4/6/2017 Guide to Introduction US Food Laws In develped countries,98%of the population and Regulations is fed by 2%that works in agriculture SECOND EDITION 2006,<1%of the population works within Chapter 11 PatriciaA.Curtis production agriculture Animal Welfare Animal welfare is not a new issue of debate, Regulations and which has been debated since domestication Food Production Animal welfare regulations recent in development global in nature influence free trade of food products WILEY Blackwall impact costs to the consumer Aspects of animal welfare Introduction Individuals involved in developing animal Physical Mental welfare are not associated with production of agriculture or realities of food production to feed the growing population Commentary associated with welfare issues use wording that is negative even though the Natural truth is positive Negative:modern food animal production is a rough life and in essence cruel The World Society for the WSPA Reality:productivity and health of livestock Protection of Animals (WSPA) grown for food has never been better
4/6/2017 1 Chapter 11 Animal Welfare Regulations and Food Production Introduction • In develped countries, 98% of the population is fed by 2% that works in agriculture • 2006, <1% of the population works within production agriculture • Animal welfare is not a new issue of debate, which has been debated since domestication • Animal welfare regulations - recent in development - global in nature - influence free trade of food products - impact costs to the consumer The World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) Introduction • Individuals involved in developing animal welfare are not associated with production of agriculture or realities of food production to feed the growing population • Commentary associated with welfare issues use wording that is negative even though the truth is positive - Negative: modern food animal production is a rough life and in essence cruel - Reality: productivity and health of livestock grown for food has never been better
4/6/2017 Introduction Introduction However,aspects of getting animal meat Many who support animal rights legislation live products to the market are not and never can in urban areas and only have their pets as a be made to look nice measure of welfare Regulations and quidelines have been enacted Consumers tend to lose sight of all livestock in the European Union,United States,and producers have always had the welfare of the internationally to ensure animal welfare in animals under their control first in their mind agricultural research,food production and they go out in subzero weather to provide trade food and water to cattle World Organization for Animal Health spend an entire day/night caring for pregnant sheep during lambing season Humane Farm Animal Care care for day-old chicks all night to ensure they are warm and fed properly Introduction Introduction Dedication to these animals is the norm not The intensified systems worked well until the the exception producers lost sight of the animal's biological Animal performance is a good indicator or the needs animal's well-being Animals perfomance suffered while the As the industry moved from extensive to facility made money intensive production systems,3 ideas were allowed the caretakes to oversee a large used to design animal facilities number of animals,which reduced costs 1.what are the animal's biological needs the negative was the minimization of 2.engineer facilities to meet desing criteria interaction of the caretaker with the animal 3.facility needs to make money a forced review of production standards and refocus on the animal's needs was a good thing for the livestock industry
4/6/2017 2 Introduction • However, aspects of getting animal meat products to the market are not and never can be made to look nice • Regulations and guidelines have been enacted in the European Union, United States, and internationally to ensure animal welfare in agricultural research, food production and trade - World Organization for Animal Health - Humane Farm Animal Care Introduction • Many who support animal rights legislation live in urban areas and only have their pets as a measure of welfare • Consumers tend to lose sight of all livestock producers have always had the welfare of the animals under their control first in their mind - they go out in subzero weather to provide food and water to cattle - spend an entire day/night caring for pregnant sheep during lambing season - care for day-old chicks all night to ensure they are warm and fed properly Introduction • Dedication to these animals is the norm not the exception • Animal performance is a good indicator or the animal’s well-being • As the industry moved from extensive to intensive production systems, 3 ideas were used to design animal facilities 1. what are the animal’s biological needs 2. engineer facilities to meet desing criteria 3. facility needs to make money Introduction • The intensified systems worked well until the producers lost sight of the animal’s biological needs • Animals perfomance suffered while the facility made money - allowed the caretakes to oversee a large number of animals, which reduced costs - the negative was the minimization of interaction of the caretaker with the animal - a forced review of production standards and refocus on the animal’s needs was a good thing for the livestock industry
4/6/2017 Introduction Introduction European Food Safety Authority has some of Today's production emphasizes sustainable the most stringent regulations for animal production systems welfare Sustainability incorporates Increased regulation are endorsed by non- 、 Environmental mpact agricultural groups and many regulation are Pollution enacted in the name of animal welfare but in reality do nothing for their welfare Soil erosion long-term agendas Caretaker working equipment severaly restrict or eliminate production of Minimization of carbon footprint animals for food Maximization of animal performance This movement has spread thoughout the world among the consuming public Introduction Introduction Cost of food production is influenced by animal Production of food from animal proteins all welfare regulations have regulations associated with their Research institutes meet regulations to develop production new solutions to production problems Regulations have been legislated,prescribed Regulations used by veterinarians,animal producers,animal processors by consumers,or has voluntary welfare guidelines Animal welfare guidelines are used to assist in trade negotiations First question to be answered is Animal welfare programs that are voluntary Are guidelines prescribed by an industry or Animal welfare programs that are required by retail consumer really voluntary? ·Law But,you would not be able to sell your .Customers of the animal products product if you do not follow the guidelines
4/6/2017 3 Introduction • European Food Safety Authority has some of the most stringent regulations for animal welfare • Increased regulation are endorsed by nonagricultural groups and many regulation are enacted in the name of animal welfare but in reality do nothing for their welfare - long-term agendas - severaly restrict or eliminate production of animals for food • This movement has spread thoughout the world among the consuming public Introduction • Today’s production emphasizes sustainable production systems • Sustainability incorporates - Environmental mpact - Pollution - Soil erosion - Caretaker working equipment - Minimization of carbon footprint - Maximization of animal performance Introduction • Cost of food production is influenced by animal welfare regulations - Research institutes meet regulations to develop new solutions to production problems - Regulations used by veterinarians, animal producers, animal processors - Animal welfare guidelines are used to assist in trade negotiations - Animal welfare programs that are voluntary - Animal welfare programs that are required by Law Customers of the animal products Introduction • Production of food from animal proteins all have regulations associated with their production • Regulations have been legislated, prescribed by consumers, or has voluntary welfare guidelines • First question to be answered is - Are guidelines prescribed by an industry or retail consumer really voluntary? - But, you would not be able to sell your product if you do not follow the guidelines
4/6/2017 Introduction Participants in the Welfare Debate In reality,there are not voluntary animal welfare guidelines Participants in the welfare debate fall into three main groups: These guideline dictate -how the animals will be treated Animal welfarist how the records will be maintained Animal rightist a mandatory third party audit to take place Animal liberationists annually Participants in the Welfare Debate Participants in the Welfare Debate Animal welfarist Animal rightist concerned for the well-being and health believe animals have rights as humans and of the animals should not be exploited wants assurance animals are humanely appear to be the major source of pressure treated throughout their lives into the animal welfare legislation positive attitude towards the profession made major impacts into legislation and negative view of modern animal legal actions production practices .efforts increased animal law degree Producers of animal products should class programs themselves in this group
4/6/2017 4 Introduction • In reality, there are not voluntary animal welfare guidelines • These guideline dictate - how the animals will be treated - how the records will be maintained - a mandatory third party audit to take place annually Participants in the Welfare Debate • Participants in the welfare debate fall into three main groups: - Animal welfarist - Animal rightist - Animal liberationists Participants in the Welfare Debate Animal welfarist concerned for the well-being and health of the animals wants assurance animals are humanely treated throughout their lives positive attitude towards the profession negative view of modern animal production practices • Producers of animal products should class themselves in this group Participants in the Welfare Debate Animal rightist believe animals have rights as humans and should not be exploited appear to be the major source of pressure into the animal welfare legislation made major impacts into legislation and legal actions efforts increased animal law degree programs
4/6/2017 Participants in the Welfare Debate Participants in the Welfare Debate Animal liberationist believe animals should be release from confining Stakeholders groups are situtions ·government believe animals should be able to pursue their consumers natural tendencies believe animals should have access to a natural ·producers environment retailers Stop the use of animals for food production, Each group is made up individuals who are ehbionrevenRasegportathonrecreaion research,education,tran welfarists,rightists,and liberationists Most radical of the groups contributing to break- .Differing views on animal welfare make a ins,infiltration,etc. unified voice difficult Participants in the Welfare Debate Participants in the Welfare Debate Government Government .Primary function is to establish regulation State legislation passed in Florida and California that lead to the enforcement of the laws ban gestation crates for sows and cages for laying passed at local,state,and federal levels hens Humane Slaughter Act 1978 federal law that USDA supports outreach and researach at requires that livestock be rendered unconscious landgrant universities before slaughter USDA has research focusing on food safety and Amendment to the Egg Products Inspection Act welfare 2012 provides housing standards for the egg industry in the US
4/6/2017 5 Participants in the Welfare Debate Animal liberationist believe animals should be release from confining situtions believe animals should be able to pursue their natural tendencies believe animals should have access to a natural environment • Stop the use of animals for food production, research, education, transportation, recreation, exhibition or even as pets • Most radical of the groups contributing to breakins, infiltration, etc. Participants in the Welfare Debate • Stakeholders groups are - government - consumers - producers - retailers • Each group is made up individuals who are welfarists, rightists, and liberationists • Differing views on animal welfare make a unified voice difficult Participants in the Welfare Debate Government Primary function is to establish regulation that lead to the enforcement of the laws passed at local, state, and federal levels • Humane Slaughter Act 1978 federal law that requires that livestock be rendered unconscious before slaughter • Amendment to the Egg Products Inspection Act 2012 provides housing standards for the egg industry in the US Participants in the Welfare Debate Government • State legislation passed in Florida and California ban gestation crates for sows and cages for laying hens • USDA supports outreach and researach at landgrant universities • USDA has research focusing on food safety and welfare
4/6/2017 Participants in the Welfare Debate Participants in the Welfare Debate Consumers Producers influence the welfare standards based on Responded to the animal welfare concerns in their purchases in supermarkets the US through voluntary welfare standards .Purchasing support has expanded the size of Many standards have been adopted by national organic markets and other various local food retailers and integrared into their welfare movements guidelines Organic standards outline how animals should be European regulations are legislated welfare raised and cared for using to be organic standards and were pushed by animial rights Surveys have shown consumers are willing to pay groups for enhanced welfare Participants in the Welfare Debate Participants in the Welfare Debate Retailers and international retailers Retailers and international retailers Trade associations and chain restaurants joined Play a major role in moving animal welfare forces to establish uniform standards for standards into reality animal care McDonalds created welfare standards for Major force in moving animal welfare standards poultry,eggs and beef production as part of their social responsibility throughout the production sector They require suppliers to abide by a certain set .Other companies are moving forward to establish welfare standards for their of standards and to be subject to third party audits to verify standards implementation suppliers .Animal welfared groups influence company policy via stock purchase shareholder meetings
4/6/2017 6 Participants in the Welfare Debate Consumers influence the welfare standards based on their purchases in supermarkets • Purchasing support has expanded the size of organic markets and other various local food movements • Organic standards outline how animals should be raised and cared for using to be organic • Surveys have shown consumers are willing to pay for enhanced welfare Participants in the Welfare Debate Producers Responded to the animal welfare concerns in the US through voluntary welfare standards • Many standards have been adopted by national retailers and integrared into their welfare guidelines • European regulations are legislated welfare standards and were pushed by animial rights groups Participants in the Welfare Debate Retailers and international retailers Play a major role in moving animal welfare standards into reality McDonalds created welfare standards for poultry, eggs and beef production as part of their social responsibility Other companies are moving forward to establish welfare standards for their suppliers Participants in the Welfare Debate Retailers and international retailers Trade associations and chain restaurants joined forces to establish uniform standards for animal care Major force in moving animal welfare standards throughout the production sector They require suppliers to abide by a certain set of standards and to be subject to third party audits to verify standards implementation Animal welfared groups influence company policy via stock purchase shareholder meetings
4/6/2017 Impact on Public Perception Impact on Public Perception American farmers are viewed by 90%of public as essential to American life .Livestock and poultry industries are faced with a number of challenges -88%of public think they do a good job 2%of the population is involved in Farmers and ranchers have a high trust agricultural production ranking from the consumer for animal welfare, food safety and nutrition Primary interaction of most citizens with animals is their pet Intensive production systems have a poor Most do not need to raise animals for meat opinion ranking consumption Production systems is the most vulnerable to general publich opinion and most generationall .A growing disconnect exists between the public and food production removed on where and how food is produced Impact on Public Perception Impact on Public Perception The public concepts of good animal welfare are Two things food producers need to do next colored by their own human welfare are to develop and foster strong customer relations How would I feel if I were a chicken? Most of us do not know how a chicken feels This is important for 2 reasons .2%of the population is connected with the hard- 1.Allows customers to know that the core animal rights/liberationist movement in the producer respects animal care US 2.Allows the producer to accurately and This 2%is well funded by donations and an honestly refute any welfare concerns of exploitable component that spreads the customer misinformation that portrays modern agriculture practices as bad or inferior Animal rights groups do influence buying decisions at supermarkets and restaurants
4/6/2017 7 Impact on Public Perception • American farmers are viewed by - 90% of public as essential to American life - 88% of public think they do a good job • Farmers and ranchers have a high trust ranking from the consumer for animal welfare, food safety and nutrition • Intensive production systems have a poor opinion ranking • Production systems is the most vulnerable to general publich opinion and most generationall removed on where and how food is produced Impact on Public Perception • Livestock and poultry industries are faced with a number of challenges - <2% of the population is involved in agricultural production - Primary interaction of most citizens with animals is their pet - Most do not need to raise animals for meat consumption • A growing disconnect exists between the public and food production Impact on Public Perception • The public concepts of good animal welfare are colored by their own human welfare - How would I feel if I were a chicken? • Most of us do not know how a chicken feels • 2% of the population is connected with the hardcore animal rights/liberationist movement in the US • This 2% is well funded by donations and an exploitable component that spreads misinformation that portrays modern agriculture practices as bad or inferior Impact on Public Perception • Two things food producers need to do next are to develop and foster strong customer relations • This is important for 2 reasons 1. Allows customers to know that the producer respects animal care 2. Allows the producer to accurately and honestly refute any welfare concerns of the customer • Animal rights groups do influence buying decisions at supermarkets and restaurants
4/6/2017 Economics Economics Economics is an abstract component of animal Today,animal welfare has a value production In the past it was intrinsic within animal care Producers struggle to put a price on and was given no cost husbandries that enhance welfare Costs assigned are the moral and ethical codes May be worthwhile to view animal production .Unfortunately,some producers yield to costs as a living being viewed as a machine commercial pressure and abandon practices of which is fed,housed,and maintained in a enhanced welfare of the individual animal healthy state to be economically worthy Currently,research is being done to separate intrinsic animal care that provides normal welfare and enhanced welfare practices Economics Economics Standards being imposed need to show that Costs associated with the shift to extensive they improve the welfare standards welfare systems would be higher One issue is how often does government use Government offers subsidies for products to experts in the field versus responding to influence producers to transition production to animal rights groups in developing policies on enhanced welfare systems animal welfare
4/6/2017 8 Economics • Economics is an abstract component of animal production • Producers struggle to put a price on husbandries that enhance welfare • May be worthwhile to view animal production costs as a living being viewed as a machine which is fed, housed, and maintained in a healthy state to be economically worthy Economics • Today, animal welfare has a value • In the past it was intrinsic within animal care and was given no cost • Costs assigned are the moral and ethical codes • Unfortunately, some producers yield to commercial pressure and abandon practices of enhanced welfare of the individual animal • Currently, research is being done to separate intrinsic animal care that provides normal welfare and enhanced welfare practices Economics • Standards being imposed need to show that they improve the welfare standards • One issue is how often does government use experts in the field versus responding to animal rights groups in developing policies on animal welfare Economics • Costs associated with the shift to extensive welfare systems would be higher • Government offers subsidies for products to influence producers to transition production to enhanced welfare systems
4/6/2017 Economics Economics Additional costs of government regulations are Humane Society -position is to reduce use of creation of government enforcement of animal products by moving to extensive regulations production systems and due to costs vegetarian alternatives would replace the establishment of penalties for violations animal products These two items susidies and enforcement With such outside influences,standards for lead to increased government taxes to support animal welfare may no longer be based on the system science but rather philosophical beliefs of the Cost are shifted to higher taxes and costs for minority imposed by the majority food Economics Economics Summary of these efforts looking at the Next question is what is the consumer willing broiler and egg sector of poultry industry and to pay? swine industry One-third of the customers are not willing to 20%-35%swine reduction in stocking density pay for improved animal welfare results in 5-15%increase in costs For those willing to pay for improved animal Eggs:Transition from intensive high density welfare,the increment was 3 USD cages to extensive free-range production The affluent sector is willing to pay more to increases costs 50% support extensive animal welfare systems Swine:moving from crates to hoop system Regardless of the animal,move to extensive reduces income per pig by about 3 dollars per production systems will result in increased head prices
4/6/2017 9 Economics • Additional costs of government regulations are - creation of government enforcement of regulations - establishment of penalties for violations • These two items susidies and enforcement lead to increased government taxes to support the system • Cost are shifted to higher taxes and costs for food Economics • Humane Society – position is to reduce use of animal products by moving to extensive production systems and due to costs vegetarian alternatives would replace the animal products • With such outside influences, standards for animal welfare may no longer be based on science but rather philosophical beliefs of the minority imposed by the majority Economics • Summary of these efforts looking at the broiler and egg sector of poultry industry and swine industry • 20% - 35% swine reduction in stocking density results in 5-15% increase in costs • Eggs: Transition from intensive high density cages to extensive free-range production increases costs 50% • Swine: moving from crates to hoop system reduces income per pig by about 3 dollars per head Economics • Next question is what is the consumer willing to pay? • One-third of the customers are not willing to pay for improved animal welfare • For those willing to pay for improved animal welfare, the increment was 3 USD • The affluent sector is willing to pay more to support extensive animal welfare systems • Regardless of the animal, move to extensive production systems will result in increased prices
4/6/2017 What Needs to be Done? What Needs to be Done? Common sense prevails-should be no problems Each of the animal production systems need to work to develop and adopt animal welfare Employees working with animals should be standards aware that they have a moral obligation to treat animals humanely Or develop their own standards in conjunction with their customers understand what distress looks and acts like Programs should include animal care training programs suggests ways to improve welfare of the good animal practices animals to their supervisors monitoring to ensure information is received and put into practice What Needs to be Done? What Needs to be Done? Communication to the consumer on what you Plan for a crisis and handle it properly if it are doing and how you do it is vital occurs Transparency to your customers of your animal One video or photo will ruin a reputation care program is also important Develop a communication plan to address Lack of understanding by the public concerning questions using one spoke person animal production has created the ability of animal rights activists to garner public support Participate in the community Certify animal care via audits All parties must be actively involved in the rule making for federal legislation with USDA Train employees in animal care practices and help them to understand why so shortcuts are not taken
4/6/2017 10 What Needs to be Done? • Each of the animal production systems need to work to develop and adopt animal welfare standards • Or develop their own standards in conjunction with their customers • Programs should include animal care training programs - good animal practices - monitoring to ensure information is received and put into practice What Needs to be Done? • Common sense prevails – should be no problems • Employees working with animals should be aware that they have a moral obligation to treat animals humanely - understand what distress looks and acts like - suggests ways to improve welfare of the animals to their supervisors What Needs to be Done? • Communication to the consumer on what you are doing and how you do it is vital • Transparency to your customers of your animal care program is also important • Lack of understanding by the public concerning animal production has created the ability of animal rights activists to garner public support • Certify animal care via audits • Train employees in animal care practices and help them to understand why so shortcuts are not taken What Needs to be Done? • Plan for a crisis and handle it properly if it occurs • One video or photo will ruin a reputation • Develop a communication plan to address questions using one spoke person • Participate in the community • All parties must be actively involved in the rule making for federal legislation with USDA