第节语义关系 一、语义的聚合 (一)语义场具有共同语义特征,在语义上处于互相 联系和制约关系中的一群词的聚合。 例如,父亲、母亲、哥哥、姐姐、妹妹、舅舅、姑 姑等都有“亲属”的义素。 二、语义场的特点:1.系统性2.层次性 三、语义场研究的意义 1语义场不是孤立地研究个别词义现象,而是以系统的观点 ,相互联系的角度研究各种词义现象。它有助于人们更全 面深地了解词义之间的关系。 2语义场是义素分析的基础和依托,义素分析必须在语义场 中行,它有助于义素分析的科学性严密性和准确性

第五节语境 一、语境及其分类 （一)什么是语境语境就是语言环境 （二)语境的类型 1.一种是狭义的语境,指具体交际中的口语的前言后语或书面语的上下文; 2.一种是广义语境,指交际时的具体环境,还包括社会、民族、文化、时代、经济、政治、风俗习惯等。 二、语境对语义的作用 1.确定词语的具体意义。 2.帮助选择同义词,限制说话人的说话方式。 3.影响词语的感情色彩。 4.填补丰富词语意义

一、词 (一)词及其特点 语言中能够独立运用的最小的音义结合单位提示:在词的定义中,“独立运用”区分了词和语素,“最小的”区分了词和词组。 1.词在语音方面,有完整、固定的结构 2.词的意义是完整、不可分割的。 (二)词与非词结构上是一个不可分割的整体。 (1)语素的意义不太明确太稳 1.词与语素的区分 (2)语素不能独立运用独立成句

第三节词汇的分类 一、基本词汇和一般词汇 (一)基本词汇及其特点 基本词汇是语言中全体基本词的总和 有关自然界事物的:天、地、风、云、水、火、雷、电 有关生活、生产资料的:米、面、菜、布、车、船 有关人体各部分:心、头、牙、手、脚、眼睛

Ⅴ.Tentative syllabus Chapter 1 An Introduction to Chinese-English Translation Chapter 2 Culture, Language and Translation Chapter 3 A Contrastive Study of Differences in Thought Patterns Between English and Chinese Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Chapter 5 Lexical Translation Chapter 6 Chinglish (or False Friend) in Chinese-English Translation Chapter 7 Ways to Translate Idioms Chapter 8 Sentence Translation Chapter 9 Paragraph Translation Chapter 10 Non-Literary Translation Chapter 11 Literary Translation

• Ⅴ.Tentative syllabus • Chapter 1 An Introduction to Translation • Chapter 2 The Process of Translation • Chapter 3 The Methods of Translation • Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese • Chapter 5 Transformation between Parts of Speech in English-Chinese Translation • Chapter 6 Translation of English passive into Chinese • Chapter 7 Amplification vs. Omission • Chapter 8 Positive vs. Negative Expressions(Affirmation vs. Negation) • Chapter 9 Breaking and Combining Sentences • Chapter 10 Abstract vs. Concrete • Chapter 11 Styles vs. Translation

 I. Denotative Meaning & Associative Meaning  1. Denotative meaning:  (also known as conceptual meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of the word meaning. It forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same denotative meaning to all the speakers of the same language

Two tendencies often occur in the process of translation. One is going after smooth reading and beautiful language at the expense of the true meaning of the original, the other is rigidly sticking to the original words, and the translation turns out to be obscure [ əb'skjuə ] 难解的,含糊的and hard to understand

Idiom, as a linguistic phenomenon, can be regarded as the most special part of language, and they are heavily culture￾loaded. Because of those culture differences, idioms become one of the greatest barriers for cross-culture communication

• This chapter is chiefly concerned with the transformation rules between various parts of speech in English-Chinese translation, including the transformation of nouns, verbs, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs in English