CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrate - polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones and their derivatives. Functions - structure material storage material for carbon and energy
CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrate - polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones and their derivatives. Functions - structure material storage material for carbon and energy
CONCEPTS OF ISOMERS Two or more different compounds which contain the same number and types of atoms and the same molecular weights. Projection formula (spatial arrangement to represent 3- dimensional structure):
CONCEPTS OF ISOMERS Two or more different compounds which contain the same number and types of atoms and the same molecular weights. Projection formula (spatial arrangement to represent 3- dimensional structure):
D-glyceraldehyde (hydroxy group at the highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom is written to the right): CH2 OH CHO HO C H L-glyceraldehyde (hydroxy group at the highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom is written to the left): D-Erythrose is the mirror image of L-Erythrose. CH2 OH OH CHO H C
D-glyceraldehyde (hydroxy group at the highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom is written to the right): CH2 OH CHO HO C H L-glyceraldehyde (hydroxy group at the highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom is written to the left): D-Erythrose is the mirror image of L-Erythrose. CH2 OH OH CHO H C
Glyceraldehydes: Model compounds of monosaccharides C O CH2 O H H C O H HO C H CH2 O H H H O C C O CH2 OH H C OH HO H C CH2 OH H H O C H C OH OH C H D-Glyceraldehyde L-Glyceraldehyde D-Erythrose L-Threose
Glyceraldehydes: Model compounds of monosaccharides C O CH2 O H H C O H HO C H CH2 O H H H O C C O CH2 OH H C OH HO H C CH2 OH H H O C H C OH OH C H D-Glyceraldehyde L-Glyceraldehyde D-Erythrose L-Threose
POLARIMETER Light Fixed Nicol Prism Plane Polarized Light Cell (Sample) Analyzer Nicol Prism Eye Dextrorotatory -plane polarized light rotated to clockwise (or to the right) Levoratatory - plane polarized light rotated to counterclockwise
POLARIMETER Light Fixed Nicol Prism Plane Polarized Light Cell (Sample) Analyzer Nicol Prism Eye Dextrorotatory -plane polarized light rotated to clockwise (or to the right) Levoratatory - plane polarized light rotated to counterclockwise
FISHER PROJECTION FORM C O CH2O H H C O H HO H C H O H O H H C HO H C O H O H H C H C O H C H H HO H C CH2O H O C C O CH2O H H C HO H C H H C O H H C O H or Anomeric Carbon - The carbon atom which is involved in hemiacetal or acetal formation
FISHER PROJECTION FORM C O CH2O H H C O H HO H C H O H O H H C HO H C O H O H H C H C O H C H H HO H C CH2O H O C C O CH2O H H C HO H C H H C O H H C O H or Anomeric Carbon - The carbon atom which is involved in hemiacetal or acetal formation
Anomers: Stereoisomers formed when ring is formed (a, b). C O CH2O H H C O H HO H C H O H O H H C HO HO C H O H C H H C O H C H H HO H C CH2O H O C C O CH2O H H C HO H C H H C O H C H O H or a is same side with ring
Anomers: Stereoisomers formed when ring is formed (a, b). C O CH2O H H C O H HO H C H O H O H H C HO HO C H O H C H H C O H C H H HO H C CH2O H O C C O CH2O H H C HO H C H H C O H C H O H or a is same side with ring
HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS FOR SUGARS O H O H H C H C O H C H H HO H C CH2 O H O C O H O O H O H HO CH2 O H 1 2 3 4 5 6 a - D - Glucopyranose
HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS FOR SUGARS O H O H H C H C O H C H H HO H C CH2 O H O C O H O O H O H HO CH2 O H 1 2 3 4 5 6 a - D - Glucopyranose
HO C O CH 2 OH H C HO H C H H C OH H C OH HO OH H C H C OH C H H HO H C CH 2 OH O C C O CH 2 OH H C HO H C H OH H C H C OH OH C O CH 2 OH H C OH HO H C H H C OH H C OH OH OH H C H C OH C H H HO H C CH 2 OH O C -D-Glucofuranose (0.5%) a a -D-Glucopyranose (35%) b-D-Glucofuranose (0.5%) b-D-Glucopyranose (0.5%) Aldehydo-D-glucose (0.03%) HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS FOR SUGARS
HO C O CH 2 OH H C HO H C H H C OH H C OH HO OH H C H C OH C H H HO H C CH 2 OH O C C O CH 2 OH H C HO H C H OH H C H C OH OH C O CH 2 OH H C OH HO H C H H C OH H C OH OH OH H C H C OH C H H HO H C CH 2 OH O C -D-Glucofuranose (0.5%) a a -D-Glucopyranose (35%) b-D-Glucofuranose (0.5%) b-D-Glucopyranose (0.5%) Aldehydo-D-glucose (0.03%) HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS FOR SUGARS
MONOSACCHARIDE Hexoses 1. Glucose (dextrose) - rotate the polarized light to the right. O H O H H C H C O H C H H HO H C CH2O H O C O H O O H O H HO CH2O H 1 2 3 4 5 6
MONOSACCHARIDE Hexoses 1. Glucose (dextrose) - rotate the polarized light to the right. O H O H H C H C O H C H H HO H C CH2O H O C O H O O H O H HO CH2O H 1 2 3 4 5 6