复旦大学：《社会医学主题英语》课程教学资源_考试样卷.doc_大学文库

4 (effort) 40. to have the _____________ (特权) of III. INTEGRATION (10 %) 得分扣分 Directions: Read the following passage carefully and complete each task according to its corresponding order. As a primitive survival mechanism, the fight-or-flight response served our ancestors well as a means of mobilizing the body’s defenses in times of emergency. Why, then, has stress become such a problem 1) in _____________________? In the case of the primitive hunter, once the danger had been dealt with by fighting or fleeing, the problem was resolved 2) and the stress ____________________. However, if we look around us today, we notice that the options 3) of ____________________________ are rarely appropriate in our modern world. For example, if you have an argument with your boss, you may feel all the symptoms of stress—but you can’t relieve your stress by striking out at him, 4) nor __________________________. And so the level of anger and arousal persists 5) ________ _______________ a socially acceptable outlet, and at the end of the confrontation you still feel 6) _______________ you want to fight someone or run away. The fight-or-flight response has now become an internalized feeling that you carry about with you, like a ticking time bomb. 7) If the fight-or-flight response is activated without using to its intending purpose, it can become a major source of distress. If it is fired off too often, or persists too long, the body will remain in a state of continual alarm or mobilization, and the potent hormones released in the stress response can actually 8) ____________________ the body’s vital organs, nervous system, and immune mechanisms. Ironically, it 9) _______________ that the 1) Complete the prepositional phrase according to the context. 2) Complete the clause introduced by and according to the context. 3) Complete the of-phrase according to the context. 4) Complete the clause introduced by nor. 5) Fill in the blank with a phrase meaning without. 6) Fill in the blank with a linking phrase. 7) Correct the errors within the sentence. 8) Complete the verbal part according to the context. 9) Fill in the blank with a proper verb

stress response, which was a vital survival mechanism for our remote ancestors, may in fact be killing us today. 10) 10)Complete the before-clause according to the context. Before it stress can make us fat I. READING COMPREHENSION(20%)得分扣分 Directions: In this section you are going to read four passages, each of which is followed by five questions. To each question, there are four rested answers. Choose the best one according to the read and put down your answers in the wing table ge you 2 11 12) 13) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) Passage Stories of positive and negative according to plan, the surrogate mother outcomes Arrogate parenting can carries the fetus to term, delivers th leave some people aroused with negative baby, and gives it to the couple, who emotions--ranging from distaste to legally adopts it as its own. In this revulsionwhile others would say that situation, the man is the biological father. there is nothing wrong, in principle, with the surrogate mother is the biological surrogate parenthood. Dictionaries mother, and the married woman is the define surrogate as a substitute for some adoptive mother. The couple makes a third person-which in this case could cash payment to the surrogate in be an infertile mother, father, or the compensation for her services and to missing mother or father in a same-sex cover the medical costs that accompany relationship. The usual surrogate surrogate motherhood involves a mother is somewhat inaccurate. since married couple who cant produce a the woman to whom it refers is the child together and another woman who biological mother of the baby: she is able to do so, if her ovum is fertilized. supplies the ovum, carries the fetus, and The fertilization is accomplished by gives birth. She would be called the artificial insemination (that is, by the regular mother-a term coined by into the uterus of the surrogate by other Surrogate Motherhood Mom 3 book Is introduction of the sperm of the man Herbert T Krimmel in his 198 than natural means). If everything goes 1. Accord ing to the paragraph, people are divided over A. the positive reactions stirred up by surrogate parenthood B. the negative emotions aroused by surrogate parenting C. the practice of surrogate motherhood D. the definition of surrogate 2. The word surrogate A. has a wider definition in meaning than in practice B. is hard to define thanks to its wide range of practice C. is defined as a substitute for infertility

5 stress response, which was a vital survival mechanism for our remote ancestors, may in fact be killing us today. 10) Before it ____________________, stress can make us fat. 10) Complete the before-clause according to the context. IV. READING COMPREHENSION (20 %) 得分扣分 Directions: In this section you are going to read four passages, each of which is followed by five questions. To each question, there are four suggested answers. Choose the best one according to the passage you have just read and put down your answers in the following table. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) Passage 1 Stories of positive and negative outcomes in surrogate parenting can leave some people aroused with negative emotions—ranging from distaste to revulsion—while others would say that there is nothing wrong, in principle, with surrogate parenthood. Dictionaries define surrogate as a substitute for some third person—which in this case could be an infertile mother, father, or the missing mother or father in a same-sex relationship. The usual practice of surrogate motherhood involves a married couple who can’t produce a child together and another woman who is able to do so, if her ovum is fertilized. The fertilization is accomplished by artificial insemination (that is, by the introduction of the sperm of the man into the uterus of the surrogate by other than natural means). If everything goes according to plan, the surrogate mother carries the fetus to term, delivers the baby, and gives it to the couple, who legally adopts it as its own. In this situation, the man is the biological father, the surrogate mother is the biological mother, and the married woman is the adoptive mother. The couple makes a cash payment to the surrogate in compensation for her services and to cover the medical costs that accompany the pregnancy. The term surrogate mother is somewhat inaccurate, since the woman to whom it refers is the biological mother of the baby: she supplies the ovum, carries the fetus, and gives birth. She would be called the regular mother—a term coined by Herbert T. Krimmel in his 1983 book Is Surrogate Motherhood Moral? 1. According to the paragraph, people are divided over ________. A. the positive reactions stirred up by surrogate parenthood B. the negative emotions aroused by surrogate parenting C. the practice of surrogate motherhood D. the definition of surrogate 2. The word surrogate ________. A. has a wider definition in meaning than in practice B. is hard to define thanks to its wide range of practice C. is defined as a substitute for infertility

D. varies in meaning with a particular dictionary 3. In the usual practice of surrogate motherhood A. the married man is the adoptive father B. the married man is treated for his infertility C. the surrogate woman is the biological mother D. the married woman receives the fertilized egg 4. It seems that the baby is legally adopted is a pr B as a compensatio C. with two biological mothers d. all of the above 5. It would be better to call the surrogate regular mother for A. the misunderstand ing on the part of the general community B. the medical costs her pregnancy covers C. the compensation she receives D. her biological services The study of the types of cultures strongest expression in the fact that the world over gives the many primitive people designate impre ssion of an enormous diversity of themselves as human beings, while all forms. The differences are so great that their neighbors are designated by we may be inclined to think that every specific names in the same way one of these cultures developed quite animals are designated by names. Thus independently and that the peculiar the Eskimos call themselves human genius of the people has found beings, the Ind ians whom they know in expression in the forms under which some regions only by hearsay are they live. This impression is considered as dog like animals, and the strengthened by the fact that the people white people with whom they came into Siberian nategro, the appearance. The contact in later times are considered as Siberian native, the people of the Pacific differences are keenly felt, while the Islands, each have their own peculiar similarities are neglected bodily build and their own peculiar culture The objective study of cultures and of types of man shows that not Added to this is the observation that withstanding all these apparently he people constituting every one of fund amental differences cultural strains these societies consider themselves as have passed from one people to the other, independent units, specifically distinct that no culture can be assumed to be from all their ne ighbors Th is finds its elf-developed and no type to be pure unmixed with foreign strains 6. The author does not believe that there is such thing A. as a cultural diversity B. as a highly mixed culture C. as a wide variety of cultural form D. as a purely autonomous culture 7. The author argues that the different appearances of people in the world A. help us better understand human civilization B. tend to make us believe in the self-development of a culture C. incline us to think critically about our cultural expertise D. give us the impression of the peculiarity of their bodily build

6 D. varies in meaning with a particular dictionary 3. In the usual practice of surrogate motherhood, ________. A. the married man is the adoptive father B. the married man is treated for his infertility C. the surrogate woman is the biological mother D. the married woman receives the fertilized egg 4. It seems that the baby is legally adopted ________. A. as a “product” B. as a compensation C. with two biological mothers D. all of the above 5. It would be better to call the surrogate regular mother for ________. A. the misunderstanding on the part of the general community B. the medical costs her pregnancy covers C. the compensation she receives D. her biological services Passage 2 The study of the types of cultures found the world over gives the impression of an enormous diversity of forms. The differences are so great that we may be inclined to think that every one of these cultures developed quite independently and that the peculiar genius of the people has found expression in the forms under which they live. This impression is strengthened by the fact that the people themselves differ in appearance. The African Negro, the Australian, the Siberian native, the people of the Pacific Islands, each have their own peculiar bodily build and their own peculiar culture. Added to this is the observation that the people constituting every one of these societies consider themselves as independent units, specifically distinct from all their neighbors. This finds its strongest expression in the fact that many primitive people designate themselves as human beings, while all their neighbors are designated by specific names in the same way as animals are designated by names. Thus the Eskimos call themselves human beings, the Indians whom they know in some regions only by hearsay are considered as dog like animals, and the white people with whom they came into contact in later times are considered as descended from dogs. The specific differences are keenly felt, while the similarities are neglected. The objective study of cultures and of types of man shows that not withstanding all these apparently fundamental differences cultural strains have passed from one people to the other, that no culture can be assumed to be self-developed and no type to be pure, unmixed with foreign strains. 6. The author does not believe that there is such thing ________. A. as a cultural diversity B. as a highly mixed culture C. as a wide variety of cultural forms D. as a purely autonomous culture 7. The author argues that the different appearances of people in the world ________. A. help us better understand human civilization B. tend to make us believe in the self-development of a culture C. incline us to think critically about our cultural expertise D. give us the impression of the peculiarity of their bodily build

8. The fact that the Eskimos call themselves human beings exclusively illustrates that many primitive people A. consider themselves to be distinct from all their neighbors B. only know their own existence don t contact with all their neighbors D. All of the above 9. It can be inferred from the passage that the author is trying a. to draw our attention to the cultural similarities b. to direct our attention to the cultural dissimilarities C. to help us better understand the diversity of cultural forms D. to confirm the impression of a wide variety of cultural forms 10. The author is most probably A. an artist B. a sociologist C. a philosopher D. an anthropologist If you began the year with a thing. Decid ing how to redesign them to resolution to give up smoking, you dont make them safer is quite another. This is need to be told that it will take all the where things get a bit trickier-and luck and determination you can muster. where it could all go horribly wrong If you are still persevering, take heart of the many improvements According to the statistics, two out of that on the cards(很可能的)are three people who tried to give up will uncontroversial The idea that have relapsed by now. By the end of the manufacturers should reveal the identity year 90 per cent will be smoking again and quantity of the ingredients of their tes--and the c=u17mm:时 way of giving them despite ealth battle is Cigarette smoke contains specific cancer-causing chemicals. Consumers far from won Many health officials feel surely have a right to know which the time is ripe for the next phase, and brands contain the highest or lowest levels of these ch content of ainst rules forbidd ing the manufacturers use of sugary add itives designed to Moves in this direction are already appeal to youngsters? Or additives that afoot. In a couple of months'time. open up the airways to allow more health officials in brussels will circulate moke in? drafts for rules that will govern how much tar and nicotine Europe's enforce the gradual removal of nicotine cigarettes may contain,. and what from cigarettes to create the tobacco make-up should be printed on the American Med ical Association is a big packets. And in the US, the Food and fan of this approach and it is certainly Drug Administration has for years made technically feasible. Some denicotinize no secret of its desire to regulate cigarettes are already on sale. The cigarettes in the same way as problem, as study after study shows, is pharmaceutical that when smokers are given cigarettes However, acquiring the pol itical and low in nicotine, they compensate by legal power to redesign cigarettes is one moking more cigarettes or inhaling

7 8. The fact that the Eskimos call themselves human beings exclusively illustrates that many primitive people ________. A. consider themselves to be distinct from all their neighbors B. only know their own existence C. don’t contact with all their neighbors D. All of the above 9. It can be inferred from the passage that the author is trying ________. A. to draw our attention to the cultural similarities B. to direct our attention to the cultural dissimilarities C. to help us better understand the diversity of cultural forms D. to confirm the impression of a wide variety of cultural forms 10. The author is most probably________. A. an artist B. a sociologist C. a philosopher D. an anthropologist Passage 3 If you began the year with a resolution to give up smoking, you don’t need to be told that it will take all the luck and determination you can muster. If you are still persevering, take heart: you are already ahead of the game. According to the statistics, two out of three people who tried to give up will have relapsed by now. By the end of the year 90 per cent will be smoking again. So, despite various curbs on cigarette advertising and smoking in public places, the public health battle is far from won. Many health officials feel the time is ripe for the next phase, and for governments to wrest control of the content of cigarettes from the manufacturers. Moves in this direction are already afoot. In a couple of months’ time, health officials in Brussels will circulate drafts for rules that will govern how much tar and nicotine Europe’s cigarettes may contain, and what information about their chemical make-up should be printed on the packets. And in the US, the Food and Drug Administration has for years made no secret of its desire to regulate cigarettes in the same way as pharmaceuticals. However, acquiring the political and legal power to redesign cigarettes is one thing. Deciding how to redesign them to make them safer is quite another. This is where things get a bit trickier—and where it could all go horribly wrong. Some of the many improvements that are on the cards ( 很可能的 ) are uncontroversial. The idea that manufacturers should reveal the identity and quantity of the ingredients of their cigarettes—and the smoke that they produce—is a good way of giving them an incentive to clean up their products. Cigarette smoke contains specific cancer-causing chemicals. Consumers surely have a right to know which brands contain the highest or lowest levels of these chemicals. And who could argue against rules forbidding the use of sugary additives designed to appeal to youngsters? Or additives that open up the airways to allow more smoke in? But officials must resist the urge to enforce the gradual removal of nicotine from cigarettes to create the tobacco equivalent of decaffeinated coffee. The American Medical Association is a big fan of this approach and it is certainly technically feasible. Some denicotinized cigarettes are already on sale. The problem, as study after study shows, is that when smokers are given cigarettes low in nicotine, they compensate by smoking more cigarettes or inhaling

smoke more deeply. Ultimately, smokers developed experimental"non-burning want a chemical fix and they are cigarettes in which nicotine is released unlikely to stop until they get it as a vapo or by the action of heat on the tobacco. governments should make sure Advocates of the nicotine-free such developments reach the approach say the problem of compensation would vanish if the marketplace nicotine levels were so low that no Of course, this approach requires us amount of puffing could create the buzz to accept that in form smokers crave. But would anyone buy nicotine is always likely to be with us such cigarettes? More likely they would People with moral objections to the turn to the black market for an ill icit recreational use of drugs will find that hard to swallow. But if we are serious about curbing the harm smoking does, Fortunately, there is an alternative route to a safer cigarette: keep the pragmatism is he path to follow nicotine but cut down the cancer-causins Prohibition was a dismal failure chemicals in the smoke. Better still with alcohol. There is no reason why it remove the smoke or as much of it as should work any better with nicotine possible. Manufacturers have already 11. By controlling the content of cigarettes, accord ing to health officials, governments can A. win the public health battle without effort B. impose a ban on cigarette advertising C. make it easier to give up smoking D. make them safer 12. The author doubts that redesigning cigarettes A. is to gain political and legal power B. is to make them safer C. will do the trick D. is worth a tr 13. Which of the following seems to be controversial? A. The cancer-causing chemicals in cigarettes B. SI addictives to C. Denicotinized cigarettes D. Decaffeinated coffee 14. From nicotine-free cigarettes to non-burning ones, the author A. raises the question of their acceptance at the marketplace B. proves it impossible to make them safer C. guid akers to the harm of smoking D. pinpoints the real dangers of smoke 15. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that A. it is unwise to try any approach to make ciga B. the health battle against nicotine is far from C. we are doomed to fail if we try to stop smoking D. smokers do have a right to smoke Twins and their genes are the much-vaunted similarity of IQ news again. American researcher between identical twins. Now they think reanalysed hundreds of old that it is less to do with shared genes and studies and changed their mind rather more to do with the effect of

8 smoke more deeply. Ultimately, smokers want a chemical fix and they are unlikely to stop until they get it. Advocates of the nicotine-free approach say the problem of compensation would vanish if the nicotine levels were so low that no amount of puffing could create the buzz smokers crave. But would anyone buy such cigarettes? More likely they would turn to the black market for an illicit supply. Fortunately, there is an alternative route to a safer cigarette: keep the nicotine but cut down the cancer-causing chemicals in the smoke. Better still remove the smoke or as much of it as possible. Manufacturers have already developed experimental “non-burning” cigarettes in which nicotine is released as a vapor by the action of heat on the tobacco. Governments should make sure such developments reach the marketplace. Of course, this approach requires us to accept that in one shape or form nicotine is always likely to be with us. People with moral objections to the recreational use of drugs will find that hard to swallow. But if we are serious about curbing the harm smoking does, pragmatism is he path to follow. Prohibition was a dismal failure with alcohol. There is no reason why it should work any better with nicotine. 11. By controlling the content of cigarettes, according to health officials, governments can ________. A. win the public health battle without effort B. impose a ban on cigarette advertising C. make it easier to give up smoking D. make them safer 12. The author doubts that redesigning cigarettes ________. A. is to gain political and legal power B. is to make them safer C. will do the trick D. is worth a try 13. Which of the following seems to be controversial? A. The cancer-causing chemicals in cigarettes. B. Sugary addictives to cigarettes. C. Denicotinized cigarettes. D. Decaffeinated coffee. 14. From nicotine-free cigarettes to non-burning ones, the author ________. A. raises the question of their acceptance at the marketplace B. proves it impossible to make them safer C. guides smokers to the harm of smoking D. pinpoints the real dangers of smoke 15. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that ________. A. it is unwise to try any approach to make cigarettes safer B. the health battle against nicotine is far from won C. we are doomed to fail if we try to stop smoking D. smokers do have a right to smoke Passage 4 Twins and their genes are in the news again. American researchers have reanalysed hundreds of old genetic studies and changed their minds about the much-vaunted similarity of IQ between identical twins. Now they think that it is less to do with shared genes and rather more to do with the effect of

sharing a womb in the first nine months alcohol and bad housing on fetal of life intelligence; quite another to think we can boost the brains of perfectly healthy Indeed, the research suggests that fetuses by accentuating the sitIve he single biggest environmental influence on a person's iQ is not home This is because researchers have life or mum and dads parenting skills, little idea what positive "means in this or even the school they attend, but the context. It may be the size or position of quality of those first nine months. If the the placenta that matters. Or a subtle researchers are right, what happens to us interplay between diet and the mothers in the womb could account for up to 20 genetic make-up. Or something different per cent of variation in IQs The general idea here seems sound Nor is this the only reason for enough. There is increasing evidence to remaining skeptical about the idea that suggest that malnourished fetuses are we can rad ically improve healthy more likely to develop heart disease, childrens IQs in the womb. The new diabetes and- according to the very study's figure of 20 per cent is based on latest find have permanently the IQs of twins, whose prenatal impaired immune systems. So why environment is scarcely typical. The shouldnt intelligence (or at least the presence of two fetuses, each competing part of it that IQ tests measure)also be for resources, sometimes from a shared shaped in the womb? It is here, after all, placenta, could lead to all sorts of that the brains architecture is variations in the quality of prenatal life established and the first of its trillions of that seldom effect single fetuses synapses forged And let s not forget either that while The news is not as good as it might the research highlights a component of seem for ambitious parents. Whatever nurture that has so far been overlooked American entrepreneurs might say about nature remains very much part of the IQ the new research, it doesn't mean we equation. The new study confirms what can turn fetuses into potential geniuses most geneticists already believe-that by stimulating them with cassette genetic differences explain about half of devices strapped to pregnant women. all variations in IQ Nor does it mean we should now be able to develop less obviously suspect Prospective parents need not resigN methods for producing superbabies. It is themselves to the misery of genetic fatalism. But neither should they buy effects of maLnutrition. smok ing. drugs. into the idea that little Timmys place at Oxford will be won or lost in the womb 16. Twins share much-vaunted similarity in IQ, according to American researchers mainly because of A. their joint environment B. the womb they shared C. their shared genes D. their parents 17. The notion reasons that A. the womb can shape intelligence permanently B. both the womb and intelligence are shaped simultaneously C. malnourished fetuses can suffer permanently impaired immune systems D. just as fetuses can be nutritionally affected in the womb, so can their intelligence be affected there 18. Researchers are not in a position

9 sharing a womb in the first nine months of life. Indeed, the research suggests that the single biggest environmental influence on a person’s IQ is not home life or mum and dad’s parenting skills, or even the school they attend, but the quality of those first nine months. If the researchers are right, what happens to us in the womb could account for up to 20 per cent of variation in IQs. The general idea here seems sound enough. There is increasing evidence to suggest that malnourished fetuses are more likely to develop heart disease, diabetes and — according to the very latest finding — have permanently impaired immune systems. So why shouldn’t intelligence (or at least the part of it that IQ tests measure) also be shaped in the womb? It is here, after all, that the brain’s architecture is established and the first of its trillions of synapses forged. The news is not as good as it might seem for ambitious parents. Whatever American entrepreneurs might say about the new research, it doesn’t mean we can turn fetuses into potential geniuses by stimulating them with cassette devices strapped to pregnant women. Nor does it mean we should now be able to develop less obviously suspect methods for producing superbabies. It is one thing to eliminate the negative effects of malnutrition, smoking, drugs, alcohol and bad housing on fetal intelligence; quite another to think we can boost the brains of perfectly healthy fetuses by accentuating the positive. This is because researchers have little idea what “positive” means in this context. It may be the size or position of the placenta that matters. Or a subtle interplay between diet and the mother’s genetic make-up. Or something different again. Nor is this the only reason for remaining skeptical about the idea that we can radically improve healthy children’s IQs in the womb. The new study’s figure of 20 per cent is based on the IQs of twins, whose prenatal environment is scarcely typical. The presence of two fetuses, each competing for resources, sometimes from a shared placenta, could lead to all sorts of variations in the quality of prenatal life that seldom effect single fetuses. And let’s not forget either that while the research highlights a component of nurture that has so far been overlooked, nature remains very much part of the IQ equation. The new study confirms what most geneticists already believe—that genetic differences explain about half of all variations in IQ. Prospective parents need not resign themselves to the misery of genetic fatalism. But neither should they buy into the idea that little Timmy’s place at Oxford will be won or lost in the womb. 16. Twins share much-vaunted similarity in IQ, according to American researchers, mainly because of ________. A. their joint environment B. the womb they shared C. their shared genes D. their parents 17. The notion reasons that ________. A. the womb can shape intelligence permanently B. both the womb and intelligence are shaped simultaneously C. malnourished fetuses can suffer permanently impaired immune systems D. just as fetuses can be nutritionally affected in the womb, so can their intelligence be affected there 18. Researchers are not in a position ________

10 A. to define the positive and negative effects on fetuses’ intelligence B. to eliminate the negative effects on intelligence in the womb C. to pinpoint the positive effects on intelligence in the womb D. to do anything to help pregnant women 19. The other reason for remaining skeptical about the idea that we can radically improve healthy children’s IQs is that ________. A. the new study neglected the variations of the quality of prenatal life B. the new study failed to cover single fetuses C. the new study’s figure is scarcely true D. the new study’s figure is too low 20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that ________. A. prospective parents can do much to boost the brains of their fetuses B. both nature and nurture have a hand in IQ variations C. nature overweighs nurture in IQ variations D. there is no such a thing as IQ V. KNOWLEDGE-BASED QUESTIONS (10%) 得分扣分 Directions: Put down your answer to each of the following questions in the space given. Make sure that your answer to each question is concise. 1. What is the basic mission of medicine? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Clarify the relation between the food chain and antibiotic resistance. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. What is a stressor? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. What is “informed consent”? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________