal Processing and DSP Javier Sanchez 25.1 Introduction 25.1.1 DSP functions and applications
xiiCIRCUITSAND SYSTEMS FOR WMRELESS COMMUNICATIONS25.1.2Characteristicsofdigital signalprocessing32732925.1.3Characteristicsofdigitalsignalprocessors33025.2 Benchmarksofdigitalsignalprocessingroutines33025.2.1Standardbenchmarkroutines33125.2.2DSParchitecturalfeatures33225.2.3EvolutionoffeaturesforDSPimplementation33325.2.4General-purposeversusapplication-specificDSPs33325.3Conclusion334ReferencesPartVIBlind Channel Equalization26337Blind Channel EqualizationRuey-wenLiu33726.1 Introduction to thefollowingpapers339References27341AdaptiveInterferenceSuppressionH.VincentPoor34227.1Introduction34227.2 Signal model34427.3AdaptiveMOEdetection34527.4Adaptivesubspacedetection34627.5Enhancements348References28351ChannelEstimationandEqualizationinWirelessATMLangTong35228.1Introduction35328.2WirelessATM35328.2.1Switching35528.2.2WirelessATM356ChannelestimationandequalizationinwirelessATM28.335728.3.1PACE:Protocol-aidedchannelequalization36128.4Conclusion363References29365BlindSeparationandCombinationofHigh-RateQAMSignalsJohn Treichler, C.R.Johnson, Jr.,andS.LWood36529.1Introduction36629.2Threerelatedinterferenceproblems37029.3Asolution
xii CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 327 329 330 330 331 332 333 333 334 337 337 339 341 342 342 344 345 346 348 351 352 353 353 355 356 357 361 363 365 365 366 370 25.1.2 25.1.3 Characteristics of digital signal processing Characteristics of digital signal processors 25.2 Benchmarks of digital signal processing routines 25.2.1 25.2.2 25.2.3 25.2.4 Standard benchmark routines DSP architectural features Evolution of features for DSP implementation General-purpose versus application-specific DSPs 25.3 Conclusion References Part VI Blind Channel Equalization 26 Blind Channel Equalization Ruey-wen Liu 26.1 Introduction to the following papers References 27 Adaptive Interference Suppression H. Vincent Poor 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Introduction Signal model Adaptive MOE detection Adaptive subspace detection Enhancements References 28 Channel Estimation and Equalization in Wireless ATM Lang Tong 28.1 28.2 Introduction Wireless ATM 28.2.1 28.2.2 Switching Wireless ATM 28.3 Channel estimation and equalization in wireless ATM 28.3.1 PACE: Protocol-aided channel equalization 28.4 Conclusion References 29 Blind Separation and Combination of High-Rate QAM Signals John Treichler, C. R. Johnson, Jr., and S. L Wood 29.1 29.2 29.3 Introduction Three related interference problems A solution
xiliContents371美Performance29.4372Conclusions29.5373References30375Glossary
Contents xiii 371 372 373 375 29.4 29.5 Performance Conclusions References 30 Glossary