English for Studying 肖俊洪 2007年3月
English for Studying 肖俊洪 2007年3月
Unit 7 Making Arguments Warm up What do we mean by making arguments? -the presentation of facts and reasons in support of a position held by the arguer and opposed by others. p.308) What does an argument consist of? ▣a position One/more opponent of the position A defender (i.e.arguer)of the position Facts in support of the position Reasons in support of the position (p.308)
Unit 7 Making Arguments Warm up ◼ What do we mean by making arguments? ——the presentation of facts and reasons in support of a position held by the arguer and opposed by others. (p.308) ◼ What does an argument consist of? ❑ a position ❑ One/more opponent of the position ❑ A defender (i.e. arguer) of the position ❑ Facts in support of the position ❑ Reasons in support of the position (p.308)
Activity 1 Your Position and Its Being Arguable o A position of an argument is a statement you make about something.And we only use indicative sentences to make statements o What kind of statement can be used as a position of an argument? Non-fact Something that cannot be A proposal or measured in objective ways recommendation Except non-facts of personal taste or preferences
Activity 1 Your Position and Its Being Arguable o A position of an argument is a statement you make about something. And we only use indicative sentences to make statements o What kind of statement can be used as a position of an argument? Non-fact Something that cannot be measured in objective ways Except non-facts of personal taste or preferences A proposal or recommendation
Four types of statements of arguable positions 1.Single concrete subject statements of arguable positions (p.315) He is a brave soldier. Subject(主项) predicate(谓项) -Whether you argue for or against this statement, the focus is on the predicate 2.Abstract subject statements of arguable positions (p.316) Environment protection is important. Subject Predicate
◼ Four types of statements of arguable positions 1. Single concrete subject statements of arguable positions (p.315) He is a brave soldier. Subject(主项） predicate （谓项） ——Whether you argue for or against this statement, the focus is on the predicate. 2. Abstract subject statements of arguable positions (p.316) Environment protection is important. Subject Predicate
Whether you argue for or against this statement, you should first specify the notion of "environment protection"before you go on to deal with the Predicate. 3.Plural subjects statements of arguable positions (p.317) Tigers are dangerous animals. -Whether you argue for or against this statement. you have to prove that each item included by the subject is such. 4.Subjects with indefinite plural markers (p.317)
——Whether you argue for or against this statement, you should first specify the notion of “environment protection” before you go on to deal with the Predicate. 3. Plural subjects statements of arguable positions (p.317) Tigers are dangerous animals. ——Whether you argue for or against this statement, you have to prove that each item included by the subject is such. 4. Subjects with indefinite plural markers (p.317)
(All)Tigers are dangerous animals Most tigers are dangerous animals. Some tigers are dangerous animals.(check p.319) ■Writing practice Expand each of the following arguable statements into a paragraph 1.My boss is compassionate. 2. Social stability should be regarded as the top priority. 3. Adult students are more diligent than teenage school pupils. 4 Most teachers have done a good job at this university
(All) Tigers are dangerous animals. Most tigers are dangerous animals. Some tigers are dangerous animals. (check p.319) ◼ Writing practice Expand each of the following arguable statements into a paragraph. 1. My boss is compassionate. 2. Social stability should be regarded as the top priority. 3. Adult students are more diligent than teenage school pupils. 4. Most teachers have done a good job at this university
Activity 2 Constructing Arguments- Argumentative Strategies (1) o What is meant by an argumentative strategy? o How to construct an argument-sample study (Task 1) o Argumentative strategy (1)-Definition In Unit 6 we learnt to make a definition following Method 1(Activity 2,Task 2). Method 2-in definition,general and abstract statements are often supported by substantial and concrete examples
Activity 2 Constructing Arguments— Argumentative Strategies (1) o What is meant by an argumentative strategy? o How to construct an argument—sample study (Task 1) o Argumentative strategy (1) –Definition ❖ In Unit 6 we learnt to make a definition following Method 1 (Activity 2, Task 2). ❖ Method 2—in definition, general and abstract statements are often supported by substantial and concrete examples
Of course,it would not be correct to end this story without a recent example of gobbledygook.A few years ago,the government wrote the following answer to a war veteran's question about a pension:"The non compensable evaluation heretofore assigned to you for your service-connected disability is confirmed and continued." In other words,the veteran was told that he was still out of luck-he could get no pension money. Method 3-Tracing a word back to its origin and its process of evolution is also an effective way of definition
Of course, it would not be correct to end this story without a recent example of gobbledygook. A few years ago, the government wrote the following answer to a war veteran’s question about a pension: “The non compensable evaluation heretofore assigned to you for your service-connected disability is confirmed and continued.” In other words, the veteran was told that he was still out of luck—he could get no pension money. ❖ Method 3—Tracing a word back to its origin and its process of evolution is also an effective way of definition
The King James Bible,also known as the Authorized Version of the Bible,published in 1611,exercised enormous influence on the development of the language; but it was also influenced by several existing versions, all produced during the 16th century.The motivation for these bibles lay in the religious controversies of the day..... Method 4-Negative definition (p.327) Method 5-Figurative definition Method 6-Operational definition:such a definition usually consists of a set of standards by which we can judge the suitability of something. Extended definition (Unit 6,Activity 2,Task 4)
The King James Bible, also known as the Authorized Version of the Bible, published in 1611, exercised enormous influence on the development of the language; but it was also influenced by several existing versions, all produced during the 16th century. The motivation for these bibles lay in the religious controversies of the day…. ❖ Method 4—Negative definition (p.327) ❖ Method 5—Figurative definition ❖ Method 6—Operational definition: such a definition usually consists of a set of standards by which we can judge the suitability of something. ❖ Extended definition (Unit 6, Activity 2, Task 4)
o Argumentative strategy (2)supporting by example (Unit 6,Activity 3) o Writing practice Follow the model and write about someone you love. You may start by giving a negative definition first followed by an operational definition,and then use this person as an example of what you think a good loved one should be like. --A good father is not someone who...Nor is he someone who....A good father you may list some criteria to judge a good father).My father is a good father (give examples)
o Argumentative strategy (2)—supporting by example (Unit 6, Activity 3) o Writing practice Follow the model and write about someone you love. You may start by giving a negative definition first followed by an operational definition, and then use this person as an example of what you think a good loved one should be like. --A good father is not someone who…Nor is he someone who…. A good father you may list some criteria to judge a good father). My father is a good father (give examples)