国家开放大学：2015年春季学期“开放本科”商务英语专业高级英语阅读（1）期末试题（7月）.pdf_大学文库

Section 1 Reading Comprehension (40 points) Read passage. Then answer questions that follow. (5 points each) Street Sports and the Olympics A Most cultures have at least one popular street sport. This is a game that children or adu\ts may play informally whenever they can get enough players together. Typically. even the poorest members of society can play a street sport because it involves very little equipment. It also involves very little planning or organization. B In the United States. for example. basketball is probably the most commonly-played street sport. Since it requires only a basket. a paved surface. and a basketball. it can be played in nearly any city park or home driveway. In Canada and parts of the U. 丘. the everyday sport is ice hockey. played in winter with ice skates on a frozen pond and in summer with in-line skates in a parking lot. In most of the world. soccer is the informal sport of choice. Even easier to organize than street basketball. it requires only a ball and a wide-open space. In Thailand. Malaysia. and Vietnam. a game called sepak takraw is played by children and adults in nearly every town or vi1lage. It involves kicking a simple wicker ball over a head-high net. like volleyball played with the feet. C Street sports are great for neighborhood games. but are they suitable for international competition? Fans of any given street sport would like to see it in the 01ympic Games. Other people may say the Olympics should keep it out. Typical objections are that the street sport is not really a sport. or it is too local. or the Olympics simply have enough events already. D The controversy is less about basketball. ice hockey. or soccer than it is about other street sports. Basketball. no longer a mostly North American game. has been an Olympic sport since 1936. Soccer (officially called footbalD was the first team sport to become a regular Olympic event (1 90 时. Ice hockey has been part of the Winter Games ever since the league' s establishment in 1924. 1358

E Sports like sepak takraw are another story.Those who love this game hope to see it added to the Olympic line-up in 2008.Its athleticism is obvious,sepak takraw's supporters say.As an Asian sport,it can provide some balance to the Olympics'European and North American events.It is as well-organized and popular as any other sport,according to its fans.Those who would keep the game out of the Olympics argue mostly that it is simply too local.Few people outside one region play it.Although there are sepak takraw associations in Canada,Australia,and elsewhere,most of them are very small.Olympic medals in sepak takraw,its opponents say,would simply be gifts to a few Southeast Asian nations. F A different kind of controversy surrounds such extreme"street sports as skateboarding.Its proponents say that it is one of the few real sports played by actual amateurs.The modern Olympics began as an event for nonprofessional athletes. According to skateboarders,it is a true sport of the people,unlike synchronized swimming or ballroom dancing (both Olympic events).It is also far more athletic.And its supporters claim that it is kept out of the Olympics simply because skateboarders do not look very "Olympic.They favor odd hairstyles,often behave recklessly,and try not to look like other Olympic athletes.This is a complaint voiced by players of many sports-if you look too poor,you cannot enter the rich man's Olympics. G On the other side,Olympic purists argue that it is very fair to keep scruffy looks and wild behavior out of the Games.The Olympic Games are the visible part of a movement, they say,to encourage peace and civility around the world.Athletes who do not live by Olympic ideals do not belong.Furthermore,skateboarding's opponents claim,it is not a sport.It doesn't have a well-established network of associations around the world.It has few rules,and skateboarders have few lower-level international tournaments.Skateboarders argue this.They are very well-organized,they say.They point out that the somewhat- related sport of snowboarding has made a fine addition to the Winter Games.Its addition to the winter line-up has not damaged the Olympic spirit,they say,but has updated it. 1359

E Sports like sepak takraw are another story. Those who love this game hope to see it added to the Olympic line-up in 2008. Its athleticism is obvious, sepak takraw' s supporters say. As an Asian sport, it can provide some balance to the Olympics' European and North American events. It is as well-organized and popular as any other sport, according to its fans. Those who would keep the game out of the Olympics argue mostly that it is simply too local. Few people outside one region play it. Although there are sepak takraw associations in Canada , Australia , and elsewhere , most of them are very small. Olympic medals in sepak takraw, its opponents say , would simply be gifts to a few Southeast Asian nations. F A different kind of controversy surrounds such "extreme" street sports as skateboarding. Its proponents say that it is one of the few real sports played by actual amateurs. (The modern Olympics began as an event for nonprofessìonal athletes. ) According to skateboarders, ìt ìs a true sport of the people , unlìke synchronìzed swìmmìng or ballroom dancing (both Olympìc events). It ìs also far more athletìc. And ìts supporters claim that ìt ìs kept out of the Olympìcs sìmply because skateboarders do not look very "Olympic." They favor odd hairstyles, often behave recklessly , and try not to look like other Olympìc athletes. This is a complaìnt voiced by players of many sports if you look too poor, you cannot enter the rich man' s Olympics. G On the other side , Olympic purists argue that it is very faìr to keep scruffy looks and wìld behavior out of the Games. The Olympic Games are the visible part of a movement , they say , to encourage peace and civility around the world. Athletes who do not live by Olympic ideals do not belong. Furthermore , skateboarding' s opponents claim , it is not a sport. It doesn' t have a well-established network of associations around the world. It has few rules, and skateboarders have few lower-level internatìonal tournaments. Skateboarders argue thìs. They are very well-organized , they say. They point out that the somewhatrelated sport of snowboarding has made a fine addition to the Winter Games. Its addition to the winter line-up has not damaged the Olympic spirit , they say , but has updated it. 1359

B Read the passage.Then answer the questions that follow.(3 points each) Global Diet Choices Meanings of the Word Diet Most words in the English language have more than one simple,or basic,meaning. One example is the word diet.The most general definition of the noun is "a person's or a group's usual food choices and habits.In a more specific definition,diet means "an eating plan with only certain kinds or amounts of food."For instance,a diet is often a plan to lose weight..And as a verb,diet means“to lose weight.”People can“go on a diet,”meaning they are starting a program to lose weight. International Fast Food All over the world,the global diet includes fast food-prepared items from inexpensive restaurants,snack bars,or food stands.Some examples of typical American fast food are hamburgers,hot dogs,sandwiches,and fried chicken.Some common international fast foods might be German sausage and schnitzel,Italian pizza and pasta,Mexican tacos and burritos,Middle Eastern shish kebab and falafel,Japanese sushi and tempura,and Chinese egg rolls and noodles.Why is this kind of food becoming even more universal,or worldwide?First,fast-food restaurants usually prepare and serve the items quickly.Second, many fast-food restaurants are part of fast-food chains.For instance,the biggest and most famous American fast-food chain serves hamburgers in every continent on the planet except Antarctica.Its menu items may not be exactly alike in all cultures,but its 25,000 restaurants all have the same look and style.The atmosphere seems comfortable and familiar.Third,the items at fast-food places usually cost less than meals in formal restaurants or special dishes made at home.And finally,people usually enjoy the taste of the food,even if it is not very nutritious. How People Make Individual Food Choices How do most people make their diet decisions?Individual choices are often based on former habits,cost and convenience,beliefs about health and nutrition,and ideas about physical beauty.Some people learn to like certain foods in childhood,and they don't change later in life.Many people have busy lives,so they buy or prepare food and eat it as quickly as 1361

Read the passage. Then answer Global Diet Choices Meanings of the Word Diet Most words in the English language have more than one simple , or basic , meaning. One example is the word diet. The most general definition of the noun is "a person' s or a group's usual food choices and habits." In a more specific definition , diet means "an eating plan with only certain kinds or amounts of food. " For instance , a diet is often a plan to lose weight. And as a verb , diet means "to lose weight. " People can "go on a diet ," meaning they are starting a program to lose weight. International Fast Food All over the world , the global diet includes fast food-prepared items from inexpensive restaurants, snack bars, or food stands. Some examples of typical American fast food are hamburgers, hot dogs, sandwiches, and fried chicken. Some common international fast foods might be German sausage and schnitzel , Italian pizza and pasta , Mexican tacos and burritos, Middle Eastern shish kebab and falafel , J apanese sushi and tempura , and Chinese egg rolls and noodles. Why is this kind of food becoming even more universal , or worldwide? First , fast-food restaurants usually prepare and serve the items quickly. Second , many fast-food restaurants are part of fast-food chains. For instance , the biggest and most famous American fast-food chain serves hamburgers in every continent on the planet except Antarctica. Its menu items may not be exactly alike in all cultures, but its 25 , 000 restaurants all have the same look and style. The atmosphere seems comfortable and familiar. Third , the items at fast-food places usually cost less than meals in formal restaurants or special dishes made at home. And finally , people usually enjoy the taste of the food , even if it is not very nutritious. How People Make Individual Food Choices How do most people make their diet decisions? Individual choices are often based on former habits, cost and convenience , beliefs about health and nutrition , and ideas about physical beauty. Some people learn to like certain foods in childhood , and they don' t change later in life. 1any people have busy lives, so they buy or prepare food and eat it as quickly as 1361

possible.Some meal-planners think only fresh and "natural"food is nutritious,so they buy vegetables,fruits,and foods without additives and prepare it in healthy ways.People with health problems-like high-blood pressure or diabetes-may be on special non-salt or non- sugar diets.The nutritional requirements of very young or very old people may be different from the needs of others.Some cultures prefer a slim body to a well-rounded one,so people are always trying to lose weight.They may follow popular diets,such as a low-carb diet-an eating system high in protein but low in refined carbohydrates. Other Reasons for Diet Habits Around the World Unlike individual food plans,the diets of whole cultures and regions come from location,history,and tradition.For example,the typical Mexican diet is a combination of foods from pre-Columbian,Spanish,and French cultures.It is rich in complex carbohydrates and protein.Fish and fish products from the seas around Japan are one of the most important parts of the traditional Japanese diet.Rich in vitamins and minerals,seafood is served grilled,baked,raw,dried,pickled,hot,and cold.Soy products,fermented vegetables,and rice are also important in the typical Japanese diet.Religious practices may also greatly affect diet.For instance,some Jewish people keep kosher.These laws prohibit eating pork or bacon or other meat from pigs,shellfish,snake,or insects.In addition, people should not eat meat and dairy at the same meal.In a similar way,Muslims follow the laws of eating halal,an Islamic system of eating only permitted foods.Some foods,such as pork or insects,are not permitted.Though people can eat some meat such as beef from cows,the animals must be killed in a special way,according to ritual.Also,for religious reasons,some Christians eat fish instead of meat on Fridays.They also limit their food choices during Lent (the 40 days before Easter)in the spring. Questions 6-10 Decide whether the following statements are true or false.Write "T"for True and "F"for False on the Answer Sheet. 6.The word diet means "ideas or information to think about". 7.Fast-food chains often have a similar look and atmosphere in every country. 8.Some adults still chose food from their childhoods because that food seems comfortable and familiar. 9.Some people don't eat sugar because they have problems in blood pressure. 10.Most people can buy basic,natural,fresh,prepared,canned,frozen,or packaged foods from local markets and restaurants. 1362

possible. Some meal-planners think only fresh and "natural" food is nutritious, so they buy vegetables. fruits. and foods without additives and prepare it in healthy ways. People with health problems like high-blood pressure or diabetes-may be on special non-salt or nonsugar diets. The nutritional requirements of very young or very old people may be different from the needs of others. Some cultures prefer a slim body to a well-rounded one. so people are always trying to lose weight. They may follow popular diets, such as a low-carb diet-an eating system high in protein but low in refined carbohydrates. Other Reasons for Diet Habits Around the World Unlike individual food plans, the diets of whole cultures and regions come from location. history. and tradîtîon. For example. the typical Mexican diet îs a combination of foods from pre-Columbian. Spanish , and French cultures. It is rich in complex carbohydrates and protein. Fish and fish products from the seas around Japan are one of the most important parts of the traditional J apanese diet. Rich in vitamins and minerals. seafood is served grilled , baked , raw. dried. pickled , hot. and cold. Soy products. fermented vegetables. and rice are also important in the typical Japanese diet. Religious practices may also greatly affect diet. For instance. some Jewish people keep kosher. These laws prohibit eating pork or bacon or other meat from pigs. shellfish. snake. or insects. In addition , people should not eat meat and dairy at the same meal. In a similar way. Muslims follow the laws of eating halal. an Islamic system of eating only permitted foods. Some foods. such as pork or insects. are not permitted. Though people can eat some meat such as beef from cows. the animals must be killed in a special way. according to ritual. Also , for religious reasons. some Christians eat fish instead of meat on Fridays. They also limit their food choices during Lent (the 40 days before Easter) in the spring. Questions 6-10 Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write "T" for True and "F" for False on the Answer Sheet. 6. The word diet means "ideas or information to think about". 7. Fast-food chains often have a similar look and atmosphere in every country. 8. Some adu1ts still chose food from their childhoods because that food seems comfortable and familiar. 9. Some people don't eat sugar because they have problems in blood pressure. 10. Most people can buy basic. natural , fresh. prepared , canned. frozen. or packaged foods from local markets and restaurants. 1362