Unit 1 Section A I. Background knowledge Emotion Reason Action We can then identify psychological aspects associated with eacl concept. Internally, we apprehend Reality through Reason, Character through Intention, and Community through Emotion. Action then grows out of the interplay between Reason, Intention, and Emotion, and the imperfection of this dynamic is the reason General psychology of virtue Radical Centrism presents itself as a unifying paradigm of civil society. In particular, attempts to answer the age-old question of what is the greatest good? in a way that facilitates understanding and transforming the institutions of modern life. Underlying that sociological goal, however, is a set of anthropological assumptions about what it means to be a healthy human being. Starting from those assumptions--embodied in our Radical Centrist Manifesto--we present a vision of psychological normalcy that is compatible with Radical Centrist values. The ideas presented here are preliminary, and deliberately over-simplified. Our intent is not to have the last word, but simply to suggest a new way of looking at old problems We can then identify psychological aspects associated with each concept. Internally, w apprehend Reality through Reason, Character through Intention, and Community through Emotion. Action then grows out of the interplay between Reason, Intention, and Emotion, this sense, Radical Centrism can be considered a triadic philosophy(as opposed to monist or dualist ), though it still affirms an underlying uni Conversely, the three primary aspects can be viewed as the focal points of three different ways of experiencing the world Rationalism links reason and intention Intention and Emotion are bridged by Spiritual experiences To be sensitive is to connect emotion and reason To a Radical Centrist, all three of these are equally valid and complementary ways of experiencin the world, unlike the one-sided rationality of moderns, sensitivity of romantics, or spirituality of
Unit 1 Section A I. Background knowledge • Emotion Reason Action We can then identify psychological aspects associated with each concept. Internally, we apprehend Reality through Reason, Character through Intention, and Community through Emotion. Action then grows out of the interplay between Reason, Intention, and Emotion, and the imperfection of this dynamic is the reason for… • • General psychology of virtue • • Radical Centrism presents itself as a unifying paradigm of civil society. In particular, it attempts to answer the age-old question of “what is the greatest good?” in a way that facilitates understanding and transforming the institutions of modern life. Underlying that sociological goal, however, is a set of anthropological assumptions about what it means to be a healthy human being. Starting from those assumptions -- embodied in our Radical Centrist Manifesto -- we present a vision of psychological normalcy that is compatible with Radical Centrist values.The ideas presented here are preliminary, and deliberately over-simplified. Our intent is not to have the last word, but simply to suggest a new way of looking at old problems. We can then identify psychological aspects associated with each concept. Internally, we apprehend Reality through Reason, Character through Intention, and Community through Emotion. Action then grows out of the interplay between Reason, Intention, and Emotion, and the imperfection of this dynamic is the reason for Humility. As shown in the diagram, the three primary aspects are not entirely distinct, but neither can any one be subsumed by the others. In this sense, Radical Centrism can be considered a triadic philosophy (as opposed to monist or dualist), though it still affirms an underlying unity. Conversely, the three primary aspects can be viewed as the focal points of three different ways of experiencing the world. • Rationalism links Reason and Intention. • Intention and Emotion are bridged by Spiritual experiences • To be Sensitive is to connect Emotion and Reason To a Radical Centrist, all three of these are equally valid and complementary ways of experiencing the world, unlike the one-sided rationality of moderns, sensitivity of romantics, or spirituality of
mystics. Put another way, we assert that all three worlds(material, logical, and spiritual)are equally real (and equally incomplete) Heart These four aspects -Reason, Intention, Emotion and Action -are the basis of Radical Centrist psychology, and can be roughly equated with the traditional notions of mind, heart(will), soul ( feelings), and body. Or, equivalently: intellectual, volitional, emotional, and physical. In this context, normal behavior is defined as starting with Emotion, being managed by Reason, crystallizing into Intention, and leading to Action. This differs from many traditional philosophies by affirming a primary role for Emotion, which is often dismissed as merely a source of irrationality. Emotion, as the conveyor of Community, also reflects the Radical Centrist belief that behavior can not be understood solely in terms of the Individual. These aspects participate in what Radical Centrists call a value cycle-the means by which value is created, recognized and normalIz However, not only does Radical Centrism assert a principle of"normal"behavior, it also denies that it exists(in pure form) in practice-as manifested by the fact that our reasons, intentions, and emotions often conflict, and their relation to our actions is often unclear even to us. thus psychological growth is seen as the struggle to achieve normal behavior. The ability to behave normally, in this sense, can be described as virtue In fact, we can identify at least four different aspects of virtue, corresponding to the different spheres of being. An important aspect of Radical Centrist thought is that equal weight is given to all aspects of Virtue. The practical skill of a craftsman is as valued as the epistemic rigor of a logician, and social compassion is no excuse for a lack of personal integrity(or vice versa). In fact, this approach maps fairly well onto traditional definitions of virtue, though there are some key differences. The Cardinal(or Platonic)virtues, acknowledged from antiquity, are often interpreted in terms of this same underlying psychological model. Wisdom is the virtue of Reason, Courage of Intention, and Moderation of Emotion. However, in the Platonic view Reason is king, and Emotion plays a purely passive role(as noted in feminist critiques). A Radio Centrist would argue that passion can often be as essential as moderation in Emotion, depending on the context, which might be described as the virtue of Maturity. In fact, this distinction may be the key differentiator between a Radical Centrist and amere moderate. Also, while Justice and Humility both imply an appropriate balance between different aspects, the former is usually seen as adherence to a static ideal as opposed to a dynamic search for improvement. The theological virtues of Christianity are a somewhat better fit, though with a twist Love turns emotion into intention Faith is an Intention that forms the basis of reason Hope uses Reason to nurture Emotion
mystics. Put another way, we assert that all three worlds (material, logical, and spiritual) are equally real (and equally incomplete). Heart These four aspects - Reason, Intention, Emotion and Action - are the basis of Radical Centrist psychology, and can be roughly equated with the traditional notions of mind, heart (will), soul (feelings), and body. Or, equivalently: intellectual, volitional, emotional, and physical.In this context, normal behavior is defined as starting with Emotion, being managed by Reason, crystallizing into Intention, and leading to Action. This differs from many traditional philosophies by affirming a primary role for Emotion, which is often dismissed as merely a source of irrationality. Emotion, as the conveyor of Community, also reflects the Radical Centrist belief that behavior can not be understood solely in terms of the Individual.These aspects participate in what Radical Centrists call a value cycle - the means by which value is created, recognized, and normalized. However, not only does Radical Centrism assert a principle of “normal” behavior, it also denies that it exists (in pure form) in practice - as manifested by the fact that our reasons, intentions, and emotions often conflict, and their relation to our actions is often unclear even to us. Thus, psychological growth is seen as the struggle to achieve normal behavior. The ability to behave normally, in this sense, can be described as virtue. In fact, we can identify at least four different aspects of virtue, corresponding to the different spheres of being. An important aspect of Radical Centrist thought is that equal weight is given to all aspects of Virtue. The practical skill of a craftsman is as valued as the epistemic rigor of a logician, and social compassion is no excuse for a lack of personal integrity (or vice versa). In fact, this approach maps fairly well onto traditional definitions of virtue, though there are some key differences. The Cardinal (or Platonic) virtues, acknowledged from antiquity, are often interpreted in terms of this same underlying psychological model. Wisdom is the virtue of Reason, Courage of Intention, and Moderation of Emotion. However, in the Platonic view Reason is king, and Emotion plays a purely passive role (as noted in feminist critiques). A Radical Centrist would argue that passion can often be as essential as moderation in Emotion, depending on the context, which might be described as the virtue of Maturity. In fact, this distinction may be the key differentiator between a Radical Centrist and a ‘mere’ moderate. Also, while Justice and Humility both imply an appropriate balance between different aspects, the former is usually seen as adherence to a static ideal as opposed to a dynamic search for improvement. The theological virtues of Christianity are a somewhat better fit, though with a twist: • Love turns Emotion into Intention • Faith is an Intention that forms the basis of Reason • Hope uses Reason to nurture Emotion
This creates a counter-rotating spiritual value cycle which may in fact help fuel the normal value cycle described earlier. Interestingly, the notion of Works--often seen as diametrically opposed Faith--fits in naturally here as the counterpart of Action. Further, these spiritual virtues appear build up the cardinal virtues, which in turn enable normal behavior. This is ironically the exact opposite of the medieval view, where the cardinal virtues are the root of spiritually virtuous fruit. However, in Radical Centrist thought it is entirely possible --even necessary - for both views to be correct(albeit in different contexts II. Text analysis I. What is the text mainly about?(Main Idea) At first Mrs. Baroda didnt like her husbands friend Gouvernail, whom she found far from a it but a dull man hard to read. One night however, a conversation between them opened up and evealed his true personality, which proved to be a strong temptation to her, a respectable woman But in the end, she withstood and overcame that temptation Il. How is the text organized? (Structure) This reading passage is made up of several episodes organized according to time sequence, with the episodes centered on the narration, through cause-and-effect, of the changes in Mrs Baroda's emotional and attitude concerning her husbands friend, Gouvnerail. The whole process undergoes several distinct stages 1. Mrs. Baroda's strong dislike for the man (paragraph 1---10) 2. Her inmost desire to get close to the man (paragraph1l---18) 3. Her sensible resolve to move away from him (paragraph 19---20) 4. Her further straggle against the temptation (paragraph 21) 5. Victory of her reason over the temptation (22---24) Part I(Para. 1) a)Main idea Mrs. Baroda was unhappy to know that Gouvernail, her husbands friend, would come to stay on their plantation b) Devices for developing it The story began with the narration of Mrs. Baroda's psychological reaction to Gouvernail's al Part II (Paras. 2-10) a)Main idea Mrs. Baroda felt puzzled about Gouvernail's quiet personality and disappointed at being unable to penetrate his silenc for developing it Cause-and- effect(因果法) In paragraph 2, the device of cause---and--effect is employed to describe why and how mrs Baroda disliked gouvernail so much
This creates a counter-rotating spiritual value cycle which may in fact help fuel the normal value cycle described earlier. Interestingly, the notion of Works -- often seen as diametrically opposed to Faith -- fits in naturally here as the counterpart of Action. Further, these spiritual virtues appear to build up the cardinal virtues, which in turn enable normal behavior. This is ironically the exact opposite of the medieval view, where the cardinal virtues are the root of spiritually virtuous fruit. However, in Radical Centrist thought it is entirely possible -- even necessary -- for both views to be correct (albeit in different contexts). II. Text analysis I. What is the text mainly about? (Main Idea) At first Mrs. Baroda didn’t like her husband’s friend, Gouvernail, whom she found far from a wit but a dull man hard to read. One night, however, a conversation between them opened up and revealed his true personality, which proved to be a strong temptation to her, a respectable woman. But in the end, she withstood and overcame that temptation. II. How is the text organized? (Structure) This reading passage is made up of several episodes organized according to time sequence, with the episodes centered on the narration, through cause—and—effect, of the changes in Mrs. Baroda’s emotional and attitude concerning her husband’s friend, Gouvnerail. The whole process undergoes several distinct stages. III. Text analysis 1. Mrs. Baroda’s strong dislike for the man (paragraph 1---10) 2. Her inmost desire to get close to the man (paragraph11---18) 3. Her sensible resolve to move away from him (paragraph 19---20) 4. Her further straggle against the temptation (paragraph 21) 5. Victory of her reason over the temptation (22---24) Part I (Para. 1) a) Main idea Mrs. Baroda was unhappy to know that Gouvernail, her husband’s friend, would come to stay on their plantation b) Devices for developing it The story began with the narration of Mrs. Baroda’s psychological reaction to Gouvernail’s arrival. Part II (Paras. 2-10) a) Main idea Mrs. Baroda felt puzzled about Gouvernail’s quiet personality and disappointed at being unable to penetrate his silence. b) Devices for developing it Cause-and-effect (因果法) In paragraph 2, the device of cause---and---effect is employed to describe why and how Mrs. Baroda disliked Gouvernail so much
Effect: Gouvernail's quiet personality puzzled Mrs. Baroda Cause 1: After a few days with the guest, she could understand him no better than at first Cause 2: She left her husband and his guest alone together but she found that Gouvernail hardly noticed her absence Cause 3: She imposed her company upon him and pressed her attempt to penetrate the silence but without success Part Ill(Paras. 11-20) a)Main idea One night Gouvernail came to sit beside Mrs. Baroda and talked about his past and present. His talk and voice was so great an appeal to her that she desired to touch him. But, she withstood the temptation and chose to stay away from her house b)Devices for developing it Deduction(演绎法) thers, the device of deduction is employed( in paragI nature of Gouvernail. The device, more frequently employed in argumentation, is used here in a story with two noticeable advantages one is to make the description concise, and another to make It c Para. 15 Gouvernail was in no sense a shy man. His periods of silence were not his basic nature, but the result of moods. When he was sitting there beside mrs. Baroda, his silence melted Paragraph 15 gives a general statement of Gouvernail's basic nature. A general statement is an essential component of deductive writing Para. 16 He talked freely and intimately in a low, hesitating voice that was not unpleasant to hear. He talked of the old college days when he and gaston had been best friends, of the days of keen ambitions and large intentions. Now, all there was left with him was a desire to be permitted to exist, with now and then a little breath of genuine life, such as he was breathing now. Paragraph 16 provides details to support the general statement made in the preceding paragrapl Part IV(Paras. 21) a)Main idea Despite her husband's strong desire for Gouvernail,s another visit, Mrs. Baroda was bitterly opposed to it, which implies her further struggle against the temptation. b)Devices for developing it Explanation(解释法) In this part, one paragraph of two sentences, the device of ex loyed. The second sentence serves as the further explanation of the first one, making the message clearer and more Para. 21 There was some talk of having him back during the summer that followed That is, Gaston greatly desired it; but this desire yielded to his honorable wife's vigorous opposition Part V(Paras. 22-24) a)Main idea Before the year ended, Mrs. Baroda proposed, from the bottom of her heart, to have Gouvernail visit them again. For she had overcome everything, including the temptation b) Devices for developing it Dialogue(对话法)
Effect: Gouvernail’s quiet personality puzzled Mrs. Baroda. Cause 1: After a few days with the guest, she could understand him no better than at first. Cause 2: She left her husband and his guest alone together but she found that Gouvernail hardly noticed her absence. Cause 3: She imposed her company upon him and pressed her attempt to penetrate the silence but without success. Part III (Paras. 11-20) a) Main idea One night Gouvernail came to sit beside Mrs. Baroda and talked about his past and present. His talk and voice was so great an appeal to her that she desired to touch him. But, she withstood the temptation and chose to stay away from her house. b) Devices for developing it Deduction (演绎法) Among others, the device of deduction is employed( in paragraph 15---16 ) to reveal the basic nature of Gouvernail. The device, more frequently employed in argumentation, is used here in a story with two noticeable advantages: one is to make the description concise, and another to make it convincing. Para. 15 Gouvernail was in no sense a shy man. His periods of silence were not his basic nature, but the result of moods. When he was sitting there beside Mrs. Baroda, his silence melted for the time. Paragraph 15 gives a general statement of Gouvernail’s basic nature. A general statement is an essential component of deductive writing. Para. 16 He talked freely and intimately in a low, hesitating voice that was not unpleasant to hear. He talked of the old college days when he and Gaston had been best friends, of the days of keen ambitions and large intentions. Now, all there was left with him was a desire to be permitted to exist, with now and then a little breath of genuine life, such as he was breathing now. Paragraph 16 provides details to support the general statement made in the preceding paragraph. Part IV (Paras. 21) a) Main idea Despite her husband’s strong desire for Gouvernail’s another visit, Mrs. Baroda was bitterly opposed to it, which implies her further struggle against the temptation. b) Devices for developing it Explanation (解释法) In this part, one paragraph of two sentences, the device of explanation is employed. The second sentence serves as the further explanation of the first one, making the message clearer and more specific. Para. 21 There was some talk of having him back during the summer that followed. That is, Gaston greatly desired it; but this desire yielded to his honorable wife’s vigorous opposition. Part V (Paras. 22-24) a) Main idea Before the year ended, Mrs. Baroda proposed, from the bottom of her heart, to have Gouvernail visit them again. For she had overcome everything, including the temptation. b) Devices for developing it Dialogue (对话法)
Here the whole story ends up with the dialogue between the people. For the husbands part, it i no more than a change of his wifes attitude to have Gouvernail come again. For the wife's part owever,it is a noble victory of sence over temptation, which holds great significance for reality In the dialogue, the key point lies in the different understanding of two words--dislike and everything. Para. 23 There "I am glad, my dear, to know that you have finally overcome your dislike for him; truly he did not deserve it This sounds like an easy change of attitude. The husband is not aware of the fierce emotional struggle at all that his wife has experienced Para. 24Oh, she told him, laughingly, after pressing a long, tender kiss upon his lips, "I have overcome everything! You will see. This time I shall be very nice to him This means far more than what the husband called dislike. rather. it is an announcement of emotional relief, behind which existed a painful and even shameful experience III. Language points A. Expressions 1. to be annoyed to learn that 2. to understand sb. no better than at first 3. to impose her company upon him 4. to press her attempt to do sth 6. to give sb. no trouble 7. to plan somewhat. for sth 8. to be full of surprises 9 to count upon 10. to make sb /sth seriously l to make a fuss about 12. the last thing sb. would desire or expect 13. to run down 14. the feeling of a distinct necessity to do sth 15. without a suspicion that 16 to object to sth 17 to drink in 18. to be greatly tempted to do sth 19. to yield to the temptation 20. to be gone from under her roof B. Patterns for you to use as models Typical patterns for an undesired result Typical patterns for no-other choice Typical patterns for argumentation 活学活用
Here the whole story ends up with the dialogue between the people. For the husband’s part, it is no more than a change of his wife’s attitude to have Gouvernail come again. For the wife’s part, however, it is a noble victory of sence over temptation, which holds great significance for reality. In the dialogue, the key point lies in the different understanding of two words---dislike and everything. Para. 23 There “I am glad, my dear, to know that you have finally overcome your dislike for him; truly he did not deserve it.” This sounds like an easy change of attitude. The husband is not aware of the fierce emotional struggle at all that his wife has experienced. Para. 24 “Oh,” she told him, laughingly, after pressing a long, tender kiss upon his lips, “I have overcome everything! You will see. This time I shall be very nice to him.” This means far more than what the husband called dislike. Rather, it is an announcement of emotional relief, behind which existed a painful and even shameful experience. III. Language Points A. Expressions 1. to be annoyed to learn that… 2. to understand sb. no better than at first 3. to impose her company upon him 4. to press her attempt to do sth. 5. for my part 6. to give sb. no trouble 7. to plan somewhat .for sth. 8. to be full of surprises 9. to count upon 10. to make sb./sth. seriously 11. to make a fuss about 12. the last thing sb. would desire or expect 13. to run down 14. the feeling of a distinct necessity to do sth. 15. without a suspicion that… 16. to object to sth. 17. to drink in … 18. to be greatly tempted to do sth. 19. to yield to the temptation 20. to be gone from under her roof B. Patterns for you to use as models Typical patterns for an undesired result Typical patterns for no-other choice Typical patterns for argumentation 活学活用
1.(某人)得知 而不快/高兴/惊讶/痛心 (sb )to be annoyed /delighted /surprised distressed to learn that ..(L. I 得知我国第一次载人航天飞行取得圆满成功,我们兴奋不已 We were all overexcited to learn that our first manned space-flight turned out to be a complete 2.和以前一样不了解某人 to understand sb. no better than at first(L. 4) 他学了七年英语,但遗憾的是他还和以前一样不懂英语。 After seven years of study, the unlucky fact was that he knew English no better than at first 3.执意陪伴着他 to impose her company upon him(L 6) 在人权问题上,把一个国家的价值观强加给另一个国家的做法肯定是要失败的。 It is bound to fail to impose one country's values upon another over the issues of human rights 4.试图做某事 to press one's attempt to do sth. (. 6) 许多大学生一毕业就想找份好工作,但成功者甚少。他们必须调整就业观念。 Many a college student presses his attempt to land an ideal job on graduation, but few make it They must adjust their outlooks on employment 5.就我而言 for my part(L 9) 人们对诱惑的看法往往是仁者见仁智者见智。然而,就我而言,它是对我美德的考验。 Temptation may be many things to many people. For my part, however, it is a test of my moral excellence 6.没有给某人添麻烦 to give sb. no trouble(L. 11) 有时候,保持沉默比畅所欲言给你制造的麻烦更多。 Sometimes, keeping quiet gives you more trouble than speaking your mind freely 7.为某事做一些安排 to plan somewhat for sth(L. 12) 老练的小伙子为这次“邂逅”做了充分的安排,以至于这个天真的姑娘真的把它看成偶遇了。 The sophisticated boy planned so much for the encounter" that it seemed quite unexpected to the naive girl 8.让人吃惊 be full of surprises(L. 17 任何对心灵产生冲击的作品总是给人留下许多值得思考的东西。 Any works that are full of impacts on the mind al ways leave much food for thought 9.料想;指望 to count upon (L. 18) 如今,小孩子变得越来越聪明。你很难料到从一个两岁多的孩子嘴里会说出什么来 Today, kids are growing wiser. You can hardly count upon what will come from the mouth of a child over 2 10.认真对待某人/某事 to take sb. /sth. seriously (L. 20 你可以对自己的外表马马虎虎,但是你必须非常认真地对待你所从事的工作
1. (某人)得知 …… 而不快/高兴/ 惊讶 / 痛心 (sb.) to be annoyed / delighted / surprised / distressed to learn that … (L. 1) 得知我国第一次载人航天飞行取得圆满成功，我们兴奋不已。 We were all overexcited to learn that our first manned space-flight turned out to be a complete success. 2. 和以前一样不了解某人 to understand sb. no better than at first (L. 4) 他学了七年英语，但遗憾的是他还和以前一样不懂英语。 After seven years of study, the unlucky fact was that he knew English no better than at first. 3. 执意陪伴着他 to impose her company upon him (L. 6) 在人权问题上，把一个国家的价值观强加给另一个国家的做法肯定是要失败的。 It is bound to fail to impose one country’s values upon another over the issues of human rights. 4. 试图做某事 to press one’s attempt to do sth. (L. 6) 许多大学生一毕业就想找份好工作，但成功者甚少。他们必须调整就业观念。 Many a college student presses his attempt to land an ideal job on graduation, but few make it. They must adjust their outlooks on employment. 5. 就我而言 for my part (L. 9) 人们对诱惑的看法往往是仁者见仁智者见智。然而，就我而言，它是对我美德的考验。 Temptation may be many things to many people. For my part, however, it is a test of my moral excellence. 6. 没有给某人添麻烦 to give sb. no trouble (L. 11) 有时候，保持沉默比畅所欲言给你制造的麻烦更多。 Sometimes, keeping quiet gives you more trouble than speaking your mind freely. 7. 为某事做一些安排 to plan somewhat for sth. (L. 12) 老练的小伙子为这次“邂逅”做了充分的安排，以至于这个天真的姑娘真的把它看成偶遇了。 The sophisticated boy planned so much for the “encounter” that it seemed quite unexpected to the naive girl. 8. 让人吃惊 be full of surprises (L. 17) 任何对心灵产生冲击的作品总是给人留下许多值得思考的东西。 Any works that are full of impacts on the mind always leave much food for thought. 9. 料想；指望 to count upon (L. 18) 如今，小孩子变得越来越聪明。你很难料到从一个两岁多的孩子嘴里会说出什么来。 Today, kids are growing wiser. You can hardly count upon what will come from the mouth of a child over 2. 10. 认真对待某人 / 某事 to take sb. / sth. seriously (L. 20) 你可以对自己的外表马马虎虎，但是你必须非常认真地对待你所从事的工作
You may take lightly what you look like, but you must take very seriously what you engage in 1l.对……大惊小怪 to make a fuss about 睡懒觉只是年轻人的一个普遍习惯,与道德无关。不必为此小题大做。 ing but a common habit among the young and has no bearing on moral ity. There is no need to make a fuss about it 12.某人最不希望的事情 the last thing someone would desire or expect (L. 21) 如果学习是你大学生活中最不愿意做的事情,那你下一步首先要面临的就是退学 If study is the last thing you would like to do in your college life, the first thing you have to face next is to drop out 13.(使)筋疲力尽 to run down(L. 24) 做事切不可半途而废,否则将前功尽弃 Never do things by halves; otherwise, that will run down all the good work you have done 14.明确感觉有必要做某事 the feeling of a distinct necessity to do sth. (L. 32) 孤注一掷要做某事的感觉常常使人失去理智 The feeling of a desperate necessity to do something often drives one to lose his reason 5.丝毫不曾怀疑… without a suspicion /doubt that..(L. 35) 全家人沐浴在温馨与幸福之中,从未怀疑过祖母曾经历了一段令人神魂颠倒的婚外恋。 The whole family are bathed in warmth and happiness, without a doubt that their grandmother once had a fascinating experience of extramarital love 16.反对某事 to object to sth. (L. 35) 从某种意义上讲,公共关系是一门和那些你连话都不愿意说的人交朋友的技艺 In a sense, public relations is the art of making friends with those you feel an objection to talking 17.陶醉于…… to drink in…(L.51) 回归自然、陶醉于大自然的美景之中似乎是多数城市人心中的奢望 Going back to nature and drinking in its genuine beauty seems to be a wild expectation in the minds of most citizens 18.(某人)很想做某事 (sb )to be greatly tempted to do sth (L 57 每次当你很想做某事时,明智的做法是三思而后行 Whenever you're greatly tempted to do something, it is wise of you to think twice before going about it 19.没有抵挡住诱惑 to yield to the temptation(L. 58) 我们屈服于诱惑的倾向往往源于心理准备不足。 More often than not, our inclination to yield to temptation originates from lack of psychological preparation
You may take lightly what you look like, but you must take very seriously what you engage in. 11. 对……大惊小怪 to make a fuss about … (L. 20) 睡懒觉只是年轻人的一个普遍习惯,与道德无关。不必为此小题大做。 Sleeping late is nothing but a common habit among the young and has no bearing on morality. There is no need to make a fuss about it. 12. 某人最不希望的事情 the last thing someone would desire or expect (L. 21) 如果学习是你大学生活中最不愿意做的事情，那你下一步首先要面临的就是退学。 If study is the last thing you would like to do in your college life, the first thing you have to face next is to drop out. 13. （使）筋疲力尽 to run down (L. 24) 做事切不可半途而废，否则将前功尽弃。 Never do things by halves; otherwise, that will run down all the good work you have done. 14. 明确感觉有必要做某事 the feeling of a distinct necessity to do sth. (L. 32) 孤注一掷要做某事的感觉常常使人失去理智。 The feeling of a desperate necessity to do something often drives one to lose his reason. 15. 丝毫不曾怀疑…… without a suspicion / doubt that … (L. 35) 全家人沐浴在温馨与幸福之中，从未怀疑过祖母曾经历了一段令人神魂颠倒的婚外恋。 The whole family are bathed in warmth and happiness, without a doubt that their grandmother once had a fascinating experience of extramarital love. 16. 反对某事 to object to sth. (L. 35) 从某种意义上讲，公共关系是一门和那些你连话都不愿意说的人交朋友的技艺。 In a sense, public relations is the art of making friends with those you feel an objection to talking to. 17. 陶醉于…… to drink in … (L. 51) 回归自然、陶醉于大自然的美景之中似乎是多数城市人心中的奢望。 Going back to nature and drinking in its genuine beauty seems to be a wild expectation in the minds of most citizens. 18. （某人）很想做某事 (sb.) to be greatly tempted to do sth. (L. 57) 每次当你很想做某事时，明智的做法是三思而后行。 Whenever you’re greatly tempted to do something, it is wise of you to think twice before going about it. 19. 没有抵挡住诱惑 to yield to the temptation (L. 58) 我们屈服于诱惑的倾向往往源于心理准备不足。 More often than not, our inclination to yield to temptation originates from lack of psychological preparation
20.从她家中离开 to be gone from under her roof (L. 24) 离开父母的呵护就意味着独立闯世界。 Emerging from under your parents' wings means venturing out into the world on your own C Expressions Patterns 1. Typical patterns for an undesired result: 1).Sb. did sth. only to find/ see/notice/realize(hat)…某人做了某事,结果却发现/明白/注意 到/意识到 原句 She left her husband and his guest, for the most part, alone together, only to find that Gouvernail notice d her absence. (L 4) 她只得大部分时间让丈夫陪着客人,却发现自己不在场几乎并未引起古韦内尔的注意 应用 a.这个新手把该问题处理了两个星期,结果意识到他用了一个错误的原理。 The green hand has been tackling the problem for two weeks, only to realize that he had applied a wro b.他按要求支付了所有的费用,希望能够得到他的手机号码给带来的幸运奖,结果却发现 这纯粹是一个骗局。 He paid all the required charges in the hope of receiving the lucky prize his mobile phone number brought him, only to find that it was simply a trap 2)Sb. did sth.( in order/ in an effort) to do sth.else. But it hardly worked.为了达到某个目的, 某人做了某事,但不奏效收效甚微 原句 Then she imposed her company upon him, accompanying him in his idle walks to the mill to press her attempt to penetrate the silence in which he had unconsciously covered himself. But it hardly worked. (L 8) 而后她执意要陪他散步到磨房去,试图打破他这种并非有意的沉默,但仍不奏效 应用 a为了取悦他懊恼的妻子,这位男士连续几天给她买很昂贵的玫瑰花,但仍不奏效 To please his annoyed wife, the gentleman bought her expensive roses for days on end. But it hardly worked b.他天天死记硬背生词试图提高自己的英语,但收效甚微 He learned the new words by rote day in and day out in an effort to improve his English. But hardly worked 2. Typical patterns for no-other choice II there is left with sb. is to do sth./ a desire to do sth./ a hope for sth/.某人只求/只想/只希 望做某事 原句 Now, all there was left with him was a desire to be permitted to exist, with now and then a little breath of genuine life, such as he was breathing now (L. 47) 而现在他只求能生存,只是偶尔才体验到一丝真正的生活的气息,就像此刻 应用:
20. 从她家中离开 to be gone from under her roof (L. 24) 离开父母的呵护就意味着独立闯世界。 Emerging from under your parents’ wings means venturing out into the world on your own. C. Expressions & Patterns 1. Typical patterns for an undesired result: 1). Sb. did sth. only to find/see/notice/realize (that) … 某人做了某事, 结果却发现/明白/注意 到/意识到…… 原句: She left her husband and his guest, for the most part, alone together, only to find that Gouvernail hardly noticed her absence. (L. 4) 她只得大部分时间让丈夫陪着客人，却发现自己不在场几乎并未引起古韦内尔的注意。 应用： a. 这个新手把该问题处理了两个星期，结果意识到他用了一个错误的原理。 The green hand has been tackling the problem for two weeks, only to realize that he had applied a wrong principle. b. 他按要求支付了所有的费用，希望能够得到他的手机号码给带来的幸运奖，结果却发现 这纯粹是一个骗局。 He paid all the required charges in the hope of receiving the lucky prize his mobile phone number brought him, only to find that it was simply a trap. 2) Sb. did sth. (in order / in an effort ) to do sth. else. But it hardly worked. 为了达到某个目的， 某人做了某事，但不奏效/收效甚微。 原句: Then she imposed her company upon him, accompanying him in his idle walks to the mill to press her attempt to penetrate the silence in which he had unconsciously covered himself. But it hardly worked. (L. 8) 而后她执意要陪他散步到磨房去，试图打破他这种并非有意的沉默，但仍不奏效。 应用： a. 为了取悦他懊恼的妻子，这位男士连续几天给她买很昂贵的玫瑰花，但仍不奏效。 To please his annoyed wife, the gentleman bought her expensive roses for days on end. But it hardly worked. b. 他天天死记硬背生词试图提高自己的英语，但收效甚微。 He learned the new words by rote day in and day out in an effort to improve his English. But it hardly worked. 2. Typical patterns for no-other choice: All there is left with sb. is to do sth. / a desire to do sth. / a hope for sth/. 某人只求/只想/只希 望做某事。 原句: Now, all there was left with him was a desire to be permitted to exist, with now and then a little breath of genuine life, such as he was breathing now (L. 47) 而现在他只求能生存，只是偶尔才体验到一丝真正的生活的气息，就像此刻。 应用：
a_这个有钱人生意兴隆,财源滚滚。现在,他只想送他那被宠坏的儿子上大学 The rich mans business flourishes, with money rolling in Now, all there is left with him is a desire to send his spoiled son to college b.这对夫妻结婚时什么都不缺。他们只想升华婚后生活的品位,使爱情永驻。 The couple lacked for nothing material when getting mamie. All there was left with them was a esire to refine their taste for marital life and to let love stay in for good. 3. Typical patterns for detailed argumentation There is some/ frequent talk of /argument about sth. That is, some desire sth. believe that, but their desire/ belief…有时/经常谈到/争论某事。也就是说,有人渴望某事/认为……,但· 原句 There was some talk of having him back during the summer that followed. That is, Gaston greatly desired it; but this desire yielded to his honorable wife s vigorous opposition. (L. 63) 那年夏天,他们有时会谈到再请古韦内尔来种植园一事。也就是说,加斯顿很希望这样,但 经不住他那品行高洁的妻子的强烈反对。 应用 a_.人们经常议论核能问题。也就是说,有人认为核能太危险:但这种观点顶不住全球范围 内对能源的巨大需求 There is frequent argument about the problem of nuclear energy. That is, some believe it is too dangerous; but their belief yields to the worldwide enormous demand for energy b.经常说起给我十岁的儿子买辆摩托车。也就是说,儿子很想要它,但是每一次这种想法 都经不住他母亲的强烈反对 There was much talk of buying a motorcycle for my 10-year-old son. That is, my son desired it but this desire yielded to his mothers vigorous opposition every time ⅣV. Writing Writing Skills Writing a cause and effect essay may require more advanced skills from the writer than narrative or descriptive essays. The writer has to demonstrate his ability to give clear presentation of the factual material. Careful selection of sources is also very critical, as statement of the personal point of view is frequently inapplicable for the cause and effect essay. It is necessary to avoid using Cause and effect Essay Writing a cause and effect essay may require more advanced skills from the writer than narrative or descriptive essays. The writer has to demon strate his ability to give clear presentation of t factual material. Careful selection of sources is also very critical, as statement of the personal point of view is frequently inapplicable for the cause and effect essay. It is necessary to avoid using the first person, as such a transition to narrative style of writing sounds weak- it may seem that the writer is trying to justify his own point of view. It is possible to convince readers to accept the cause/effect as plausible only by using the persuasive profe ssional writing with utilization of ppropriate carefully selected sources
a. 这个有钱人生意兴隆，财源滚滚。现在，他只想送他那被宠坏的儿子上大学。 The rich man’s business flourishes, with money rolling in. Now, all there is left with him is a desire to send his spoiled son to college. b. 这对夫妻结婚时什么都不缺。他们只想升华婚后生活的品位，使爱情永驻。 The couple lacked for nothing material when getting married. All there was left with them was a desire to refine their taste for marital life and to let love stay in for good. 3. Typical patterns for detailed argumentation There is some / frequent talk of /argument about sth. That is, some desire sth. / believe that…; but their desire / belief … 有时/经常谈到/争论某事。也就是说，有人渴望某事/认为……，但…… 原句: There was some talk of having him back during the summer that followed. That is, Gaston greatly desired it; but this desire yielded to his honorable wife’s vigorous opposition. (L. 63) 那年夏天，他们有时会谈到再请古韦内尔来种植园一事。也就是说，加斯顿很希望这样，但 经不住他那品行高洁的妻子的强烈反对。 应用： a. 人们经常议论核能问题。也就是说，有人认为核能太危险；但这种观点顶不住全球范围 内对能源的巨大需求。 There is frequent argument about the problem of nuclear energy. That is, some believe it is too dangerous; but their belief yields to the worldwide enormous demand for energy. b. 经常说起给我十岁的儿子买辆摩托车。也就是说，儿子很想要它，但是每一次这种想法 都经不住他母亲的强烈反对。 There was much talk of buying a motorcycle for my 10-year-old son. That is, my son desired it; but this desire yielded to his mother’s vigorous opposition every time. IV. Writing Writing Skills • Writing a cause and effect essay may require more advanced skills from the writer than narrative or descriptive essays. The writer has to demonstrate his ability to give clear presentation of the factual material. Careful selection of sources is also very critical, as statement of the personal point of view is frequently inapplicable for the cause and effect essay. It is necessary to avoid using ... Cause and Effect Essay Writing a cause and effect essay may require more advanced skills from the writer than narrative or descriptive essays. The writer has to demonstrate his ability to give clear presentation of the factual material. Careful selection of sources is also very critical, as statement of the personal point of view is frequently inapplicable for the cause and effect essay. It is necessary to avoid using the first person, as such a transition to narrative style of writing sounds weak - it may seem that the writer is trying to justify his own point of view. It is possible to convince readers to accept the cause/effect as plausible only by using the persuasive professional writing with utilization of appropriate carefully selected sources
First paragraphs of the cause and effect essay should bring the reader up to date with the discussed phenomenon or trend. The writer, therefore, should provide the detailed information arranged in a professional writing style and having thorough background. In some co be necessary to prove the existence of a trend before discussing the cause and effect ses, it may The following paragraphs should contain convincing arguments supported by the adequate source material. A professional writer should anticipate the possibility of reader's objection in advance, and try to find some persuasive arguments to make his own ideas at least as plausible as those of a reader It is ultimately important to maintain a professional and reasonable voice within the entire body of the cause and effect essay. This includes avoidance of insulting or absolutist expressions. Such phrases as "it is obvious"or "it is the fact of common knowledge"should be avoided and substituted with professionally stated factual material supported by the properly formatted references. It is also necessary to avoid expressions that make an essay sound uncertain or dilettantish. The writer may be humorous and playful, but the writing style should still remain Cause and effect analysis helps you to think through causes of a problem thoroughly. Their major benefit is that they push you to consider all possible causes of the problem, rather than just the ones that are most obvious. The approach combines brainstorming with use of a type of Concept. Map. Cause and Effect Diagrams are also known as Fishbone Diagrams. The box and line can be thought of as the head and spine of the fish How to use tool Follow these steps to solve a problem with a Cause and Effect diagram 1. Identify the problem Write down the exact problem you face in detail. Where appropriate identify who is involved, what the problem is, and when and where it occurs. Write the problem in a box on the left hand side of a large sheet of paper. Draw a line across the paper horizontally from the box. This gives you space to develop ideas 2. Work out the major factors involved Next identify the factors that may contribute to the problem. Draw lines off the spine for each factor, and label it. These may be people involved with the problem, systems, equipment, materials, external forces, etc. Try to draw out as many possible factors as possible. If you are trying to solve the problem as part of a group, then this may be a good time for some brainstorming! Using the 'Fish bone analogy, the factors you find can be though of as the bones of the fish 3. Identify possible causes For each of the factors you considered in stage ii, brainstorm possible causes of the problem that may be related to the factor. Show these as smaller lines coming off the
First paragraphs of the cause and effect essay should bring the reader up to date with the discussed phenomenon or trend. The writer, therefore, should provide the detailed information arranged in a professional writing style and having thorough background. In some cases, it may be necessary to prove the existence of a trend before discussing the cause and effect. The following paragraphs should contain convincing arguments supported by the adequate source material. A professional writer should anticipate the possibility of reader's objection in advance, and try to find some persuasive arguments to make his own ideas at least as plausible as those of a reader. It is ultimately important to maintain a professional and reasonable voice within the entire body of the cause and effect essay. This includes avoidance of insulting or absolutist expressions. Such phrases as "it is obvious" or "it is the fact of common knowledge" should be avoided and substituted with professionally stated factual material supported by the properly formatted references. It is also necessary to avoid expressions that make an essay sound uncertain or dilettantish. The writer may be humorous and playful, but the writing style should still remain competent and authoritative. Cause and Effect analysis helps you to think through causes of a problem thoroughly. Their major benefit is that they push you to consider all possible causes of the problem, rather than just the ones that are most obvious. The approach combines brainstorming with use of a type of Concept Map.Cause and Effect Diagrams are also known as Fishbone Diagrams. The box and line can be thought of as the head and spine of the fish. How to use tool: Follow these steps to solve a problem with a Cause and Effect diagram: 1. Identify the problem: Write down the exact problem you face in detail. Where appropriate identify who is involved, what the problem is, and when and where it occurs. Write the problem in a box on the left hand side of a large sheet of paper. Draw a line across the paper horizontally from the box. This gives you space to develop ideas. 2. Work out the major factors involved: Next identify the factors that may contribute to the problem. Draw lines off the spine for each factor, and label it. These may be people involved with the problem, systems, equipment, materials, external forces, etc. Try to draw out as many possible factors as possible. If you are trying to solve the problem as part of a group, then this may be a good time for some brainstorming! Using the 'Fish bone' analogy, the factors you find can be though of as the bones of the fish. 3. Identify possible causes: For each of the factors you considered in stage ii, brainstorm possible causes of the problem that may be related to the factor. Show these as smaller lines coming off the