动词是构成句子的核心部分，它有时态、语态、语气和非谓语形式（前面已讲过）等变化。 一)英语动词按其意义和句法作可分为四类：系动词、实义动词、助动词和情态动词（助动词和情 态动词已讲过) 系动词((the Linking Verb) 用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态和性质特征等。例如： She is happy. 她生活幸福。 He looks young. 他看上去年轻。 与实义动词相比，英语系动词的数量很有限。常见的系动词有： Be come become Fall appear look fell Get 90 turn grow remain keep run Smell taste lie sound rest stay seem Stand 等。 2。实义动词(the Notional Verb) 实义动词是指具有实际词义的那部分动词，用来表示动作、行为和变化等，包括及物动词和不及物 动词， )英语动词按其词汇意义的体性 动作发生或进行的方式 -又可分为终止性动词(Verbs of non Duration)、延续性动词(Verbs of Duration)和双体性动词(Verbs of Double Aspective Characters) 1。终止性动词所表示的动作一旦达到某个界限就完成了，不具延续性，不能带表示一段时间的状 n 不能说：He has come here for three years(错)。因为come是终止性动词，所表示的动作不具延续 性，不能带表示一段时间的状语一for three years.上句应改为：He has been here for three years (他来这儿已有三年了)。 这类终止性动词很多，如：arrive、catch、fnd、give、join、lose、win、leave及realize等 。延续性动词 类动调所表养的动作或状态是可以一直进行下去的。这类动洞又可分为动态动词(AceY 和状态动词(Stative Verbs)。 1)动态动词具有动作的含义，如：go、sit、run等。 2)状态动词表示感觉，愿望等心理活动，如：feel、love、hate、hope、want等 三)时态 时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生时间和所处的状态。较常用的时态有十种： 一般现 在时. 一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成 时、现在完成进行时和过去进行时。 般现在时(the Present Indefinite Ter se) 般现在时 示习惯性的动作 讲话时人或事物的状态或特征以及客观真理等。第三人称单数做主 、S时语要威s）·其余人称用动词原死。如：一 她讲英语。 The earth moves round the sun 地球围绕太阳转 They work hard. 他们努力工作。 2 般i过去时(the Past Indefinite Tense) 般过去时表示过去某时间的状态或动作行为。谓语动词用过去式（规则动词直接在后面加ed) Yester day he waited for you at the gate
动词是构成句子的核心部分，它有时态、语态、语气和非谓语形式（前面已讲过）等变化。 一）英语动词按其意义和句法作可分为四类：系动词、实义动词、助动词和情态动词（助动词和情 态动词已讲过）。 １。系动词（the Linking Verb） 用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态和性质特征等。例如： She is happy. 她生活幸福。 He looks young. 他看上去年轻。 与实义动词相比，英语系动词的数量很有限。常见的系动词有： Be come become Fall appear look fell Get go turn grow remain keep run Smell taste lie sound rest stay seem Stand 等。 ２。实义动词（the Notional Verb） 实义动词是指具有实际词义的那部分动词，用来表示动作、行为和变化等，包括及物动词和不及物 动词。 二）英语动词按其词汇意义的体性──动作发生或进行的方式──又可分为终止性动词（Verbs of nonDuration）、延续性动词（Verbs of Duration）和双体性动词（Verbs of Double Aspective Characters）。 １。终止性动词所表示的动作一旦达到某个界限就完成了，不具延续性，不能带表示一段时间的状 语。例如： 不能说：He has come here for three years(错)。因为come是终止性动词，所表示的动作不具延续 性，不能带表示一段时间的状语──for three years. 上句应改为：He has been here for three years. (他来这儿已有三年了)。 这类终止性动词很多，如：arrive、catch、find、give、join、lose、win、leave及realize等。 ２。延续性动词 这类动词所表示的动作或状态是可以一直进行下去的。这类动词又可分为动态动词（Active Verbs） 和状态动词（Stative Verbs）。 １）动态动词具有动作的含义，如：go、sit、 run等。 ２）状态动词表示感觉，愿望等心理活动，如：feel、love、hate、hope、want等。 三）时态 时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生时间和所处的状态。较常用的时态有十种：一般现 在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成 时、现在完成进行时和过去进行时。 １。一般现在时（the Present Indefinite Tense） 一般现在时表示习惯性的动作，讲话时人或事物的状态或特征以及客观真理等。第三人称单数做主 语时谓语要加s（或es），其余人称用动词原形。例如： She speaks English 她讲英语。 The earth moves round the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。 They work hard. 他们努力工作。 ２。一般过去时（the Past Indefinite Tense） 一般过去时表示过去某时间的状态或动作行为。谓语动词用过去式（规则动词直接在后面加ed）。 例如： Yesterday he waited for you at the gate
昨天他在大门口等你了。 2 船(the Future Indefinite Tense 般将 将要发生的动作或情况。用wi训或sha加动词原形的形式。如 We s 表示相对于讲话时间 9 eijing nex 4。过去将来时(the Past Future Tense) 过去将来时表示过去某一时刻之后，将要发生的动作或情况，一般不独立使用，而是用于主句谓语 动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。形式是would或should加动词原形。例如： He said he would come the following day. 他说他第二天来。 5。现在进行时(the Present Continuous Tense 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况，有时也可表示一个按计划即将发生的动作。用 be+现在分词构成。例如： He is talking with some students 他在和一些学生谈话。 She is arriving tomorrow 她明天到。 6。过去进行时(the Past Continuous Tense) 表示过去某时刻，某阶段正在进行的动作，由was(成were)+现在分词构成。例如 He was reading a novel when I called 我去拜访时，他正在读 本小说 7。将来进行时(the Future Continuous Tense) 表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。由shall(或wi)+be+现在分词构成。例收如： We will be having class tomorrow morning. 我们明天上午上课。 8。现在完成时(the Present Perfect Tense) 表示过去发生，但对现在仍有影响的动作 也可表示从过去某时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，由 have(或has) 过去分词构成。例如： 我己读过那本书. ("读的动作是过去，但现在我对那本书了解了。) 9。过去完成时(the Past Perfect Tense) 过去完成时表示过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，由ad+过去分词构成。例如： When i aot there he had left 当我到到用那川时他口离开 老师 进教室，同学们就安静下来了 0.现在完成进行时（the PresenPrtoi Tense) 这一时态表示动作从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到觇在，由have(has)+been+现在分词构成。 例如： They have been playing basketball for an hour. 他们已经打了 个小时的篮球了 如果现在完 成进 She has bee 时 不带时间状语，则表示动作仍在进行。例如 直在唱歌 (还在唱) 四)语态(the Voice) 语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语的语态包括主动语态和被动语态。主动 语态表示主语是谓语所表示的动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语所表示动作的承受者。 被动语态的形式 分成。be主语的人春数时态和气的不同而变化.如： 态由be+动词过去分 那本书是由鲁迅写的
昨天他在大门口等你了。 ３。一般将来时（the Future Indefinite Tense） 一般将来时表示相对于讲话时间将要发生的动作或情况。用will或shall加动词原形的形式。例如： We shall go to Beijing next week. ４。过去将来时（the Past Future Tense） 过去将来时表示过去某一时刻之后，将要发生的动作或情况，一般不独立使用，而是用于主句谓语 动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。形式是would或should加动词原形。例如： He said he would come the following day. 他说他第二天来。 ５。现在进行时（the Present Continuous Tense） 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况，有时也可表示一个按计划即将发生的动作。用 be + 现在分词构成。例如： He is talking with some students. 他在和一些学生谈话。 She is arriving tomorrow. 她明天到。 ６。过去进行时（the Past Continuous Tense） 表示过去某时刻，某阶段正在进行的动作，由was (或were ) + 现在分词构成。例如： He was reading a novel when I called. 我去拜访时，他正在读一本小说。 ７。将来进行时（the Future Continuous Tense） 表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。由shall（或will）＋be + 现在分词构成。例如： We will be having class tomorrow morning. 我们明天上午上课。 ８。现在完成时（the Present Perfect Tense） 表示过去发生，但对现在仍有影响的动作，也可表示从过去某时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，由 have（或has）＋过去分词构成。例如： I have read that book. 我已读过那本书。（"读"的动作是过去，但现在我对那本书了解了。） ９。过去完成时（the Past Perfect Tense） 过去完成时表示过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，由had＋过去分词构成。例如： When I got there he had left. 当我到那儿时他已离开。 过去完成时常用在"hardly""when"，"no sooner.than"等句型的主句中。例如： No sooner had the teacher entered the classroom than the class became quiet. 老师一进教室，同学们就安静下来了。 １０。现在完成进行时（the Present Perfect Continuous Tense） 这一时态表示动作从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在，由have (has) + been +现在分词构成。 例如： They have been playing basketball for an hour. 他们已经打了一个小时的篮球了。 如果现在完成进行时不带时间状语，则表示动作仍在进行。例如： She has been singing. 她一直在唱歌。（还在唱） 四）语态（the Voice） 语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语的语态包括主动语态和被动语态。主动 语态表示主语是谓语所表示的动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语所表示动作的承受者。 1·被动语态的形式 被动语态由be +动词过去分词构成。be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。例如： The book was written by LuXun. 那本书是由鲁迅写的
The new airport will be completed by the end of this year. 新机场年底就会竣工。 The meeting is being held in ShenZhen. 那个会议正在深圳召开。 2被动语态的用法 一般在下列几种情况下使用被动语态 g不a行：知 ken in many countries 英语在许多国家使用。 2)强调动作的对象 This bridge was built last year. 这座桥是去年建的。 3)在科技文章中 被动语态在科技文章中使用普遍，因为科技文章一般只强调对客观事物的叙述和描述，而较少涉及 动作的执行者。 练习： 111.His s sudden arrival that night must have been very because most people at the party b.surpris c surprised surprised d.surprising.surprising 112.She put on the dress once again and wondered if she could have the sleeves_ a.shortening b.be sho d.shorte 113.It's pretty late.There is no point _for him any longer a in waiting b.that we will wait C.to wait d.we are waiting 14 We want to have the money we paid for our tickets nded d refund 115.She always her family should do everything for her. a.took for granted b.took it for grant that c.took that for grant oyoeesohgietehouse during the summer when they would be away for o aay nted c.be repainting d.to be repainted 117.They were fully aware that, _things would get worse. a.if not properly handled b.if no properly handled ing properly
The new airport will be completed by the end of this year. 新机场年底就会竣工。 The meeting is being held in ShenZhen. 那个会议正在深圳召开。 2·被动语态的用法 一般在下列几种情况下使用被动语态。 1） 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。例如： English is spoken in many countries. 英语在许多国家使用。 2） 强调动作的对象 This bridge was built last year. 这座桥是去年建的。 3） 在科技文章中 被动语态在科技文章中使用普遍，因为科技文章一般只强调对客观事物的叙述和描述，而较少涉及 动作的执行者。 练习： 111. His sudden arrival that night must have been very _ because most people at the party looked rather _. a. surprised . surprising b. surprising . surprised c. surprised . surprised d. surprising . surprising 112. She put on the dress once again and wondered if she could have the sleeves _. a. shortening b. be shortened c. shorten d. shortened 113. It’s pretty late. There is no point _ for him any longer. a. in waiting b. that we will wait c. to wait d. we are waiting 114. We want to have the money we paid for our tickets _. a. refunding b. to be refunded c. refunded d. refund 115. She always _ her family should do everything for her. a. took for granted b. took it for grant that c. took that for grant d. took it for granted that 116. They decided to have the house _ during the summer when they would be away for holiday. a. repainted b. repaint c. be repainting d. to be repainted 117. They were fully aware that, _, things would get worse. a. if not properly handled b. if no properly handled c. if no handling properly d. if not handle properly
118.Almost everyone fails the driver's test on the first try. a.at passing b.to have passed d。pas earlier so that you can get to class on time. a to start to ge un b.started getting up c.start getting up d.starting to get up 120.After he had researched and his paper,he found some additional material that he should have included. a.wrote itten d written 121.We are going to Florida as soon as taking our final exams. a.we finish b.we'll finish roing binga house in Toky,bute atto find ou a.hov at the 、the taxes there d.what are the taxes 123.Each time Susan tried to argue with her husband she her eyes out. a.was ended to cry b.ended up crying na r next-door neighbours for weeks.They somewhere for holiday sho ave h need ha c.ought to have gone d.must have gone 125.He is fully aware that if the new company will have to close down sooner or later. a.managed not proper b.not properly managing er ma nding near the car?I her somewhere before." a.remember to se b.remember to having seen c.remember having been seen d.remember seeing 127.You'd better have your car immediately,or you will be late for the professor's lecture. d repaired 18.The surgeon advised that Mr.Malan an operation right away so as to save his life. a.had b.would have c.have d.was going to have 129. a minor illness can lead to a total loss of eyesight. a.If leaving it untreated
118. Almost everyone fails _ the driver’s test on the first try. a. at passing b. to have passed c. to pass d. on passing 119. I think that you had better _ earlier so that you can get to class on time. a. to start to get up b. started getting up c. start getting up d. starting to get up 120. After he had researched and _ his paper, he found some additional material that he should have included. a. wrote b. writing c. have written d. written 121. We are going to Florida as soon as _ taking our final exams. a. we finish b. we’ll finish c. we finished d. we’d finish 122. We are considering buying a house in Tokyo, but we want to find out _. a. how the taxes are b. what the taxes are c. the taxes there d. what are the taxes 123. Each time Susan tried to argue with her husband she _ her eyes out. a. was ended to cry b. ended up crying c. would end up to cry d. would be ended crying 124. We have not seen our next-door neighbours for weeks. They _ somewhere for holiday. a. should have gone b. need have gone c. ought to have gone d. must have gone 125.He is fully aware that if _ , the new company will have to close down sooner or later. a. managed not proper b. not properly managing c. no proper management d. not properly managed 126. "Who is the girl standing near the car? I _ her somewhere before." a. remember to see b. remember to having seen c. remember having been seen d. remember seeing 127. You’d better have your car _ immediately, or you will be late for the professor’s lecture. a. repairing b. repaired c. to be repaired d. repair 128. The surgeon advised that Mr. Malan _ an operation right away so as to save his life. a. had b. would have c. have d. was going to have 129. _, a minor illness can lead to a total loss of eyesight. a. If leaving it untreated
b.If left untreated e meeting yesterday,there was no one his opinion expressed b.didn't have c had not d.who didn't have 131.How long ao you suppo er of us to undertake the responsibility a were wanting b.are waiting c wants d.have wanted 133.He found that the food a.went badly ethat you were driving,don't you? -"No,Sir,I This car can't do more than 80." a.didn't need to be b.may not have been c.couldn't have been d.needn't have been 答案与注释： 111.答案是b surprising令人惊奇的，surprised感到惊奇的 及物动词 分词用做形容词时，往往表示"令人.的”，过去分词用做形容词时，表示被 的”，"感到的 112答案是d. have sth.done使某事被完成，have作为使役动词，有使"，"让"的意思。 113答案是a there is no point in doing sth.作某事是无用的 114.答案是c have sth.done使某事被完成，have作为使役动词，有'使"，"让"的意思。 115.答案是d. take it for granted that.是take sth.or granted的变形，意思是，把当作理所当然的事。 116.答案是 have sth.done使某事被完成，have作为使役动词，有使"，"让"的意思。 117.答案是a. if not properly handled if things are not properly handled 过去分词做状语，句子的主语是它的逻辑主语，用于修饰谓语动词。可以表示时间，原因，让步， 条件，伴随状况等。 118.答案是c fail to do sth.没作成某事 fail to have done sth表示过去的情况，意为，未能完成某事。 119.答案是c. had better do sth.最好作某事，had better'"没有时态变化，后面只能与动词原形连用
b. If left untreated c. If not treating it d. If it does not leave treated 130. At the meeting yesterday, there was no one _ his opinion expressed. a. not had b. didn’t have c. had not d. who didn’t have 131. How long _? a. you suppose did it last b. did you suppose it does last c. do you suppose it lasted d. you suppose it lasted 132. Neither of us _ to undertake the responsibility. a. were wanting b. are waiting c. wants d. have wanted 133. He found that the food _. a. went badly b. went bad c. to go bad d. go bad 134. -" You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?" -"No, Sir, I _. This car can’t do more than 80." a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been 答案与注释： 111. 答案是b. surprising令人惊奇的，surprised感到惊奇的 及物动词的现在分词用做形容词时，往往表示"令人.的"，过去分词用做形容词时，表示"被. 的"，"感到.的". 112答案是d. have sth. done使某事被完成，have作为使役动词，有"使"，"让"的意思。 113答案是a. there is no point in doing sth.作某事是无用的 114. 答案是c. have sth. done使某事被完成，have作为使役动词，有"使"，"让"的意思。 115.答案是d. take it for granted that.是take sth. or granted的变形，意思是，把当作理所当然的事。 116. 答案是a. have sth. done使某事被完成，have作为使役动词，有"使"，"让"的意思。 117.答案是a. if not properly handled = if things are not properly handled 过去分词做状语，句子的主语是它的逻辑主语，用于修饰谓语动词。可以表示时间，原因，让步， 条件，伴随状况等。 118. 答案是c. fail to do sth. 没作成某事 fail to have done sth.表示过去的情况，意为，未能完成某事。 119. 答案是c. had better do sth. 最好作某事， "had better" 没有时态变化，后面只能与动词原形连用
120.答案是d. had之后有两个动词research和write,由and连接。write?需要变成过去分词，所以只有答案d正确， 121.答案是 时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来时。条件状语从句中，也有同样的现象。 122.答案是b. what引导宾语从句，语序不倒装， 123.答案是b end up doing sth.以某事告终，后面接动名词，不能与动词不定式连用。 124.答案是d must have done sth.一定是已经作过某事。 情态动词(should,need,must,might.)+动词的完成时表示"想必已经”，"应该已经"，"本该"，"本来 "本来不必" 本来会等 125答案是d 过去分词做状语，句子的主语是它的逻辑主语，用于修饰谓语动词。可以表示时间，原因，让步， 条件，伴随状况等。 126.答案是d. remember doing sth.记起作过某事 remember to do sth.记得要去作某事 127.答室是b. had better do sth.最好作某事，"had better'"没有时态变化，后面只能与动词原形连用。 have sth.done使某事被完成，have作为使役动词，有使"，"让"的意思。 128.答案是c advisel后面的宾语从句中动词总是用原形或"should+动词原形"，表示虚拟。类似的动词还有 suggest,insist等。 129.答案是b. 动词的现在分词作条件状语 ,其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。逻辑主语与该动词有被动的关系，要 用过去分词如果是主动关系，则用现在分词。 130.答案是d. who didn't have his opinion expressed是定语从句，修饰no one。."who"作定语从句的主语，不能省 略 131箜宾是( 四个选项中 与d的语序不对，b的事态配合不对，只有c是正确的。 132.答案是c neither of us:两个人中任何一个都不，该词组用做主语时，谓语用单数。 133.答案是b. 紧夏，这里用做实义动同。表示本来不可以，c味示本来不能：表标本来不心爱
120. 答案是d. had之后有两个动词research和write，由and连接。write需要变成过去分词，所以只有答案d正确。 121. 答案是a. 时间状语从句中， 用一般现在时表示将来时。条件状语从句中，也有同样的现象。 122. 答案是b. what引导宾语从句，语序不倒装。 123. 答案是b. end up doing sth. 以某事告终，后面接动名词，不能与动词不定式连用。 124. 答案是d must have done sth.一定是已经作过某事。 情态动词(should, need, must, might.)+动词的完成时表示"想必已经"，"应该已经"，"本该"，"本来 可以"，"本来不必"，"本来会"等。 125答案是d. 过去分词做状语，句子的主语是它的逻辑主语，用于修饰谓语动词。可以表示时间，原因，让步， 条件，伴随状况等。 126.答案是d. remember doing sth.记起作过某事 remember to do sth.记得要去作某事 127.答案是b. had better do sth. 最好作某事， "had better" 没有时态变化，后面只能与动词原形连用。 have sth. done使某事被完成，have作为使役动词，有"使"，"让"的意思。 128.答案是c. advise后面的宾语从句中动词总是用原形或"should + 动词原形"，表示虚拟。类似的动词还有 suggest, insist等。 129.答案是b. 动词的现在分词作条件状语，其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。逻辑主语与该动词有被动的关系，要 用过去分词；如果是主动关系，则用现在分词。 130.答案是d. who didn’t have his opinion expressed是定语从句，修饰 no one。"who"作定语从句的主语，不能省 略。 131. 答案是c. 四个选项中，a与d的语序不对，b的事态配合不对，只有c是正确的。 132. 答案是c. neither of us：两个人中任何一个都不，该词组用做主语时，谓语用单数。 133.答案是b. go bad（事物等）变质。 134.答案是a need需要，这里用做实义动词。b表示"本来不可以"；c表示"本来不能够"； 表示"本来不必要" . ※