Growth development
Growth & development
Definition Growth: volume increasing of body& organs Development: tissues organs functional maturation that is the concept of ongoing change and maturation Child development encompasses all aspects of pediatrics It applies to somatic, psychological, and cognitive growth and to behavior
一、Definition • Growth：volume increasing of body & organs • Development：tissues & organs functional maturation, that is the concept of ongoing change and maturation – Child development encompasses all aspects of pediatrics. – It applies to somatic, psychological, and cognitive growth and to behavior
Growth and development patterns Continuity and phase process Continuous process Varies in different phase(two peak at infancy; at puberty · Imbalance Brain growth: rapid in the first 6 years of life Lymphoid tissue: increases rapidly before puberty and then declines The reproductive organs: remains slow until puberty General developmental pattern From top to bottom From near to far From crude to fine From unadvanced to advanced From simple to complex Individual variations
二、Growth and development patterns • Continuity and phase process – Continuous process – Varies in different phase (two peak): at infancy; at puberty • Imbalance – Brain growth: rapid in the first 6 years of life – Lymphoid tissue: increases rapidly before puberty and then declines – The reproductive organs: remains slow until puberty • General developmental pattern – From top to bottom – From near to far – From crude to fine – From unadvanced to advanced – From simple to complex • Individual variations
18 12 cm 10 身高 男 女 值6 体重 /令 0 8101214161820 年龄(岁) 图2-1横断面调查的男女身高 体重发育速度曲线
LYMPHOID 120 BRAIN& HEAD GENERAL REPRODUCTIVE AGE. YEARS Fig. Postnatal growth curves of four major organ systems. All values are calculated in terms of size attained at 20 years
Fig. Postnatal growth curves of four major organ systems. All values are calculated in terms of size attained at 20 years
Body ratio change
Body ratio change
Development rules: From top to bottom From near to far nearby to peripheral
Development rules: From top to bottom From near to far nearby to peripheral
Determinants of growth and development Heredity: the most important factors Environmental factors can be improved potentially Nutrition: important factors at childhood the smaller the children s age the more important Diseases: factor that can not be neglected Seasonality: growth rate varied during the four seasons Hormone: a complex system
三、Determinants of growth and development • Heredity: the most important factors • Environmental factors can be improved potentially – Nutrition: important factors at childhood, the smaller the children’s age, the more important – Diseases: factor that can not be neglected – Seasonality: growth rate varied during the four seasons • Hormone: a complex system
四、 Physical growth Index in common use Weight Length/Height Sitting height Head circumference Chest circumference Upper arm circumference
四、Physical growth • Index in common use Weight Length/Height Sitting height Head circumference Chest circumference Upper arm circumference
C)Weight: basic index Defined as the summed weight of body's parts, including skeleton, muscle, organs, bowel, fat, and water etc. a Measurement: The child was weighed undressed on a calibrated balance scale to the nearest 0.01 kg Typical patterns of Wt gain 3-12 mo: lage(mo)+92(kg 1-6 yrs: age(yr)X2+8(kg) 7-12yrs:[age(yr)×7-512
(一）Weight: basic index • Defined as the summed weight of body’s parts, including skeleton, muscle, organs, bowel, fat, and water etc. • Measurement: The child was weighed undressed on a calibrated balance scale to the nearest 0.01 kg. • Typical patterns of WT gain 3 -12 mo: [age (mo) + 9]/2 (kg) 1 - 6 yrs: age (yr)×2 + 8 (kg) 7 -12 yrs: [age(yr)×7 -5]/2