The adrenal glands Adrenals Kidneys
The Adrenal Glands
The Adrenal Glands- structure Adrenal cortex Controlled by pituitary hormones a Adrenal Medulla Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
The Adrenal Glands - Structure
CHOH CH2OH H C=( OH Cortisol Aldosterone Testosterone Estradiol Zona glomerulosa Produces aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) Zona fasciculata Produces cortisol (glucocorticoids) Zona reticularis Produces androgens (gonadocortocoids L Adrenal cortex Derived from same embryological tissue that gave rise to gonads
Adrenal cortex Derived from same embryological tissue that gave rise to gonads (mineralocorticoids) (glucocorticoids) (gonadocortocoids)
Synthesis Cholesterol 孕烯醇酮 Pregnenolone-+ Dehydroepiandrosterone 17羟孕酮 雄烯二酮+ Progesterone -17-Hydroxyprogesterone-Androstenedione Corticosterone Cortisol Aldosterone
Synthesis 孕烯醇酮 17羟孕酮 雄烯二酮
Develops from ectoderm. the same embryological tissue that gives rise to the nervous system; 2 hormones-epinephrine and norepinephrine Stimulated directly by sympathetic division of nervous system Medulla Secretes epinephrine(adrenaline) Epinephrine and norepinephrine Adrenal medulla Capillary Preganglionic sympathetic neuron from the spinal cord CNS Adrenal medulla cells
Develops from ectoderm, the same embryological tissue that gives rise to the nervous system; 2 hormones - epinephrine and norepinephrine; Stimulated directly by sympathetic division of nervous system
HO OH H Epinephrine(E): 80% HO C-C-NH2 HH Norepinephrine(NE 20% Norepinephrine · Adrenomedullin肾上腺髓质素 OH H C=C-N一CH3 HHH Epinephrine
• Epinephrine (E): 80% • Norepinephrine (NE): 20% • Adrenomedullin 肾上腺髓质素
Synthesis of Catecholamines(DA, NE, E) OH tyrosine adrenaline OH COoH CHa- CH H CHOH-CH2-NHCH3 tyrosine phenylethanolamine Hydroxylase N-methytransterase OH DOPA OH de opaline noradrenaline OH L-DOPA oh dopamine OH decarboxylase I-hydroxylase COOH CH,-CH CHCH-N山H CH OH-CH.NH
Synthesis of Catecholamines (DA, NE, E)
Functions of e and ne Cardiovascular effects Metabolic effects Actions of the Sympathetic Nervous Glucose production TABLE II-4 System, Including Epinephrine Secreted BMR(基础代谢率) by the Adrenal Medulla, During Stress Stress response 1. Increased hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis (provides a quick source of glucose 2. Increased breakdown of adipose tissue triglyceride (provides a supply of glycerol for gluconeogenesis and of fatty acids for oxidation) 3. Decreased fatigue of skeletal muscle 4. Increased cardiac function (e.g,, increased heart rate) 5. Diverting blood from viscera to skeletal muscles by means of vasoconstriction in the former beds and vasodilation in the latte 6. Increased lung ventilation by stimulating brain breathing centers and dilating airways
Functions of E and NE Cardiovascular effects Metabolic effects – ↑ Glucose production – ↑ BMR（基础代谢率） Stress response
olevia T rauma Pain Hypoglycemia Anxiety → Hypothermi Hypothalamus Medulla Spinal cord empathetIc Sympathetic nerve nerve Acetylcholine empath ganglion Adrenal gland acylcholine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Acts on distant Acts on t target cells irg at point of release
The Adrenal cortex Capsule Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Zona fasciculata Adrenal cortex Zona reticularis Adrenal medulla LM 35x
The Adrenal cortex