Unit 7 Section A I. Background Knowledge L Cavalli-Sforza, born in Genoa, Italy, was educated at the University of Pavia where he gained his MD in 1944. After working on bacterial genetics at Cambridge(1948-1950) and Milan(1950 1957) he has held chairs in genetics at Parma(1958-1962)and Pavia(1962-1970). In 1970 he was appointed professor of genetics at the University of Stanford, California, a position he held until his retirement in 1992 Cavalli-Sforza has specialized mainly in the genetics of human populations, producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of the subject in their Genetics, Evolution and Man (1976). He has also done much to show how genetic data from present human racial groups could be used to reconstruct their past separations. This reconstruction, based on the analysis of 58 genes, yields a bifurcated evolutionary tree with Caucasian and African races in one branch and Orientals, Oceanians. and Amerinds in the other Columbus(A) Christopher Columbus, an Italian-born master navigator(born in Genoa, Italy in 1451 and died at Valladolid, Spain in 1506) who sailed in the service of Spain, is commonly described as the discoverer of the New World- America His four transatlantic voyages(1492-1493, 1493-1496, 1498-1500, and 1502-1504)opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the americas lumbus Columbus's real greatness lies in the fact that having found the West Indies- making major errors in his navigational computations and location in doing so - he was able to find his way back to Europe and return to the Indies. It is as the result of Columbuss"discovery"that the New World became part of the European world The human genetic map(A) Our bodies are comprised of trillions of microscopic units called cells. Cells in turn are built up from many specific types of molecules, both large and small. The large molecules or macromolecules include polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. Proteins are the workhorses of our cells. There are about 40,000 different types of proteins in our bodies. Each protein is present in many, many copies. The human genetic map(B) An adult, for example, carries about 1021(a billion trillion) hemoglobin molecules. The flow of genetic information is from DNA to rNa to Protein Each protein is a linear polymer of a specific
Unit 7 Section A I. Background Knowledge Luca Cavalli-Sforza (A) Cavalli-Sforza, born in Genoa, Italy, was educated at the University of Pavia where he gained his MD in 1944. After working on bacterial genetics at Cambridge (1948－1950) and Milan (1950－ 1957) he has held chairs in genetics at Parma (1958－1962) and Pavia (1962－1970). In 1970 he was appointed professor of genetics at the University of Stanford, California, a position he held until his retirement in 1992. Luca Cavalli-Sforza (B) Cavalli-Sforza has specialized mainly in the genetics of human populations, producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of the subject in their Genetics, Evolution and Man (1976). He has also done much to show how genetic data from present human racial groups could be used to reconstruct their past separations. This reconstruction, based on the analysis of 58 genes, yields a bifurcated evolutionary tree with Caucasian and African races in one branch and Orientals, Oceanians, and Amerinds in the other. Columbus (A) Christopher Columbus, an Italian-born master navigator (born in Genoa, Italy in 1451 and died at Valladolid, Spain in 1506) who sailed in the service of Spain, is commonly described as the discoverer of the New World — America. His four transatlantic voyages (1492－1493, 1493－1496, 1498－1500, and 1502－1504) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. Columbus (B) Columbus’s real greatness lies in the fact that having found the West Indies — making major errors in his navigational computations and location in doing so — he was able to find his way back to Europe and return to the Indies. It is as the result of Columbus’s “discovery” that the New World became part of the European world. The human genetic map (A) Our bodies are comprised of trillions of microscopic units called cells. Cells in turn are built up from many specific types of molecules, both large and small. The large molecules or macromolecules include polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. Proteins are the workhorses of our cells. There are about 40,000 different types of proteins in our bodies. Each protein is present in many, many copies. The human genetic map (B) An adult, for example, carries about 1021 (a billion trillion) hemoglobin molecules. The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to Protein. Each protein is a linear polymer of a specific
sequence of 20 different amino acids. DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 types of nucleotides. The sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of DNA called a gene. Three consecutive nucleotides in a gene encode a single amino acid in the corresponding protein. The genetic code is universal among all living things Khoisan Khoisan is the name by which the lighter skinned indigenous peoples of southern Africa, the Khoi Hottentots)and the San(Bushmen) are known. These people were the earliest inhabitants of Africa and dominated the sub-continent for millennia before the appearance of the Nguni and other black peoples. There were probably about 120,000 living in South Africa around 1500 The Basques are a people who live in a small region(about the size of rhode Island in the United States) that straddles the border of Spain and France from the sea in the west into the Pyrenees in the east. This area is called Euskal Herria(comprising seven provinces, historically: Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Navarra on the Spanish side, Laburdi, Zuberoa, and Behe -Nafarroa on the French side). There are about 660, 000, according to the 1991 census Fewer than 80,000 of these are on the French side of the frontier which runs through the basque Country, the rest on the Spanish side. Basques speak a language called euskara, but today only about 25% of the population is fluent in that tongue. Even so, the word for a Basque person, euskaldun, means"possessor of the Basque language". The Basque population is distinguished physically by a high incidence of Rh Negative factor in the blood Basques(C) No one knows exactly where the Basques came from. Some say they have lived in that area since Cro-Magnon man first roamed Europe. Estimates of how long they have lived there vary from 0,000 to 75,000 years. Some say they are descended from the original Iberians. More fanciful theories exist, as well. One is that the Basques are the descendents of the survivors of Atlantis II. Text Analysis 1. Main ldea What is the text mainly about? As the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes, the book The listory and Geography of Human Genes made two remarkable contributions to science: There is no scientific basis for the genetic superiority of one race over any other one; and it creates the first genetic map of the world. In the process of collecting information for the book, however, scientists encountered great difficulties. The ultimate goal of their work is to remove racial prejudice How is the text organized? The passage falls into four parts. It evolves from the two outstanding scientific contributions of the book through induction. Next, it moves back to the illustrations, as an inserted part, of hard work in collecting the information needed for the book Then, the passage comes to the scientists
sequence of 20 different amino acids. DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 types of nucleotides. The sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of DNA called a gene. Three consecutive nucleotides in a gene encode a single amino acid in the corresponding protein. The genetic code is universal among all living things. Khoisan Khoisan is the name by which the lighter skinned indigenous peoples of southern Africa, the Khoi (Hottentots) and the San (Bushmen) are known. These people were the earliest inhabitants of Africa and dominated the sub-continent for millennia before the appearance of the Nguni and other black peoples. There were probably about 120,000 living in South Africa around 1500. Basques (A) The Basques are a people who live in a small region (about the size of Rhode Island in the United States) that straddles the border of Spain and France from the sea in the west into the Pyrenees in the east. This area is called Euskal Herria (comprising seven provinces, historically: Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Navarra on the Spanish side; Laburdi, Zuberoa, and Behe-Nafarroa on the French side). There are about 660,000, according to the 1991 census. Basques (B) Fewer than 80,000 of these are on the French side of the frontier which runs through the Basque Country, the rest on the Spanish side. Basques speak a language called euskara, but today only about 25% of the population is fluent in that tongue. Even so, the word for a Basque person, euskaldun, means “possessor of the Basque language”. The Basque population is distinguished physically by a high incidence of Rh Negative factor in the blood. Basques (C) No one knows exactly where the Basques came from. Some say they have lived in that area since Cro-Magnon man first roamed Europe. Estimates of how long they have lived there vary from 10,000 to 75,000 years. Some say they are descended from the original Iberians. More fanciful theories exist, as well. One is that the Basques are the descendents of the survivors of Atlantis. II. Text Analysis 1. Main Idea What is the text mainly about? As the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes, the book The History and Geography of Human Genes made two remarkable contributions to science: There is no scientific basis for the genetic superiority of one race over any other one; and it creates the first genetic map of the world. In the process of collecting information for the book, however, scientists encountered great difficulties. The ultimate goal of their work is to remove racial prejudice. How is the text organized? The passage falls into four parts. It evolves from the two outstanding scientific contributions of the book through induction. Next, it moves back to the illustrations, as an inserted part, of hard work in collecting the information needed for the book. Then, the passage comes to the scientists’
emark-able discoveries, as listed in para. 5 to 9. It is concluded with the social effect, the ultimate aim of their research. 2. Structure The History and Geography of Human Genes, a book containing the results of more than 50 years of research in population genetic, argues against the theories pushing the genetic superiority of any one population over another Para. 1 Contribution of the book: The book created the first genetic map of the world and traced the routes of early humans migration to find the closest thing we have to a global family tree Hard job in establishing the global family tree To draw the tree, information should be collected from human blood Scientists assembled profits of hundreds of thousands of individuals from almost 2, 000 groups over decades, confining the study to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492 to ensure the population was"pure Para. 3 One example of the difficulties in collecting blood sample Ancient population in remote areas was often afraid to cooperate, or raised religious concerns Para. 4 Paras.5-9 Contributions of the first genetic map of the world Major discoveries Para.5 Australians are most distant from the Africans in the map. No genetic difference, despite t rac between Europeans and Africans Para.6 The same map, in combination with ancient human bones, confirms that Africa was the birthplace Para. 7 The genetic maps shed new light on the origins of populations Examplel: the origin of the Khoisan people in southern Africa Para. 8 Example2: the origin of the Basqu Para.9 Genetic raw material from the research could have some value in making some medicine Para. 10 Apart from scientific value of the research, the social significance is to weaken conventional notions of race that cause racial prejudi III. Language Points
remark-able discoveries, as listed in para. 5 to 9. It is concluded with the social effect, the ultimate aim, of their research. 2. Structure The History and Geography of Human Genes, a book containing the results of more than 50 years of research in population genetic, argues against the theories pushing the genetic superiority of any one population over another. Para.1 Contribution of the book: The book created the first genetic map of the world and traced the routes of early human’s migration to find the closest thing we have to a global family tree. Para.2 Hard job in establishing the global family tree: To draw the tree, information should be collected from human blood. Scientists assembled profits of hundreds of thousands of individuals from almost 2,000 groups over decades, confining the study to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492 to ensure the population was “pure”. Para.3 One example of the difficulties in collecting blood sample: Ancient population in remote areas was often afraid to cooperate, or raised religious concerns. Para.4 Paras.5-9 Contributions of the first genetic map of the world Major discoveries: Para.5 Australians are most distant from the Africans in the map. No genetic difference, despite t he racial differences, between Europeans and Africans. Para.6 The same map, in combination with ancient human bones, confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanity. Para.7 The genetic maps shed new light on the origins of populations. Example1: the origin of the Khoisan people in southern Africa Para.8 Example2: the origin of the Basques Para.9 Genetic raw material from the research could have some value in making some medicines Para.10 Conclusion: Apart from scientific value of the research, the social significance is to weaken conventional notions of race that cause racial prejudice. III. Language Points
(1). New words and Phrases a top selling book: a book that a lot of people buy Of the ten top selling books this year, six are non-fiction ones.今年10本最畅销的书中,有 6本是非小说类的书籍 2. to date: until now至今,直到现在 To date, research has focused on the most obvious feature of living things: cell multiplicat 迄今为止研究已集中到生物最明显的特性,即细胞繁殖上。 3. more than: "having greater value or importance than sth else"or"not only., not just Please note here "more than" is used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of 1)More than" followed by a noun phrase He's more than a coach; he's a friend他不只是一个教练,他更是一位朋友 2)More than" followed by a verbal phrase She more than suffered from the disease, she was penniless.她不仅仅是饱受疾病之苦,而 且穷得身无分文 He more than scolded me: he told me what to do next.他不只是责怪我,还告诉我以后该怎 么做。 3)More than"followed by an adjective phrase She was more than glad to hear the new.听到这个消息她非常高兴 又 His house is more than large and beautiful.他的房子非常大也非常漂亮。 nothing less than: exactly the same as简直是,同 点也不差 comparison. 1)"Nothing less than"followed by a noun phrase You're nothing less than a murderer!你简直是一个杀人犯! The setting up of this plant in three months is nothing less than a miracle.三个月就建成了这 个工厂简直就是一个奇迹。 2)Nothing less than"followed by an adjective phrase he present trend is nothing less than alarming.当前的这种趋势确实令人担心 His experience is nothing less than magical.他的经历简直太具魔幻色彩 5. serve as: fulfil the purpose of(sth)起作用,当成 The judge said that the fine would serve as a warning to the motorist.法官说罚款会是对这 个驾驶者的一种警告 6. be confined to: be restricted or kept within certain limits or time限制于,局限于 So far, fighting has been confined to the capital city..到目前为止,战斗仍没有超出首都的 范围。 7.asof/from:( used when a new rule, system) starting from从.时候起 The new timetable will come into effect as of January2003.新的时间表将从2003年1月起 生效。 8. in effect: in fact事实上,实际上 What the management is saying, in effect, is that they are going to stop providing company cars管理层的实际意思是,他们将停止提供公司公用车子。 9. resemble: v. look like or be similar to another person or thing
(1). New words and Phrases: 1. a top selling book: a book that a lot of people buy Of the ten top selling books this year, six are non-fiction ones. 今年 10 本最畅销的书中，有 6 本是非小说类的书籍。 2. to date: until now 至今，直到现在 To date, research has focused on the most obvious feature of living things: cell multiplication. 迄今为止研究已集中到生物最明显的特性，即细胞繁殖上。 3. more than: “having greater value or importance than sth. else” or “not only…, not just…” Please note here “more than” is used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison. 1)“More than” followed by a noun phrase: He's more than a coach; he's a friend.他不只是一个教练，他更是一位朋友。 2)“More than” followed by a verbal phrase: She more than suffered from the disease; she was penniless. 她不仅仅是饱受疾病之苦，而 且穷得身无分文。 He more than scolded me: he told me what to do next. 他不只是责怪我，还告诉我以后该怎 么做。 3)“More than” followed by an adjective phrase: She was more than glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息她非常高兴。 His house is more than large and beautiful. 他的房子非常大也非常漂亮。 4. nothing less than: exactly the same as 简直是，同……一点也不差 Please note that “nothing less than” is often used to emphasize how important or undesirable something is. “Nothing less than” is often used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison. 1) “Nothing less than” followed by a noun phrase: You're nothing less than a murderer! 你简直是一个杀人犯! The setting up of this plant in three months is nothing less than a miracle.三个月就建成了这 个工厂简直就是一个奇迹。 2) “Nothing less than” followed by an adjective phrase: The present trend is nothing less than alarming. 当前的这种趋势确实令人担心。 His experience is nothing less than magical. 他的经历简直太具魔幻色彩。 5. serve as: fulfil the purpose of (sth.) 起……作用，当成 The judge said that the fine would serve as a warning to the motorist. 法官说罚款会是对这 个驾驶者的一种警告。 6. be confined to: be restricted or kept within certain limits or time 限制于，局限于 So far, fighting has been confined to the capital city. 到目前为止，战斗仍没有超出首都的 范围。 7. as of /from: (used when a new rule, system) starting from 从……时候起 The new timetable will come into effect as of January 2003. 新的时间表将从2003年1月起 生效。 8. in effect: in fact 事实上，实际上 What the management is saying, in effect, is that they are going to stop providing company cars. 管理层的实际意思是，他们将停止提供公司公用车子。 9. resemble: v. look like or be similar to another person or thing
What she saw was the face of a stranger who resembled her.她看见一张很像她的陌生人的 Paul's features bore a strong resemblance to his fathers.保罗的五官非常像他的父亲。 I'm afraid that you'll find it hard to adapt, as the situation of the country bears little resemblance to that of our country.该国的国情与我国相差悬殊,恐怕你不容易适应。 The boy takes after his father: he has the same red hair, big feet, and quick temper.这男孩长 得像他父亲:同样的一头红发,大大的脚,脾气暴躁。 10. adapt to change one's behavior to deal with a new situation(改变.…)使适应 Old buildings and streets, well cared for and adapted to today's needs, vastly enhance the quality of life.古老的建筑和街道被很好地维护和调整以适应今天的需要,这大大地提高 了我们的生活质量。 1l. in combination with: together with, in conjunction with与…合作,共同 By using persuasion in combination with threats, she achieved great political success. tEX 利诱和威胁并用的方式,获得了政治上的巨大成功 The artist uses photographs in combination with solid objects to produce this strange effect 这位艺术家用图片加实体的方法,创造出了这种奇异的效果 12.shed/ throw light on: make sth. easier to understand使(某事)更为清楚,阐明 Scientists have shed new light on the life of dinosaurs.科学家们对恐龙的生活有了新的认 识 ancestor为的后裔,是.的后人 Charles Darwin pointed out that human beings are descended fiom animals.查尔斯达尔文 指出人类是动物的后裔 14. distinctive: a. having a quality that makes sth. different and easily noticed The buildings most distinctive feature is its enormous dome- shaped roof.这幢建筑的最大 特色是它那巨大的圆形屋顶。 C distinct: a clearly noticeable; that certainly exists There is a distinct smell of cigarettes every time he comes into the room.他每次进房间,就 明显有一股香烟味 There is a distinctive smell in the room.房间里有一种特殊的气味 15. unknown: not known: not famous infamous, shameful. notorious The show was such a success that she went from an unknown actress to a star overnight. s 出非常成功,使她从一个默默无闻的女演员转眼成了一位明星 His action in cheating elderly people of their savings was described by the judge as infamous 法官把他这种欺诈老人的存款的做法称为无耻 16. not just. but... as well: not only . but also The government radio not only reported the demonstration, but announced it in advance as vell政府电台不仅报道了这次示威游行,而且事先做了预告 17. conventional: a. following what is traditional or considered to be normal The house was built with conventional materials but in a totally new style这房子是用传统 的材料建造的,但风格却是全新的 They re a conventional family.他们是一个很传统的家庭 (2). Expressions Patterns 1.在基因层面上
What she saw was the face of a stranger who resembled her. 她看见一张很像她的陌生人的 脸。 Compare: bear resemblance to; take after Paul's features bore a strong resemblance to his father's. 保罗的五官非常像他的父亲。 I'm afraid that you'll find it hard to adapt, as the situation of the country bears little resemblance to that of our country. 该国的国情与我国相差悬殊，恐怕你不容易适应。 The boy takes after his father: he has the same red hair, big feet, and quick temper. 这男孩长 得像他父亲：同样的一头红发，大大的脚，脾气暴躁。 10. adapt to: change one's behavior to deal with a new situation （改变……）使适应 Old buildings and streets, well cared for and adapted to today's needs, vastly enhance the quality of life. 古老的建筑和街道被很好地维护和调整以适应今天的需要，这大大地提高 了我们的生活质量。 11. in combination with: together with, in conjunction with 与……合作，共同 By using persuasion in combination with threats, she achieved great political success. 她采取 利诱和威胁并用的方式，获得了政治上的巨大成功。 The artist uses photographs in combination with solid objects to produce this strange effect. 这位艺术家用图片加实体的方法，创造出了这种奇异的效果。 12. shed/ throw light on: make sth. easier to understand 使（某事）更为清楚，阐明 Scientists have shed new light on the life of dinosaurs. 科学家们对恐龙的生活有了新的认 识。 13. be descended from: have sb. as an ancestor 为……的后裔，是……的后人 Charles Darwin pointed out that human beings are descended from animals. 查尔斯·达尔文 指出人类是动物的后裔。 14. distinctive: a. having a quality that makes sth. different and easily noticed The building's most distinctive feature is its enormous dome-shaped roof. 这幢建筑的最大 特色是它那巨大的圆形屋顶。 Compare: distinct: a. clearly noticeable; that certainly exists There is a distinct smell of cigarettes every time he comes into the room. 他每次进房间，就 明显有一股香烟味。 There is a distinctive smell in the room. 房间里有一种特殊的气味。 15. unknown: not known; not famous infamous: shameful, notorious The show was such a success that she went from an unknown actress to a star overnight. 演 出非常成功，使她从一个默默无闻的女演员转眼成了一位明星。 His action in cheating elderly people of their savings was described by the judge as infamous. 法官把他这种欺诈老人的存款的做法称为无耻。 16. not just… but…as well: not only… but also The government radio not only reported the demonstration, but announced it in advance as well. 政府电台不仅报道了这次示威游行，而且事先做了预告。 17. conventional: a. following what is traditional or considered to be normal The house was built with conventional materials but in a totally new style.这房子是用传统 的材料建造的，但风格却是全新的。 They're a conventional family. 他们是一个很传统的家庭。 (2). Expressions & Patterns 1. 在基因层面上
at the level of their genes(L. 3) 活学活用 各级人民政府要急人民所急,忧人民所忧。 The people's governments at all levels should concern themselves with the needs and worries of the people 2.这些理论毫无科学依据 no scientific basis for theories(L6) 活学活用 日本认为钓鱼岛归其所有,既无事实依据,也无历史依据。 There is neither factual nor historical basis for Japan's claim to Diaoyu Islands 3.不仅仅是对.的反驳 to be more than an argument against.(L 8) 舌用 活学活 日常生活中节水、节电不仅仅是一种节俭美德。实际上,它有利于我国经济的可持续发 展 It is far more than a virtue of thrift to save water and electricity in daily life. In effect, it contributes to the sustainable development of our economy 4.该项目的主要倡导者/发起者 the prime mover behind the project (L 9) 活学活用 毛泽东是三峡工程的主要倡导者之一,他曾在诗中写道:“高峡出平湖”。 Among the prime movers behind The Yangtse Gorges Project is Mao Zedong, who once wrote in his poem, "A huge lake arises amid mountains 5.简直是;同…一点也不差 nothing less than(L. 10) 活学活用 在广袤的宇宙中,我们习以为常的地球生灵无异于一个奇迹 The beings on our planet, though long taken for granted, are nothing less than a miracle in the vastness of the universe 这很像 much as…(从句)(L.10) 活学活用 如果所有交通工具各行其道,很像太阳系的行星按各自的轨道运行一样,许多交通事 故就可以避免 Many of the traffic accidents can be avoided if all the means of transportation go their own ways-much as all the planets of the solar system move in their own orbits 是..的标记 to serve as markers to do / of sth (L. 17) 活学活用 创新意识通常是人类区别于其它动物的特征 Creative awareness usually serves as a distinction of human beings from other animals 8.限定于 to be confined to sth. (L. 22) 活学活用
at the level of their genes (L. 3) 活学活用 各级人民政府要急人民所急，忧人民所忧。 The people’s governments at all levels should concern themselves with the needs and worries of the people. 2. 这些理论毫无科学依据 no scientific basis for theories (L. 6) 活学活用 日本认为钓鱼岛归其所有，既无事实依据，也无历史依据。 There is neither factual nor historical basis for Japan’s claim to Diaoyu Islands. 3. 不仅仅是对……的反驳 to be more than an argument against … (L. 8) 活学活用 日常生活中节水、节电不仅仅是一种节俭美德。实际上，它有利于我国经济的可持续发 展。 It is far more than a virtue of thrift to save water and electricity in daily life. In effect, it contributes to the sustainable development of our economy. 4. 该项目的主要倡导者/发起者 the prime mover behind the project (L. 9) 活学活用 毛泽东是三峡工程的主要倡导者之一，他曾在诗中写道：“高峡出平湖”。 Among the prime movers behind The Yangtse Gorges Project is Mao Zedong, who once wrote in his poem, “A huge lake arises amid mountains.” 5. 简直是；同……一点也不差 nothing less than (L. 10) 活学活用 在广袤的宇宙中，我们习以为常的地球生灵无异于一个奇迹。 The beings on our planet, though long taken for granted, are nothing less than a miracle in the vastness of the universe. 6. ……, 这很像…… … — much as …(从句) (L. 10) 活学活用 如果所有交通工具各行其道，很像太阳系的行星按各自的轨道运行一样，许多交通事 故就可以避免。 Many of the traffic accidents can be avoided if all the means of transportation go their own ways — much as all the planets of the solar system move in their own orbits. 7. 是……的标记 to serve as markers to do / of sth. (L. 17) 活学活用 创新意识通常是人类区别于其它动物的特征。 Creative awareness usually serves as a distinction of human beings from other animals. 8. 限定于…… to be confined to sth. (L. 22) 活学活用
追求真、善、美不仅限于青年人;对所有年龄段的人都适用。 The pursuit of the true, the good, and the beautiful is not only confined to the youth, and applicable to people of all ages 9.1492年以来/从1492年起 asof1492(L.23 舌用 活学活 从来到这个世界的第一天起,一个人就开始了自己兴衰沉浮的人生旅程。 As of/ from the first day one comes into this world, he /she begins a long journey of ups and 10.产生宗教上的担心 to raise religious concerns(L 28 活学活用 用动物做科学实验引起了一些道德问题 The use of animals in scientific experiments has raised some ethical questions 11.曾经;有一次;有一回 on one occasion at one time /once(L. 29) 活学活用 曾经沧海难为水;除却巫山不是云 The rivers seem nothing to those who have once seen the sea; The clouds that circle Wushan are the only clouds for me 12.用这些血来施魔法 to do some magic with the blood(L. 32) 活学活用 大为科波菲尔变魔术的技巧让人难以置信,以至于使人不由得怀疑起眼见为实的说法 来 David Copperfield did his magic with such an incredible skill that people threw doubt upon the saying that seeing is believing 13.醒目地印在书的封面上 to jump right off the books cover(L. 34) 活学活用 挂在脸上的爱给人一时欢乐:发自内心的爱使人一生幸福。 Love that readily jumps off the face brings one hours of joy; Love that stems from the heart of hearts keeps one's whole life happy. 14.并非如此 to tell a different story (L. 37) 活学活用 她努力装出若无其事的样子。可她眉宇间的愁容表明并非如此 She tried to assume an indifferent air. but her worried look on the forehead told a differen 15.与…一起:共同 in combination with(L. 42) 活学活用 要想在特定的领域取得成功,专业知识加勤奋努力是首要条件 Professional knowledge, in combination with diligence, forms the first condition for one to
追求真、善、美不仅限于青年人;对所有年龄段的人都适用。 The pursuit of the true, the good, and the beautiful is not only confined to the youth, and applicable to people of all ages. 9. 1492 年以来 / 从 1492 年起 as of 1492 (L. 23) 活学活用 从来到这个世界的第一天起，一个人就开始了自己兴衰沉浮的人生旅程。 As of / from the first day one comes into this world, he / she begins a long journey of ups and downs. 10. 产生宗教上的担心 to raise religious concerns (L. 28) 活学活用 用动物做科学实验引起了一些道德问题。 The use of animals in scientific experiments has raised some ethical questions. 11. 曾经；有一次；有一回 on one occasion / at one time / once (L. 29) 活学活用 曾经沧海难为水；除却巫山不是云。 The rivers seem nothing to those who have once seen the sea; The clouds that circle Wushan are the only clouds for me. 12. 用这些血来施魔法 to do some magic with the blood (L. 32) 活学活用 大为科波菲尔变魔术的技巧让人难以置信，以至于使人不由得怀疑起眼见为实的说法 来。 David Copperfield did his magic with such an incredible skill that people threw doubt upon the saying that seeing is believing. 13. 醒目地印在书的封面上 to jump right off the book’s cover (L. 34) 活学活用 挂在脸上的爱给人一时欢乐；发自内心的爱使人一生幸福。 Love that readily jumps off the face brings one hours of joy; Love that stems from the heart of hearts keeps one’s whole life happy. 14. ……并非如此 to tell a different story (L. 37) 活学活用 她努力装出若无其事的样子。可她眉宇间的愁容表明并非如此。 She tried to assume an indifferent air. But her worried look on the forehead told a different story. 15. 与……一起；共同 in combination with (L. 42) 活学活用 要想在特定的领域取得成功，专业知识加勤奋努力是首要条件。 Professional knowledge, in combination with diligence, forms the first condition for one to
achieve success in a given field 16.阐明(某事):使…更为清楚 to shed /throw/cast light on(L. 46) 活学活用 新技术让人们越来越了解埃及金字塔之谜 New technologies throw more light on the mystery of the Great Pyramid in Egypt 17.为….的后裔;是..的后人 to be descended from(L. 50) 活学活用 如果知道了现今世人的祖先都是非洲人的话,那么对黑人的种族歧视就是对人性的一 种讽刺 Racial discrimination against the black is an irony of humanity if it is known that people on the planet today are all descended from their African ancestors 18.恕不苟同;说明了不同的结果 to beg to differ(L. 50) 活学活用 在科学界,仍有许多被长期推崇的假设。其中有些已被证实,有些却说明了不同的结 果 In the world of science, there are still many long-honored hypotheses, some proving true some begging to differ 19.使某人有了(这样的)结论/理解/计划 to lead sb. to the conclusion/understanding /plan(L. 58) 滥用职权常常使人得出这样的结论:在这个社会里权比法管用 Abuses of authority often lead one to the conclusion: Power works better than law in this 20.具有某种抗病药物的价值 to have some value as disease-fighting drugs (L 64) 活学活用 如果竞争具有某种激发人勤奋的价值,那合作就有引导人和睦的作用。 If competition has some value as an incentive to industry, cooperation retains some function as a guidance to harmony. ()Expressions Patterns 1. Typical patterns for revelation of truth fact Ra]: Because Australia's native people and black Africans share such superficial characteristics as skin color and body shape, they were widely assumed to be closely related But their genes tell a different story. (L. 36) 因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征,如肤色、体型等,所以普遍认 为他们有较近的亲缘关系。但是他们的基因却表明并非如此 句型提炼 1. Sth /Sb. is widely assumed /believed /thought to.. But sth /sb. else tells a different story 人们普遍认为 然而 表明并非如此 应用:a.人们普遍认为诚信已从我们的社会生活中消失。然而发生在某高校的饭卡事
achieve success in a given field. 16. 阐明（某事）；使……更为清楚 to shed / throw / cast light on (L. 46) 活学活用 新技术让人们越来越了解埃及金字塔之谜。 New technologies throw more light on the mystery of the Great Pyramid in Egypt. 17. 为……的后裔；是……的后人 to be descended from (L. 50) 活学活用 如果知道了现今世人的祖先都是非洲人的话，那么对黑人的种族歧视就是对人性的一 种讽刺。 Racial discrimination against the black is an irony of humanity if it is known that people on the planet today are all descended from their African ancestors. 18. 恕不苟同；说明了不同的结果 to beg to differ (L. 50) 活学活用 在科学界，仍有许多被长期推崇的假设。其中有些已被证实，有些却说明了不同的结 果。 In the world of science, there are still many long-honored hypotheses, some proving true, some begging to differ. 19. 使某人有了（这样的）结论 / 理解 / 计划 to lead sb. to the conclusion / understanding / plan (L. 58) 活学活用 滥用职权常常使人得出这样的结论：在这个社会里权比法管用。 Abuses of authority often lead one to the conclusion: Power works better than law in this society. 20. 具有某种抗病药物的价值 to have some value as disease-fighting drugs (L. 64) 活学活用 如果竞争具有某种激发人勤奋的价值，那合作就有引导人和睦的作用。 If competition has some value as an incentive to industry, cooperation retains some function as a guidance to harmony. (3) Expressions & Patterns 1. Typical patterns for revelation of truth & fact: 原句: Because Australia’s native people and black Africans share such superficial characteristics as skin color and body shape, they were widely assumed to be closely related. But their genes tell a different story. (L. 36) 因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征，如肤色、体型等，所以普遍认 为他们有较近的亲缘关系。但是他们的基因却表明并非如此。 句型提炼 1. Sth. / Sb. is widely assumed / believed / thought to … But sth. / sb. else tells a different story. 人们普遍认为 …… 然而 …… 表明并非如此。 应用：a. 人们普遍认为诚信已从我们的社会生活中消失。然而发生在某高校的饭卡事
件表明并非如此。 Honesty is widely assumed to have gone out of our social life. But the incident of mess cards in a certain university told a different story 应用:b.人们普遍认为乐于助人会给人以美好的回忆。但据报道,这个九岁女孩帮助 位老妇人的经历表明并非如此 Readiness to help others is widely assumed to fill one with happy memories. But the nine-year-old girls experience of helping an old lady, as was reported, told a different story RR A]: The unique character of the clicking sounds in their language has persuaded some researchers that the Khoisan people are directly descended from the most primitive human ancestors. But their genes beg to differ. (L. 48) 他们语言中那种独特的短促而淸脆的声音使得一些研究者认为科伊桑人是最原始的人 类祖先的直系后裔。然而他们的基因说 句型提炼 2. Sth. superficial has persuaded sb that.. But sth. else begs to differ 表面现象使得某人认为…然而…说明了不同的结果。 应用:a.五花八门的作弊手段使得一些教育者认为考场作弊防不胜防。然而诚信协定 说明了不同的结果。 The diversity of tricks in cheating has persuaded some educators that cheating in examinations is hard to guard against. But a treaty of trust begs to differ 应用:b.追求财富的不良倾向使得一些人认为人都是金钱的奴隶。然而他拾金不昧的 做法说明了不同的结果。 The undesirable trend in seeking for wealth has persuaded some people that the mortal are all slaves to money. But his way of not pocketing the huge sum of money he picked up begs to differ 2. Typical patterns for confirmation of sth 原句 ones. confirms that africa was the birthplace of humanity and thus the starting point of the original human movements. (L. 42) 结合对远古人骨的研究,这一图谱证实了非洲是人类的诞生地,因而也是人类迁移的 始发地 句型提炼 Sth. in combination with sth else. confirms that 结合,某事证实了 应用:a.结合考古的新发现,他们的人类基因组工程证实了欧洲人是亚洲人和非洲人 的混合型 Their Human Genome Project, in combination with the new findings of archaeology, confirms that Europeans are a mixture of Asians and Africans 应用:b.结合他们的调査访问,这一事件证实了:得道多助,失道寡助。 This event, in combination with their investigations and interviews, confirms that a just cause enjoys abundant support while an unjust cause finds little support 3. Typical patterns for the purpose of doing sth Ra]: The study's ultimate aim, he says, is to "weaken conventional notions of race"that cause
件表明并非如此。 Honesty is widely assumed to have gone out of our social life. But the incident of mess cards in a certain university told a different story. 应用：b. 人们普遍认为乐于助人会给人以美好的回忆。但据报道，这个九岁女孩帮助 一位老妇人的经历表明并非如此。 Readiness to help others is widely assumed to fill one with happy memories. But the nine-year-old girl’s experience of helping an old lady, as was reported, told a different story. 原句: The unique character of the clicking sounds in their language has persuaded some researchers that the Khoisan people are directly descended from the most primitive human ancestors. But their genes beg to differ. (L. 48) 他们语言中那种独特的短促而清脆的声音使得一些研究者认为科伊桑人是最原始的人 类祖先的直系后裔。然而他们的基因说明了不同的结果。 句型提炼 2. Sth. superficial has persuaded sb. that … But sth. else begs to differ. 表面现象使得某人认为 …… 然而……说明了不同的结果。 应用：a. 五花八门的作弊手段使得一些教育者认为考场作弊防不胜防。然而诚信协定 说明了不同的结果。 The diversity of tricks in cheating has persuaded some educators that cheating in examinations is hard to guard against. But a treaty of trust begs to differ. 应用：b. 追求财富的不良倾向使得一些人认为人都是金钱的奴隶。然而他拾金不昧的 做法说明了不同的结果。 The undesirable trend in seeking for wealth has persuaded some people that the mortal are all slaves to money. But his way of not pocketing the huge sum of money he picked up begs to differ. 2. Typical patterns for confirmation of sth.: 原句: The same map, in combination with ancient human bones, confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanity and thus the starting point of the original human movements. (L. 42) 结合对远古人骨的研究，这一图谱证实了非洲是人类的诞生地，因而也是人类迁移的 始发地。 句型提炼 Sth., in combination with sth. else, confirms that … 结合……， 某事证实了…… 应用：a. 结合考古的新发现，他们的人类基因组工程证实了欧洲人是亚洲人和非洲人 的混合型。 Their Human Genome Project, in combination with the new findings of archaeology, confirms that Europeans are a mixture of Asians and Africans. 应用：b. 结合他们的调查访问，这一事件证实了：得道多助，失道寡助。 This event, in combination with their investigations and interviews, confirms that a just cause enjoys abundant support while an unjust cause finds little support. 3. Typical patterns for the purpose of doing sth.： 原句: The study’s ultimate aim, he says, is to “weaken conventional notions of race” that cause
racial prejudice. (L. 68) 他说研究的最终目的是“削弱”造成种族偏见的“传统的种族观念”。 句型提炼 The ultimate aim/ target/objective/ goal of doing sth is to 做某事的最终目的是 应用:a.我攻读研究生学位的最终目的是成为该领域一名出色的研究者 The ultimate aim of my pursuing graduate degrees is to become an outstanding researcher in the field 应用:b.中国改革开放的最终目的就是使其经济跻身于世界先进行列,确保人民过上 富足的生活 The ultimate objective of China's reform and opening-up is to raise her economy to the advanced level of the world and ensure a plentiful life for the people ⅣV. Writing A Letter of Self-recommendation 1.阐明你欲深造的专业 2.阐述你的学业背景 3.表明在此深造的目的和理由 (自荐信) 写作模式(自荐信) 1) With four years of my college life devoted entirely to..., I am thrilled to find myself particularly interested in. 2) To make an outstanding researcher of me in this field, however, I am very conscious of my inadequacy in.. and so strongly motivated to pursue a master's degree in the Department of.. at your University. 3) Fully aware of the importance of solid academic foundation to my professional pursuit, I committed myself, from the very beginning, to the acquisition of basic knowledge. 4) An obvious indication of my diligence was the fact that ...5) While at the stage of maior courses, I could integrate the fragments of my insight from each into the ocean of ., in fact the greater my enthusiasm grew for... 7) So, I seized on every chance, including.., to :: and to : 8) And meanwhile I never slackened my efforts in.: 9)1 always cling to the motto that any success in life rests with .. 10) What I have done so far. however. is iust the first step on my way to being. :: 11) To my great delight the Department of your university high ranked in the world and rich with academic climate can render me better able to: 12) Thus I have every reason to believe that my and your.:: complete with my firm commitment to. .. will turn my ambition into reality A Letter of self-recommendation Che Hong- Tac he Department of Comp Science. the air force
racial prejudice. (L. 68) 他说研究的最终目的是“削弱”造成种族偏见的“传统的种族观念”。 句型提炼 The ultimate aim / target / objective / goal of doing sth. is to … 做某事的最终目的是…… 应用：a. 我攻读研究生学位的最终目的是成为该领域一名出色的研究者。 The ultimate aim of my pursuing graduate degrees is to become an outstanding researcher in the field. 应用：b. 中国改革开放的最终目的就是使其经济跻身于世界先进行列，确保人民过上 富足的生活。 The ultimate objective of China’s reform and opening-up is to raise her economy to the advanced level of the world and ensure a plentiful life for the people. IV. Writing A Letter of Self-recommendation 1. 阐明你欲深造的专业 2. 阐述你的学业背景… 3. 表明在此深造的目的和理由 （自荐信） 写作模式（自荐信） 1) With four years of my college life devoted entirely to …, I am thrilled to find myself particularly interested in ... 2) To make an outstanding researcher of me in this field, however, I am very conscious of my inadequacy in … and so strongly motivated to pursue a master’s degree in the Department of … at your University. 3) Fully aware of the importance of solid academic foundation to my professional pursuit, I committed myself, from the very beginning, to the acquisition of basic knowledge. 4) An obvious indication of my diligence was the fact that … 5) While at the stage of major courses, I could integrate the fragments of my insight from each lecture or book into a better understanding of the area of ... 6) The deeper I immersed myself into the ocean of …, in fact, the greater my enthusiasm grew for … 7) So, I seized on every chance, including …, to … and to … 8) And meanwhile I never slackened my efforts in … 9) I always cling to the motto that any success in life rests with …10) What I have done so far, however, is just the first step on my way to being … 11) To my great delight, the Department of … of your University, high ranked in the world and rich with academic climate, can render me better able to … 12) Thus, I have every reason to believe that my … and your …, complete with my firm commitment to …, will turn my ambition into reality. A Letter of Self-recommendation Che Hong-Tao The Department of Computer Science, the Air Force