We ship printed books within 1 business day: personal PDFs are available immediately Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge ENGINEERING Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineeri mposium on Frontiers of Engineering National Academy of Engineering lSBN:0309-52435-0,136 pages,6X9,(1997) This pdf is available from the national academies press at: http://www.nap.edulcatalog/5576.html Visit the National Academies Press online the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering the institute of medicine . and the national research council Download hundreds of free books in PdF Read thousands of books online for free Explore our innovative research tools- try the " Research Dashboard"now! Sign up to be notified when new books are published Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll free at 888-624-8373. visit us online, or send an email to feedback @nap. edu Thisbookplusthousandsmoreareavailableathttp:/www.nap.edu. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved nless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book THE NATI○ NAL ACADEMIES Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department tollfree at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to feedback@nap.edu. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. ISBN: 0-309-52435-0, 136 pages, 6 x 9, (1997) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering Second Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering, National Academy of Engineering
ng: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html SECOND ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM ON FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1997 pyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
SECOND ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM ON FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1997 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
httpverw.apedeecantaioge5676.mi rts on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS. 2101 Constitution Ave, NW.. Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The National Academy of Engineering(NAE), a private nonprof emsy dm sciences and in asts partier of members, sharing with the NAS the responsibility of advising the federal government on cientific and technical matters; this mandate is carried out through joint supervision of the ational Research Council. The NAE also sponsors an independent study program aimed at neeting national needs, encourages engineering education and research, and recognizes the supe. rior achievement of engineers. William A. Wulf is interim president of the NAE. This publication has been reviewed according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Engineering report review process. Publication of signed work signifies that it is judged ompetent and useful contribution worthy of public consideration, but it does not imply endorse- nent of conclusions or recommendations by the NAE. The interpretations and conclusions in uch publications are those of the authors and do not purport to represent the views of the council, officers, or staff of the National Academy of Engineering Funding for the that led to this publication was provided by the National Science Foundation, the U.S ment of Defense. the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Engineering Foundation, and the National Academy of Engineering Fund. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-65474 International Standard Book Number 0-309-05726-4 Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. • Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The National Academy of Engineering (NAE), a private nonprofit institution, was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) as a parallel organization of distinguished engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in its selection of members, sharing with the NAS the responsibility of advising the federal government on scientific and technical matters; this mandate is carried out through joint supervision of the National Research Council. The NAE also sponsors an independent study program aimed at meeting national needs, encourages engineering education and research, and recognizes the superior achievement of engineers. William A. Wulf is interim president of the NAE. This publication has been reviewed according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Engineering report review process. Publication of signed work signifies that it is judged a competent and useful contribution worthy of public consideration, but it does not imply endorsement of conclusions or recommendations by the NAE. The interpretations and conclusions in such publications are those of the authors and do not purport to represent the views of the council, officers, or staff of the National Academy of Engineering. Funding for the activity that led to this publication was provided by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Defense, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Engineering Foundation, and the National Academy of Engineering Fund. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-65474 International Standard Book Number 0-309-05726-4 Copyright © 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
ng: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html ORGANIZING COMMITTEE SECOND ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM ON FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING ROBERT A BROWN( Chair), Dean of Engineering and Warren K. Lewis Professor of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology DAVID B. ASHLEY, Chair and Taisei Professor, Department of Civil and SHIRA L. BROSCHAT, Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University CHARLOTTE CHEN-TSAL, Technology Manager, North America, Alcoa Closure Systems International STEPHEN W. DREW, Vice President, Vaccine Technology and Engineering, Merck Co, Inc DANIEL HASTINGS, Professor, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology WILLIAM J. KAISER, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles SHERI D. SHEPPARD, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering esign Division, Stanford University DEBORAH L. THURSTON, Associate Professor, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign SOPHIE VERDONCKT-VANDEBROEK, Manager. Smart Electronic Marking and Sensing lab, Xerox Wilson Center for Research and Technology ROBERT H. WAGONER, Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University SHAWN M. WALSH, Materials Engineering, U.S. Army Research Laboratory NaE Council Liaison MORRIS TANENBAUM. Retired Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer. at&T JANET R. HUNZIKER, Program Officer W. MARY LEE, Project Assistant Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE SECOND ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM ON FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING ROBERT A. BROWN (Chair), Dean of Engineering and Warren K. Lewis Professor of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology DAVID B. ASHLEY, Chair and Taisei Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley SHIRA L. BROSCHAT, Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University CHARLOTTE CHEN-TSAI, Technology Manager, North America, Alcoa Closure Systems International STEPHEN W. DREW, Vice President, Vaccine Technology and Engineering, Merck & Co., Inc. DANIEL HASTINGS, Professor, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology WILLIAM J. KAISER, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles SHERI D. SHEPPARD, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering— Design Division, Stanford University DEBORAH L. THURSTON, Associate Professor, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign SOPHIE VERDONCKT-VANDEBROEK, Manager, Smart Electronic Marking and Sensing Lab, Xerox Wilson Center for Research and Technology ROBERT H. WAGONER, Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University SHAWN M. WALSH, Materials Engineering, U.S. Army Research Laboratory NAE Council Liaison MORRIS TANENBAUM, Retired Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer, AT&T Staff JANET R. HUNZIKER, Program Officer W. MARY LEE, Project Assistant iii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
ng: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html Pr eface On September 19-21, 1996, the National Academy of Engineering(NAE) convened the Second Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering at the Academies Beckman Center in Irvine. California. This volume is a collec tion of abstracts of the papers presented at that symposium. Its intent is twofold: (1) to describe the content and underpinning philosophy of this unique meeting and (2)to highlight the kinds of pioneering research and technical work being done by some of this countrys emerging leaders in ORIGINS AND GOALS OF THE ACTIVITY The Frontiers of Engineering Symposium series was initiated by the nae Council in 1994, and the first symposium was held in September 1995. The concept for the meeting was borrowed from the National Academy of Sci nces Frontiers of Science program, which brings together scientists ages 30 to 45 to discuss leading-edge research in a variety of scientific disciplines NAE saw several compelling reasons for undertaking a similar activity for Primary among these reasons was the recognition that advances in engi neering are moving increasingly across many facets of the profession. Thus bringing together outstanding young leaders of engineering developments from disparate fields, and challenging them to think about the developments and problems at the frontiers of areas different from their own, may facilitate Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
On September 19–21, 1996, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) convened the Second Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering at the Academies’ Beckman Center in Irvine, California. This volume is a collection of abstracts of the papers presented at that symposium. Its intent is twofold: (1) to describe the content and underpinning philosophy of this unique meeting and (2) to highlight the kinds of pioneering research and technical work being done by some of this country’s emerging leaders in engineering. ORIGINS AND GOALS OF THE ACTIVITY The Frontiers of Engineering Symposium series was initiated by the NAE Council in 1994, and the first symposium was held in September 1995. The concept for the meeting was borrowed from the National Academy of Sciences’ Frontiers of Science program, which brings together scientists ages 30 to 45 to discuss leading-edge research in a variety of scientific disciplines. NAE saw several compelling reasons for undertaking a similar activity for engineers. Primary among these reasons was the recognition that advances in engineering are moving increasingly across many facets of the profession. Thus, bringing together outstanding young leaders of engineering developments from disparate fields, and challenging them to think about the developments and problems at the frontiers of areas different from their own, may facilitate Preface v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
ng: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html PREFACE collaborative work as well as the transfer of new techniques and approaches Examples of the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of engineering are plentiful. For instance, computational fluid dynamics allows both chemical engineers to simulate complex chemical processes without altering actual pro duction processes and mechanical and aerospace engineers to simulate flow processes in power and vehicular systems. Also, information technologies are having broad impacts outside of the telecommunications industry-from the design of highway systems to the management of complex manufacturing processes. And advances in data analysis and molecular modeling in biotech nology combine research topics in biology and chemistry with topics in com- puter science and applied mathematics. Although there has always been"cross fertilization"among engineering fields, the nature of todays emerging technologies and the challenges of an increasingly competitive environment have sharpened the need for engineers to understand each other's disciplines and have enhanced the value of that interaction To optimize the objectives of this meeting, the participants selected repre sent all sectors where engineering research and technical work is carried out industry, academia, and government laboratories. Moreover, the participants who were invited to attend after a competitive nomination and selection pro cess, represent some of the countrys"best and brightest"engineers. Another important component of the meeting is that the number of participants was kept relatively low: at 90 to 100. Finally, the content of the meeting-the selection of topics and speakers-was determined by an organizing committee composed of engineers in the same 30-to 45-year-old cohort as the target CONTENT OF THE SECOND ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM The September 1996 meeting included presentations and discussion of leading-edge research and pioneering technical work in four areas: (1)design research, (2) visualization for design and display, (3)microelectromechanical systems(MEMS), and (4)innovations in materials and processes. Presenta- tions covered such topics as performance-based seismic design procedures applications of virtual reality and augmented reality in aircraft design and manufacturing, the challenges of large-scale production of MEMS, and silicon satellites(see Appendixes for complete program). Because of the diversity of the participants'areas of engineering expertise, presenting a talk to this audi ence proved a challenge. Speakers had been asked to tailor their talks to a technically sophisticated but nonspecialist audience and to cover such specific issues as follows: What are the frontiers in their field? What experiments prototypes, and design studies are completed and in progress? What new tools and methodologies are being used? what are the current limitations on Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
vi PREFACE collaborative work as well as the transfer of new techniques and approaches across fields. Examples of the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of engineering are plentiful. For instance, computational fluid dynamics allows both chemical engineers to simulate complex chemical processes without altering actual production processes and mechanical and aerospace engineers to simulate flow processes in power and vehicular systems. Also, information technologies are having broad impacts outside of the telecommunications industry—from the design of highway systems to the management of complex manufacturing processes. And advances in data analysis and molecular modeling in biotechnology combine research topics in biology and chemistry with topics in computer science and applied mathematics. Although there has always been “crossfertilization” among engineering fields, the nature of today’s emerging technologies and the challenges of an increasingly competitive environment have sharpened the need for engineers to understand each other’s disciplines and have enhanced the value of that interaction. To optimize the objectives of this meeting, the participants selected represent all sectors where engineering research and technical work is carried out: industry, academia, and government laboratories. Moreover, the participants, who were invited to attend after a competitive nomination and selection process, represent some of the country’s “best and brightest” engineers. Another important component of the meeting is that the number of participants was kept relatively low: at 90 to 100. Finally, the content of the meeting—the selection of topics and speakers—was determined by an organizing committee composed of engineers in the same 30- to 45-year-old cohort as the target participants. CONTENT OF THE SECOND ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM The September 1996 meeting included presentations and discussion of leading-edge research and pioneering technical work in four areas: (1) design research, (2) visualization for design and display, (3) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and (4) innovations in materials and processes. Presentations covered such topics as performance-based seismic design procedures, applications of virtual reality and augmented reality in aircraft design and manufacturing, the challenges of large-scale production of MEMS, and silicon satellites (see Appendixes for complete program). Because of the diversity of the participants’ areas of engineering expertise, presenting a talk to this audience proved a challenge. Speakers had been asked to tailor their talks to a technically sophisticated but nonspecialist audience and to cover such specific issues as follows: What are the frontiers in their field? What experiments, prototypes, and design studies are completed and in progress? What new tools and methodologies are being used? What are the current limitations on Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
ng: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html Preface advances? What is the theoretical, commercial, societal, and long-term sig- nificance of the work? Despite the varied backgrounds of the participants--or perhaps because of it-lively exchange followed each presentation and carried beyond the formal sessions. Often, the discussions focused on specific techni- cal aspects of the presentation; at other times it covered broader, more policy oriented issues On the first night of the symposium, John A. Armstrong, retired Vice President for Science and Technology of IBM Corporation, gave an insightful and provocative talk, urging the audience of relatively early-career engineers to keep in mind the importance of achieving their individual career goals within, and sometimes in spite of, the institutional cultures in which they work. His paper is included in this volume as well Participants'responses to this second Frontiers of Engineering sympo- ium confirmed the value of these meetings. Many attendees appreciated that e symposium drew together engineers at a relatively early point in their careers from a range of engineering fields and sectors and that the meeting focused on the spectrum of activities and concerns of engineers. Several participants were particularly grateful for the chance to interact with engineers from other sectors, noting that it allowed them to meet engineers and potential collaborators they would not have met at their institutions or in their usual rounds of professional meetings. Many said that because of the quality of the presentations and the caliber of the participants, they felt a renewed sense of pride in their profession and respect for the activities of other engineers Funding for the Second Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering as provided by the National Science Foundation, the U.s. Department of Defense, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Engi- leering Foundation. The National Academy of Engineering would like to express its appreciation to these groups for sponsoring this activity as well as to the members of the Symposium Organizing Committee for their work in planning and organizing this event. A special expression of gratitude is due Robert A Brown, Dean of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech nology, who contributed greatly to this activity by chairing the organizing committees of the first and second Frontiers of Engineering symposia. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
Preface vii advances? What is the theoretical, commercial, societal, and long-term significance of the work? Despite the varied backgrounds of the participants—or perhaps because of it—lively exchange followed each presentation and carried beyond the formal sessions. Often, the discussions focused on specific technical aspects of the presentation; at other times it covered broader, more policyoriented issues. On the first night of the symposium, John A. Armstrong, retired Vice President for Science and Technology of IBM Corporation, gave an insightful and provocative talk, urging the audience of relatively early-career engineers to keep in mind the importance of achieving their individual career goals within, and sometimes in spite of, the institutional cultures in which they work. His paper is included in this volume as well. Participants’ responses to this second Frontiers of Engineering symposium confirmed the value of these meetings. Many attendees appreciated that the symposium drew together engineers at a relatively early point in their careers from a range of engineering fields and sectors and that the meeting focused on the spectrum of activities and concerns of engineers. Several participants were particularly grateful for the chance to interact with engineers from other sectors, noting that it allowed them to meet engineers and potential collaborators they would not have met at their institutions or in their usual rounds of professional meetings. Many said that because of the quality of the presentations and the caliber of the participants, they felt a renewed sense of pride in their profession and respect for the activities of other engineers. Funding for the Second Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering was provided by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Defense, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Engineering Foundation. The National Academy of Engineering would like to express its appreciation to these groups for sponsoring this activity as well as to the members of the Symposium Organizing Committee for their work in planning and organizing this event. A special expression of gratitude is due Robert A. Brown, Dean of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who contributed greatly to this activity by chairing the organizing committees of the first and second Frontiers of Engineering symposia. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
ng: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html Contents DESIGN RESEARCH Designing vehicles in Changing Times onnie l. gutowski Development of Performance-Based Seismic Design Procedures Sharon L. Wood Information in the Design Process Alice M. Agogino Product Modularity: A Key Concept in Life-Cycle Design Kosuke ishii VISUALIZATION FOR DESIGN AND DISPLAY Visualizing Aircraft Aerodynamic Design Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Aircraft Design and Manufacturing David w. mizell The Frontiers of Virtual Reality Applied to High Performance Computing and Communications D Brown Digitizing the Shape and Appearance of Three-Dimensional Objects Marc Levoy Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
DESIGN RESEARCH Designing Vehicles in Changing Times 3 Connie L. Gutowski Development of Performance-Based Seismic Design Procedures 9 Sharon L. Wood Information in the Design Process 13 Alice M. Agogino Product Modularity: A Key Concept in Life-Cycle Design 17 Kosuke Ishii VISUALIZATION FOR DESIGN AND DISPLAY Visualizing Aircraft Aerodynamic Design 25 Steve Bryson Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Aircraft Design 29 and Manufacturing David W. Mizell The Frontiers of Virtual Reality Applied to High Performance 32 Computing and Communications Maxine D. Brown Digitizing the Shape and Appearance of Three-Dimensional Objects 37 Marc Levoy Contents ix Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
httpverw.apedeecantaioge5676.mi rts on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee CoNTENTS MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS Microelectromechanical Systems(MEMS) Kaigham J. Gabriel Fabrication Technology and the Challenges of Large-Scale Production 57 Karen w markus Frontiers in MEMS Desig Kristofer S.J. Pister arge ket Applications of MEMS Eric peeter INNOVATIONS IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSES Cellular Materials: Structure, Properties, and Applications Lorna. gibson Silicon satellites Siegfried W. Janson Novel Ceramic Ferroelectric Composites Louise C Sengupta Co-Continuous Composite Materials from Net-Shape Displacement Reactions Glenn s dahn DINNER SPEECH Institutional cultures and Individual careers John A. Armstrong APPENDIXES Contributors Participants Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) 49 Kaigham J. Gabriel Fabrication Technology and the Challenges of Large-Scale Production 57 Karen W. Markus Frontiers in MEMS Design 63 Kristofer S. J. Pister Large-Market Applications of MEMS 67 Eric Peeters INNOVATIONS IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSES Cellular Materials: Structure, Properties, and Applications 75 Lorna J. Gibson Silicon Satellites 83 Siegfried W. Janson Novel Ceramic Ferroelectric Composites 86 Louise C. Sengupta Co-Continuous Composite Materials from Net-Shape Displacement Reactions 91 Glenn S. Daehn DINNER SPEECH Institutional Cultures and Individual Careers 97 John A. Armstrong APPENDIXES Contributors 109 Program 115 Participants 117 x CONTENTS Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
ng: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Enginee http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html DESIGN RESEARCH pyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved
DESIGN RESEARCH Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading Edge Engineering from the 1996 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering http://www.nap.edu/catalog/5576.html
