设 大气环流概述 UNN ■历史回顾 ■内容简介 观测资料 资料处理与分析 ·再分析资料 ■分析方法 授课教师：张洋3
大气环流概述 ! 历史回顾 ! 内容简介 ! 观测资料 ! 资料处理与分析 ! 再分析资料 ! 分析方法 授课教师：张洋 3
&售 大气环流概述一历史简介 Review 1990年 Eliassen-Palm通量 1st IPCC 2007年 波流相互作用 4th IPCC 高空 气象卫星 1961年 2014年 NCEP/NCAR Coriolis Thomson 探测资料 (TIROS-1) 5th IPCC ECMWF,再分析 二十世纪 1960年 2021年 三四十年代 二十世纪九十年代 6th IPCC 1832年 1857年 1735年 1856年 二十世纪 七八十年代 2005年 Hadley Ferrel 前二三十年 二十世纪 六七十年代 气候模式 海气模式Kyoto Protocol 五十年代 into action 至今 信风理论 role of eddies 1988年 数值模式 James Hansen 全球变暖 1975年 in US Congress Global 1947,1949年 Wally Broecker 1939年 1997年 Warming Rossby Charney,Eady in Science Kyoto Protocol 长波理论 斜压不稳定性 1950-59年 1980年 2016年 理论 Lorenz Held-Hou模型 Paris Agreement 能量循环 授课教师：张洋 4
⽓象卫星 （TIROS-1） 1960年 ⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 授课教师：张洋 4 ⾄今 全球变暖 Global Warming ⼆⼗世纪 五⼗年代 数值模式 ⾼空 探测资料 ⼆⼗世纪 三四⼗年代 1735年 Hadley 信⻛理论 1856年 Ferrel Thomson 1857年 ⼆⼗世纪 前⼆三⼗年 role of eddies 1939年 Rossby ⻓波理论 1947,1949年 Charney，Eady 斜压不稳定性 理论 1950-59年 Lorenz 能量循环 1980年 Held-Hou模型 Eliassen-Palm通量 波流相互作⽤ 1961年 1975年 Wally Broecker in Science 1988年 James Hansen in US Congress 1997年 Kyoto Protocol 2005年 Kyoto Protocol into action Coriolis 1832年 NCEP/NCAR ECMWF，再分析 ⼆⼗世纪九⼗年代 六七⼗年代 ⽓候模式 七⼋⼗年代 海⽓模式 1990年 1st IPCC 2007年 4th IPCC 2014年 5th IPCC 2021年 6th IPCC 2016 年 Paris Agreement Review
设雾 大气环流概述一历史简介 Review 1990年 Eliassen-Palm通量 1st IPCC 2007年 波流相互作用 4th IPCC 高空 气象卫星 1961年 2014年 Coriolis Thomson 探测资料 (TIROS-1) 5th IPCC 二十世纪 1960年 2021年 三四十年代 6th IPCC 1832年 1857年 1735年 1856年 七八十年代 2005年 Hadley Ferrel 记 海 o Protocol 信风理论 仓 o action 至今 式 en 全球变暖 1行-响 eSS Global 1939年 1947,1949年 oecke 97年 Warming Rossby Charney,Eady Scrence Kyoto Protocol 1950-59年 1980年 长波理论 斜压不稳定性 2016年 Lorenz 理论 Held-Hou模型 Paris Agreement 能量循环 授课教师：张洋 5
1997年 Kyoto Protocol 2005年 Kyoto Protocol into action ⽓象卫星 （TIROS-1） 1960年 ⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 授课教师：张洋 5 ⾄今 全球变暖 Global Warming ⼆⼗世纪 五⼗年代 数值模式 ⾼空 探测资料 ⼆⼗世纪 三四⼗年代 1735年 Hadley 信⻛理论 1856年 Ferrel Thomson 1857年 ⼆⼗世纪 前⼆三⼗年 role of eddies 1939年 Rossby ⻓波理论 1947,1949年 Charney，Eady 斜压不稳定性 理论 1950-59年 Lorenz 能量循环 1980年 Held-Hou模型 Eliassen-Palm通量 波流相互作⽤ 1961年 1975年 Wally Broecker in Science 1988年 James Hansen in US Congress Coriolis 1832年 NCEP/NCAR ECMWF，再分析 ⼆⼗世纪九⼗年代 六七⼗年代 ⽓候模式 七⼋⼗年代 海⽓模式 2016 年 Paris Agreement Review 1990年 1st IPCC 2007年 4th IPCC 2014年 5th IPCC 2021年 6th IPCC
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 Review "On the Cause of the General Trade Winds," in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal 1735年，Hadley信风理论 Society. Motivation:explain the easterly (northeasterly)trade winds of the tropics and the prevailing westerly (northwesterly)of midlatitudes. Single cell:solar heating in low latitudes lead to rising motion near the equator and sinking near the poles, with equatorward motion at low levels and poleward motion aloft. Conservation of absolute velocity: the equatorward motion at low levels turns westerly when arriving at high latitudes and forms the trade wind. 授课教师：张洋 6
! Motivation: explain the easterly (northeasterly) trade winds of the tropics and the prevailing westerly (northwesterly) of midlatitudes. ! Single cell: solar heating in low latitudes lead to rising motion near the equator and sinking near the poles, with equatorward motion at low levels and poleward motion aloft. ! Conservation of absolute velocity: the equatorward motion at low levels turns westerly when arriving at high latitudes and forms the trade wind. A brief history of the Hadley circulation A brief history of the Hadley circulation 1. Hadley’s circulation model (1735) Greater solar heating in low latitudes lead to rising motion near the equator and sinking near the poles, with equatorward motion at low levels and poleward motion at low levels and poleward motion aloft completing the circuit. Because of the conservation of absolute velocity, the equatorward motion at low l l t t d h ii t levels turns westward when arriving at high latitudes and forms the trade wind. Hadley did not realize that the conservation involved is absolute ang , ular momentun, rather than velocity. He was also unaware of the effect of the Coriolis force, which would turn the poleward flow westerly. flow westerly. However, there is no simple argument eliminating the possibility of a single direct cell in each hemisphere, with or without the earth’s rotation 7 without the earth s rotation. ⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! 1735年，Hadley 信⻛理论 授课教师：张洋 6 “On the Cause of the General Trade Winds,” in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Review
&售 大气环流概述一历史简介 Review "On the Cause of the General Trade Winds," in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal 1735年，Hadley信风理论 Society. Motivation:explain the easterly (northeasterly)trade winds of the tropics and the prevailing westerly (northwesterly)of midlatitudes. Single cett:solar heating in low latitudes lead to rising motion near the equator and sinking near the poles, with equatorward motion at low levels and poleward motion aloft. Conservation of absolnte velocity: the equatorward motion at low levels turns westerly when arriving at high latitudes and forms the trade wind. Understanding the effect of earth's rotation! 授课教师：张洋7
A brief history of the Hadley circulation A brief history of the Hadley circulation 1. Hadley’s circulation model (1735) Greater solar heating in low latitudes lead to rising motion near the equator and sinking near the poles, with equatorward motion at low levels and poleward motion at low levels and poleward motion aloft completing the circuit. Because of the conservation of absolute velocity, the equatorward motion at low l l t t d h ii t levels turns westward when arriving at high latitudes and forms the trade wind. Hadley did not realize that the conservation involved is absolute ang , ular momentun, rather than velocity. He was also unaware of the effect of the Coriolis force, which would turn the poleward flow westerly. flow westerly. However, there is no simple argument eliminating the possibility of a single direct cell in each hemisphere, with or without the earth’s rotation 7 without the earth s rotation. ⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! 1735年，Hadley 信⻛理论 授课教师：张洋 7 Understanding the effect of earth’s rotation! “On the Cause of the General Trade Winds,” in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. ! Motivation: explain the easterly (northeasterly) trade winds of the tropics and the prevailing westerly (northwesterly) of midlatitudes. ! Single cell: solar heating in low latitudes lead to rising motion near the equator and sinking near the poles, with equatorward motion at low levels and poleward motion aloft. ! Conservation of absolute velocity: the equatorward motion at low levels turns westerly when arriving at high latitudes and forms the trade wind. Review
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 Coriolis 1832.Memoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines. (On the principle of kinetic energy in the relative movement of machines.J. Ec.Polytech,13,268-301. Coriolis 1835.Memoire sur les equations du mouvement relatif des syst\emes de corps. (On the equations of relative motion of a system of bodies. J.Ec.Polytech.,15,142-154. Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis 1792-1843 授课教师：张洋 8
⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! Coriolis 1832. Memoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines. (On the principle of kinetic energy in the relative movement of machines.) J. Ec. Polytech, 13, 268-301. ! Coriolis 1835. Memoire sur les equations du mouvement relatif des syst\`emes de corps. (On the equations of relative motion of a system of bodies. J. Ec. Polytech., 15, 142-154. 授课教师：张洋 8 Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis 1792-1843
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 1856年，Ferrel's view Observed southwesterly challenged Hadley's theory; Three-cell circulation, close to current views of earth's general circulation. 授课教师：张洋 9
4. Ferrel’s circulation model (1856) Hadley’s circulation model contradicts with observations, which show poleward drift over the midlatitude surface. Ferrel ( ) gg 1856) suggested a circulation which is almost the same as the present view. He argued that near the surface friction would reduce the speed of the westerlies, so that Coriolis force fails to balance the poleward pressure gradient. 10 ⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! 1856年, Ferrel’s view 授课教师：张洋 9 ! Observed southwesterly challenged Hadley’s theory; ! Three-cell circulation, close to current views of earth’s general circulation
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 1857年，Thomson's view CALMS Still a single direct cell in the upper troposphere; CALMS OF In the lower levels of middle and higher CALMS ANO latitudes,a shallow e indirect cell with CALMS OF poleward flow near ground and equatorward flow in POLAR CALMS the intermediate levels. 授课教师：张洋10
5. Thomson’s view (1857, 1892) James Thomson (1857, 1892) suggested a large direct cell lik H dl ’ i d ll like Hadley’s occupied the bulk of each hemisp , here but in middle and higher latitudes there was a shallow indirect cell, with pole ard flo close to ith poleward flow close to the ground and equatorward flow at an intermediate level. 11 ⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! 1857年, Thomson’s view 授课教师：张洋 10 ! Still a single direct cell in the upper troposphere; ! In the lower levels of middle and higher latitudes, a shallow indirect cell with poleward flow near ground and equatorward flow in the intermediate levels
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 1859年，Ferrel's second view Close to Thomson's view, except for a polar cell in high latitudes. Ferrel-Thomson's circulation EQUATOR 授课教师：张洋11
⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! 1859年, Ferrel’s second view 授课教师：张洋 11 6. Ferrel’s second version (1859) Ferrel somehow modified his first version of the global circulation. His second version is close to Thomson’s, except for that he had a polar cell. 12 Close to Thomson’s view, except for a polar cell in high latitudes. Ferrel-Thomson’s circulation
设 大气环流概述一历史简介 The role of eddies? o Bigelow(1902),the effect of cyclones should be taken into account. 0 Defant(1912),eddies transport heat to higher latitudes. 0 Jeffreys(1926),eddies transfer angular momentum. V.Bjerknes(1937),Ferrel-Thomson's circulation is unstable to eddies. 授课教师：张洋12
⼤⽓环流概述－历史简介 ! The role of eddies? " Bigelow(1902), the effect of cyclones should be taken into account. " Defant (1912), eddies transport heat to higher latitudes. " Jeffreys (1926), eddies transfer angular momentum. " V. Bjerknes (1937), Ferrel-Thomson’s circulation is unstable to eddies. 授课教师：张洋 12 8. Jacob Bjerknes’s version (1921) 14