Unit 6 Section a I. Background Knowledge The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster At 5: 46: 51 AM, on January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7. 2 earthquake occurred around Kobe City in Japan. The earthquake magnitude was defined by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) The earthquake was named "the 1995 South Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake"(or the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu Earthquake) by JMA. It was also referred to as"the Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster"by the Japanese government II. Text analy The essay focuses on one central theme; earthquake prediction, (paral) prevention( para2) nd preparation(para3--6) One characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the writing is a general statement supported by details Para. 1 Ideally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be Para 2; This part deals with how to prevent the great destruction of property caused Topic sentence: People would also like to be able to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes Para3--6 This part is about how people need to prepare themselves for the possibility of a great earthquake Topic: People in areas where earthquakes are common need to prepare for the possibility of a great Para 7, This part serves as a conclusion: even if prediction becomes possible in the future, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improving building structures and III. Language Points 1.观察某物以获取 /小心等待 to watch sth for./to watch for (L 4) 他一直在等待着恰当的时机来表达对她的爱慕之情。 He has been watching for the right moment to express his feeling of love for her 2.爬出…/有∷结果 to come out of (L 6) 你的好心自然会有好报 ood reward will certainly come out of your good intention 3.据报道说以异常的方式做某事 to be reported to do sth in unusual patterns (. 9) 据报道说他们在以不寻常的方式庆祝胜利。 They are reported to be celebrating their victory in unusual patterns
Unit 6 Section A I. Background Knowledge The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster: At 5:46:51 AM, on January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred around Kobe City in Japan. The earthquake magnitude was defined by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The earthquake was named “the 1995 South Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake” (or the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu Earthquake) by JMA. It was also referred to as “the Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster” by the Japanese government. II. Text Analysis The essay focuses on one central theme; earthquake prediction,(para1) prevention(para2) and preparation(para3--6). One characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the writing is a general statement supported by details. Para. 1 Ideally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be. Para 2;This part deals with how to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes? Topic sentence：People would also like to be able to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes. Para3--6This part is about how people need to prepare themselves for the possibility of a great earthquake. Topic：People in areas where earthquakes are common need to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. Para 7;This part serves as a conclusion: even if prediction becomes possible in the future, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improving building structures and by being personally prepared. III. Language Points 1. 观察某物以获取······ / 小心等待 to watch sth. for… / to watch for (L. 4) 他一直在等待着恰当的时机来表达对她的爱慕之情。 He has been watching for the right moment to express his feeling of love for her. 2.爬出······ / 有······ 结果 to come out of (L. 6) 你的好心自然会有好报。 Good reward will certainly come out of your good intention. 3. 据报道说以异常的方式做某事 to be reported to do sth. in unusual patterns (L. 9) 据报道说他们在以不寻常的方式庆祝胜利。 They are reported to be celebrating their victory in unusual patterns
4.抵御地震的力量 to withstand the power of earthquakes (L. 18) 经受不住艰难困苦考验的友谊不可能长久 Any friendship that can t withstand the trial of hardships is not likely to last long 5是关注的重点 to be a major concern(L. 18) 怎样防止非典的卷土重来 resurgence)是公众关注的重点之一。 How to prevent the resurgence of sARS is one of the major concerns among the public 6.把某物插入……中/中间 to insert sth in/into/between (L. 26) 麦氏公司( Maxwell house)在一家报纸上曾刊登了一则广告:滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。 The Maxwell House inserted in a newspaper an advertisement: Good to the last drop 7.将某物包入/装入… to enclose sth. in 他随信附上了一张生日贺卡,上面写着贺词——愿这小小的卡片化作朵朵白云,捎去我无尽 的祝福 Enclosed in his letter was a birthday card, on which was a message -Turn my little card into white clouds that take my endless blessings to you 8.为…的可能性作好防备 to prepare for the possibility of ..(L. 30) 大学生活的目的就是使我们为未来可能出现的挑战做好准备 活学活用 The purpose of college life is to prepare us for the possibility of future challenges 9.把某物附加在/依附于 to attach sth to..(L 31) 她深深眷恋着与他共享过的美好时光 She is fondly attached to the good old days she shared with him 10.使水饮用安全 to make water safe to drink(L. 37) 对我们来说,重要的是如何使我们的校园生活过得有意义、有成效。 What matters to us is how to make our campus life meaningful and fruitful 11.手边备有某物 to keep sth. handy(L. 41) 同样重要的是,采取什么措施才能使我们的青少年远离毒品 Also important is what measures to take to keep our teenagers far away from drugs 12.扑灭/生产/投资/发挥 to put out (L. 42) 他演讲结束时呼吁大学生在大学学习期间发挥出全部的主观能动性 ech ended in an appeal to college students to put out all their subjective initiative during the course of college studies 13.就…取得一致意见 to agree on (L. 49) 不同的人对人生有不同的解释,很难取得一致的看法 Different people attach different meanings to life, on which it is hard for them to agree
4. 抵御地震的力量 to withstand the power of earthquakes (L. 18) 经受不住艰难困苦考验的友谊不可能长久。 Any friendship that can’t withstand the trial of hardships is not likely to last long. 5.是关注的重点 to be a major concern (L. 18) 怎样防止非典的卷土重来(resurgence)是公众关注的重点之一。 How to prevent the resurgence of SARS is one of the major concerns among the public. 6. 把某物插入 ……中／中间 to insert sth. in / into / between (L. 26) 麦氏公司(Maxwell House)在一家报纸上曾刊登了一则广告：滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。 The Maxwell House inserted in a newspaper an advertisement : Good to the last drop. 7. 将某物包入／装入······ to enclose sth. in … (L. 28) 他随信附上了一张生日贺卡，上面写着贺词——愿这小小的卡片化作朵朵白云,捎去我无尽 的祝福。 Enclosed in his letter was a birthday card, on which was a message —Turn my little card into white clouds that take my endless blessings to you. 8. 为······的可能性作好防备 to prepare for the possibility of … (L. 30) 大学生活的目的就是使我们为未来可能出现的挑战做好准备。 活学活用 The purpose of college life is to prepare us for the possibility of future challenges. 9. 把某物附加在 / 依附于 ······ 之上 to attach sth. to … (L. 31) 她深深眷恋着与他共享过的美好时光。 She is fondly attached to the good old days she shared with him. 10. 使水饮用安全 to make water safe to drink (L. 37) 对我们来说，重要的是如何使我们的校园生活过得有意义、有成效。 What matters to us is how to make our campus life meaningful and fruitful. 11. 手边备有某物 to keep sth. handy (L. 41) 同样重要的是,采取什么措施才能使我们的青少年远离毒品。 Also important is what measures to take to keep our teenagers far away from drugs. 12. 扑灭 / 生产／投资 ／发挥 to put out (L. 42) 他演讲结束时呼吁大学生在大学学习期间发挥出全部的主观能动性。 His speech ended in an appeal to college students to put out all their subjective initiative during the course of college studies. 13. 就······取得一致意见 to agree on (L. 49) 不同的人对人生有不同的解释，很难取得一致的看法。 Different people attach different meanings to life, on which it is hard for them to agree
14.忙于做某事 to be busy with/doing sth. (L 53) 贪官一旦被提拔到更高的职位,就会忙于滥用职权 Once promoted to a higher position, a corrupt official will be busy abusing his power 15.登记/报到 to check in(L. 56) 他昨晚在这个旅馆用假名登记住宿但今早他又结帐离开了。 He checked in at this hotel under a false name last night but this morning he checked out 16.对∴了解甚多 to learn a great deal about(L. 58) 通过这本书,你可以了解许多有关非洲的风土人情 With this book, you can learn a great deal about the conditions and customs of Africa 17.精确预测地震 to predict earthquakes with accuracy(L. 61) 卫星系统可以帮助人类非常精确地绘制地图 The satellite system can help man draw maps with great 有抵抗力/抵制力 to be resistant to..(L. 63) 使自己远离疾病的最好途径是通过锻炼身体增强对疾病的抵抗力。 The best way of keeping yourself far away from diseases is to build up your resistance to them by exercising 19.在……方面/使…大不一样 to make a great difference in /to..(L. 65) 对我们来说,生男生女都一样 It makes no difference to us whether the baby is a girl or a boy 20.关于如何做某事的教育 education concerning how to do sth (L. 65) 关于环境保护的法规仍不完善 The laws and regulations concerning the environmental protection are still far from perfect RRA]: After all, most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings Therefore, building structures that can withstand the power of earthquakes is a major concern. (L III. Expressions Patterns 1. Typical patterns for reasoning After all…‘(理由) Therefore,… "is a major concern/ emphasis.(观点) 要知道/毕竟,…所以 是关注的重点 要知道,多数在地震中丧生的人都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的。所以,建造具有抗震能力的楼 房结构成为关注的重点 应用:a要知道,我们仍然是一个发展中国家。所以,如何使我们的国民经济保持可持续 发展将是关注的重点。 After all, we are still a developing country. Therefore, how to keep our economic development sustainable will be a major concern 应用:b.要知道,未来社会更看重具备综合素质的人才。所以,对大学生的全面教育应是 大学改革的重点所在
14. 忙于做某事 to be busy with / doing sth. (L. 53) 贪官一旦被提拔到更高的职位,就会忙于滥用职权。 Once promoted to a higher position, a corrupt official will be busy abusing his power. 15. 登记 / 报到 to check in (L. 56) 他昨晚在这个旅馆用假名登记住宿但今早他又结帐离开了。 He checked in at this hotel under a false name last night but this morning he checked out. 16. 对······了解甚多 to learn a great deal about (L. 58) 通过这本书，你可以了解许多有关非洲的风土人情。 With this book, you can learn a great deal about the conditions and customs of Africa. 17. 精确预测地震 to predict earthquakes with accuracy (L. 61) 卫星系统可以帮助人类非常精确地绘制地图。 The satellite system can help man draw maps with great accuracy. 18. 对······有抵抗力 / 抵制力 to be resistant to… (L. 63) 使自己远离疾病的最好途径是通过锻炼身体增强对疾病的抵抗力。 The best way of keeping yourself far away from diseases is to build up your resistance to them by exercising. 19. 在······方面 ／使······大不一样 to make a great difference in / to… (L. 65) 对我们来说，生男生女都一样。 It makes no difference to us whether the baby is a girl or a boy. 20. 关于如何做某事的教育 education concerning how to do sth. (L. 65) 关于环境保护的法规仍不完善。 The laws and regulations concerning the environmental protection are still far from perfect. 原句: After all, most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings. Therefore, building structures that can withstand the power of earthquakes is a major concern. (L. 15) III. Expressions & Patterns 1. Typical patterns for reasoning After all, …(理由) Therefore, …is a major concern / emphasis. (观点) 要知道／毕竟，······ 所以，······是关注的重点。 要知道，多数在地震中丧生的人都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的。所以，建造具有抗震能力的楼 房结构成为关注的重点。 应用： a. 要知道，我们仍然是一个发展中国家。所以，如何使我们的国民经济保持可持续 发展将是关注的重点。 After all, we are still a developing country. Therefore, how to keep our economic development sustainable will be a major concern. 应用： b. 要知道，未来社会更看重具备综合素质的人才。所以，对大学生的全面教育应是 大学改革的重点所在
After all, the future society will attach more weight to those with comprehensive qualities Therefore, carrying out all-round education on students should be a major emphasis for the college eforms 2)Sth./Sb. seems to…, but not if…某人/物似乎 但如果…就不 原句 Steel seems to be the best material, but not if it is welded to form a rigid structure. ( L. 19) 钢似乎是最佳的建材,但一旦被焊接成僵硬的结构就不行了。 应用:a.因特网似乎是人类所知的最好的信息源,但如果遭到电脑病毒的大规模袭击就不 行了。 The Internet seems to be the best information source ever known to man, but not if it is subjected to a large-scale attack of computer viruses 应用:b.容貌似乎是她在演艺界成功的关键但如果她缺乏内在素质就不行了。 Good looks seem to be the key to her success in the show business, but not if she lacks genuine core FRG: Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are common need to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. (L. 29) 2. Typical patterns for further suggestion 1)Besides/In addition to/Apart from working/seeking to..., sb. needs 除了设法∷外,某人也/还需要∷ 除了设法改善建筑结构外,地震频发区的人们也需要为可能发生的大地震做好防备工作 应用:a.除了设法提高自己的文化水平外,一个大学生还需要提高自己的道德修养 Besides seeking to improve his her intellectual level, a college student needs to refine his /her moral taste 应用:b.除了设法改革课程结构外,校方还需最大限度地丰富校园生活 Besides seeking to reform the structures of courses, the university needs to enrich the campus life to the fullest RA]: lt is also important to have something that can clean water and kill bacteria, so water from other sources can be made safe to drink. (L 36 Ill. Expressions Patterns 2) It is also important(orsb.) to do sth,so…( clause)做某事(对某人)也很重要,这样 储备一些可以净化水和消灭病菌的东西也很重要,这样就可以安全饮用其他来源的水了。 应用:a.培养一种高尚的情操对一个人也是很重要的,这样就可以使其生活脱离低级趣味 It is also important for a person to cultivate a noble sentiment, so his /her life can be kept fre from bad taste 应用:b.了解目标语的文化背景也是很重要的这样就可以大大加快你语言学习的速度。 It is also important to know the cultural background of the target language, so your language learning can be greatly accelerated 1): Perhaps most interesting, and most easily measured, is a chemical change in ground water before a quake(. 10) 3. Typical patterns for emphasis Perhaps most/Particularly adj /PP, and most adj /PP, is 也许最/尤其…也最 也许最有趣、也最容易测量的,是地震前地下水发生的化学变化
After all, the future society will attach more weight to those with comprehensive qualities. Therefore, carrying out all-round education on students should be a major emphasis for the college reforms. 2) Sth. / Sb. seems to…, but not if … 某人 ／ 物似乎······, 但如果······就不······ 原句: Steel seems to be the best material, but not if it is welded to form a rigid structure. (L. 19) 钢似乎是最佳的建材,但一旦被焊接成僵硬的结构就不行了。 应用：a. 因特网似乎是人类所知的最好的信息源，但如果遭到电脑病毒的大规模袭击就不 行了。 The Internet seems to be the best information source ever known to man, but not if it is subjected to a large-scale attack of computer viruses. 应用：b. 容貌似乎是她在演艺界成功的关键,但如果她缺乏内在素质就不行了。 Good looks seem to be the key to her success in the show business, but not if she lacks genuine core. 原句:Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are common need to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. (L. 29) 2. Typical patterns for further suggestion 1) Besides / In addition to / Apart from working / seeking to…, sb. needs to… 除了设法······外, 某人也 / 还需要······ 除了设法改善建筑结构外，地震频发区的人们也需要为可能发生的大地震做好防备工作。 应用：a. 除了设法提高自己的文化水平外，一个大学生还需要提高自己的道德修养。 Besides seeking to improve his / her intellectual level, a college student needs to refine his / her moral taste. 应用：b. 除了设法改革课程结构外，校方还需最大限度地丰富校园生活。 Besides seeking to reform the structures of courses, the university needs to enrich the campus life to the fullest. 原句:It is also important to have something that can clean water and kill bacteria, so water from other sources can be made safe to drink. (L. 36) III. Expressions & Patterns 2) It is also important (for sb.) to do sth., so …(clause) 做某事(对某人)也很重要，这样······ 储备一些可以净化水和消灭病菌的东西也很重要，这样就可以安全饮用其他来源的水了。 Back 应用：a. 培养一种高尚的情操对一个人也是很重要的，这样就可以使其生活脱离低级趣味。 It is also important for a person to cultivate a noble sentiment, so his / her life can be kept free from bad taste. 应用：b. 了解目标语的文化背景也是很重要的,这样就可以大大加快你语言学习的速度。 It is also important to know the cultural background of the target language, so your language learning can be greatly accelerated. 1):Perhaps most interesting, and most easily measured, is a chemical change in ground water before a quake. (L. 10) 3. Typical patterns for emphasis Perhaps most / Particularly + adj. / PP, and most + adj. / PP, is… 也许最／尤其······、 也最······的，是······ 也许最有趣、也最容易测量的，是地震前地下水发生的化学变化
应用:a.也许最难能可贵、也最令人钦佩的,是他出污泥而不染的品质 Perhaps most remarkable, and most admirable, is his virtue of remaining honest in spite of general corruption. 应用:b.尤其令人神往,也最令人难忘的,是这里的美景给我们的心灵所带来的震撼。 Particularly fascinating, and most unforgettable, is the extent to which the beautiful scenery here has shocked our souls 原句 2)Also important is an arrangement for family members to communicate if there is an earthquake (L.50) Also+adj( for sb.)is…(if/when…) (对某人来讲)同样…的是 句型提炼 同样重要的是安排好家人地震时的联络方式 应用:a.目前对政府来讲同样紧迫的是如何广开就业门路 Also pressing for the government at present is how to open all available channels for employment 应用:b.对于家长同样要紧的是教会孩子在遇到危险的时候如何保护自己 V. Writing Writing (原因分析类) 1.简述某一事物的变化情况 2.说明引起变化的原因 3.分析其影响或走向 Changes in great Natural disasters Worldwide 写作模式(原因分析类) 1)As can be seen from the graph /table /diagram, there have been drastic /considerable/ unfavorable changes in…(议论的主题) over the past period from_to_2) To be concrete, only…in_(year)whie/ whereas the ratio(s) went up to…in_(year)(变化概述)3) These changes are most disturbing so it is necessary for us to go into the whys and wherefores of them ( Para. 1) 4) Some changes, such as . result from . but many others have much to do with. .5)In the first place, mans excessive exploitation of has done a lasting damage to…; only to…(原因分析I)6)…(进一步说明)7) In the second, in order to…, man has had to overwork…, which in turn has accelerated…(原因分析I)8) In the third,man’ s blind application of… has caused permanent changes in…(原因分析Ⅲ)9) Among these changes are…,(进一步说明)Para2)10) The list of causes could go on but they are already enough to indicate that these changes are producing more and more negative effects on the world. 11)These changes not only…; but also…(分析)12) If allowed to run its course, I fimly believe/Iam afraid, this trend will certainly bring more harm/threats to our society /life. ('h it a)(Para. 3) The Changes in Great Natural Disasters Worldwide 1.简述所给图表中的变化 2.说明引起变化的主要原因。 3.分析这些变化对全球的影响 1)As can be seen from the graph, there have been rapid changes in the great natural disasters
应用：a. 也许最难能可贵、也最令人钦佩的，是他出污泥而不染的品质。 Perhaps most remarkable, and most admirable, is his virtue of remaining honest in spite of general corruption. 应用：b. 尤其令人神往，也最令人难忘的，是这里的美景给我们的心灵所带来的震撼。 Particularly fascinating, and most unforgettable, is the extent to which the beautiful scenery here has shocked our souls. 原句: 2)Also important is an arrangement for family members to communicate if there is an earthquake. (L. 50) Also ＋ adj. (for sb.) is …(if / when…) (对某人来讲)同样······的是······ 句型提炼 同样重要的是安排好家人地震时的联络方式。 应用：a. 目前对政府来讲同样紧迫的是如何广开就业门路。 Also pressing for the government at present is how to open all available channels for employment. 应用：b. 对于家长同样要紧的是教会孩子在遇到危险的时候如何保护自己。 IV. Wtriting Writing （原因分析类） The Changes in Something 1. 简述某一事物的变化情况 2. 说明引起变化的原因 3. 分析其影响或走向 Changes in Great Natural Disasters Worldwide 写作模式（原因分析类） 1) As can be seen from the graph / table / diagram, there have been drastic / considerable / unfavorable changes in …(议论的主题)over the past period from __ to __. 2) To be concrete, … only… in __(year) while / whereas the ratio(s) went up to…in __ (year).(变化概述) 3) These changes are most disturbing, so it is necessary for us to go into the whys and wherefores of them first. (Para. 1) 4) Some changes, such as …, result from …, but many others have much to do with … 5) In the first place, man’s excessive exploitation of … has done a lasting damage to …, only to … (原因分析I)6) … (进一步说明) 7) In the second, in order to …, man has had to overwork …, which in turn has accelerated … (原因分析 II) 8) In the third, man’s blind application of … has caused permanent changes in …(原因分析 III) 9) Among these changes are ... (进一步说明)(Para. 2)10) The list of causes could go on, but they are already enough to indicate that these changes are producing more and more negative effects on the world. 11) These changes not only …, but also…(分析) 12) If allowed to run its course, I firmly believe / I am afraid, this trend will certainly bring more harm / threats to our society / life.(结论句) (Para. 3) The Changes in Great Natural Disasters Worldwide 1. 简述所给图表中的变化。 2. 说明引起变化的主要原因。 3. 分析这些变化对全球的影响。 1) As can be seen from the graph, there have been rapid changes in the great natural disasters
worldwide over the past period from 1960s to 1990s. 2) To be concrete, there were only 16 terrible natural disasters, causing 300,000 deaths in 1960s while the ratios went up respectively to 131 and 1990s.3)Th to go result from the movement of plates along the weaknesses in the earth's crust, but many others have much to do with man's activities. 5) In the first place, man's mindless and excessive exploitation of natural resources has done a lasting damage to the ecosystem, only to invite more floods, landslides and mud-rock flows. 6) The rare flood to which China was subjected in 1998 is typical of the evil seeds man had sowed for himself. 7)In the second, in order to feed their more and larger families, people from all over the world have had to overwork their farming land as well as their grassland, which in turn has accelerated the desertification of the land on which they have been relying for existence. 8)In the third, man's blind application of scientific findings has caused unfavorable and permanent changes in the global living environment. 9)Among these changes are the depletion of ozone layer, the worsening of greenhouse effect, the recurrence of hurricanes and the extinction of more species. 10) The list of causes could go on, but they are already enough to indicate that these changes are producing more and more negative effects on the world. 11)They have not only made it impossible for the natural systems to recover their balance but also made it harder for man to ensure his better survival. 12)If allowed to run its course, I am afraid this trend will certainly bring more serious threats to all the living things on the Earth, mankind included Section b I. Reading Skills Scanning involves searching for details or isolated facts(see Unit 1) whereas skimming is to ead quickly in order to get the general idea of a passage. Skimming requires the reader to note only information and clues which provide an idea of the central theme or topic of a piece of writing Skimming When you skim, you read only selected sentences in order to get the main idea. You should also use textual clues such as italicized or underlined words, headlines or subtitles, spacing, paragraphing, etc. Do not read every word or sentence. Once you have a general idea about an article you may decide to read the entire selection carefully, or only to scan for specific pieces of information in order to answer questions which have occurred to you When you skim, you probably have to move your eyes faster than when you scan although the same steps of reading are involved. Of course, the key step is to decide what information you want to know, and then try to skim for it The following are some examples from Passage A in this unit to explain how to skim for th particular information that a reader is interested in After having a brief look at the title of the reading passage, you might want to know. Where shall I find the information about earthquake prediction, prevention and preparation? To skim for the places for the information in question, the reader actually just needs to ead the first sentence of each paragraph in the text Sentence 1, Paragraph 1 tells him/her that this is the place for information about earthquake prediction; Sentence 1, Paragraph 2 for information about earthquake prevention; the first sentence of Paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6 for information about
worldwide over the past period from 1960s to 1990s. 2) To be concrete, there were only 16 terrible natural disasters, causing 300,000 deaths in 1960s while the ratios went up respectively to 131 and 1,100,000 in 1990s. 3) The changes are disturbing, so it is necessary for us to go into the whys and wherefores of them first.4) Some changes, such as those in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, result from the movement of plates along the weaknesses in the earth’s crust, but many others have much to do with man’s activities. 5) In the first place, man’s mindless and excessive exploitation of natural resources has done a lasting damage to the ecosystem, only to invite more floods, landslides and mud-rock flows. 6) The rare flood to which China was subjected in 1998 is typical of the evil seeds man had sowed for himself. 7) In the second, in order to feed their more and larger families, people from all over the world have had to overwork their farming land as well as their grassland, which in turn has accelerated the desertification of the land on which they have been relying for existence. 8) In the third, man’s blind application of scientific findings has caused unfavorable and permanent changes in the global living environment. 9) Among these changes are the depletion of ozone layer, the worsening of greenhouse effect, the recurrence of hurricanes and the extinction of more species.10) The list of causes could go on, but they are already enough to indicate that these changes are producing more and more negative effects on the world. 11) They have not only made it impossible for the natural systems to recover their balance but also made it harder for man to ensure his better survival. 12) If allowed to run its course, I am afraid, this trend will certainly bring more serious threats to all the living things on the Earth, mankind included. Section B I. Reading Skills Scanning involves searching for details or isolated facts (see Unit 1) whereas skimming is to read quickly in order to get the general idea of a passage. Skimming requires the reader to note only information and clues which provide an idea of the central theme or topic of a piece of writing. Skimming When you skim, you read only selected sentences in order to get the main idea. You should also use textual clues such as italicized or underlined words, headlines or subtitles, spacing, paragraphing, etc. Do not read every word or sentence. Once you have a general idea about an article you may decide to read the entire selection carefully, or only to scan for specific pieces of information in order to answer questions which have occurred to you.When you skim, you probably have to move your eyes faster than when you scan although the same steps of reading are involved. Of course, the key step is to decide what information you want to know, and then try to skim for it. The following are some examples from Passage A in this unit to explain how to skim for the particular information that a reader is interested in. After having a brief look at the title of the reading passage, you might want to know: Where shall I find the information about earthquake prediction, prevention and preparation? To skim for the places for the information in question, the reader actually just needs to read the first sentence of each paragraph in the text. Sentence 1, Paragraph 1 tells him/her that this is the place for information about earthquake prediction; Sentence 1, Paragraph 2 for information about earthquake prevention; the first sentence of Paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6 for information about
preparation against earthquake After reading two paragraphs, you might want to know: How should people get red earthquake? Since the reader now knows where the information about earthquake preparation these relevant(有关的) paragraphs, skimming for the answer which is offered as follows 1. regularly check and reinforce their homes,(Para. 3) 2. have supplies of water and food at home and at work; Para. 4) 3. keep a fire extinguisher handy, etc ; (Para. 5) 4. have earthquake emergency plans.(Para. 6) Now skim Passage B for the answers to the following questions in three minutes 1. Where can you find the information about the formation and development of the earth? 2. When was the Earth formed? 3. When did the first human beings walk the earth? 1. In Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5. You can get the answer by reading the first sentence of these aragraphs very quickly 2. About 5 billion years ago. (Para 3)You can have the answer by just skimming for the words the earth”and“ formed 3. About 3 million years ago. Para 4)You can get the answer by just skimming for the words"the first human beings 4. Which section is about men ' s control over natural resources 5. which section is about the balance of nature? 4. Section 2. You get the answer only by noticing the spacing and reading the headline of the 5. Section 3. You have the answer only by noticing the spacing and reading the headline of the II. Text analy Part l; (para 1--5 )despite the short time of human beings on earth. man has brought about enormous changes Part 2(para 6--10) people try to control all the natural resources Part 3(para 1l---14)all the harmful results concerning the imbalance of nature come from the too much use of resources and the human struggle to control the environment III. Language Points I A single tree may seem large compared to a person(para 2) compared to/ with, in comparison with eg: I'm quite a patient person, compared with him 跟他相比,我算是有耐心的。 Compared to the place where I grew up, this town is exciting 与我成长的地方比,这个镇热闹多了
preparation against earthquake. After reading two paragraphs, you might want to know: How should people get prepared for an earthquake? Since the reader now knows where to get the information about earthquake preparation, he/she may move his/her eyes very quickly down these relevant (有关的) paragraphs, skimming for the answer, which is offered as follows: 1. regularly check and reinforce their homes; (Para. 3) 2. have supplies of water and food at home and at work; (Para. 4) 3. keep a fire extinguisher handy, etc.; (Para. 5) 4. have earthquake emergency plans. (Para. 6) Directions: Now skim Passage B for the answers to the following questions in three minutes. 1. Where can you find the information about the formation and development of the Earth? 2. When was the Earth formed? 3. When did the first human beings walk the Earth? 1. In Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5. You can get the answer by reading the first sentence of these paragraphs very quickly. 2. About 5 billion years ago. (Para. 3) You can have the answer by just skimming for the words “the Earth” and “formed”. 3. About 3 million years ago. (Para. 4) You can get the answer by just skimming for the words “the first human beings”. 4. Which section is about men’s control over natural resources? 5. Which section is about the balance of nature? 4. Section 2. You get the answer only by noticing the spacing and reading the headline of the section. 5. Section 3. You have the answer only by noticing the spacing and reading the headline of the section. II. Text Analysis Part 1;(para 1--5)despite the short time of human beings on earth. man has brought about enormous changes. Part 2 (para 6--10) people try to control all the natural resources Part 3 (para 11---14) all the harmful results concerning the imbalance of nature come from the too much use of resources and the human struggle to control the environment III. Language Points 1 A single tree may seem large compared to a person (para 2) compared to / with; in comparison with eg; I’m quite a patient person, compared with him 跟他相比，我算是有耐心的。 Compared to the place where I grew up, this town is exciting. 与我成长的地方比，这个镇热闹多了
2 In other words, things in nature are large or small, new or old, only in accordance with the In other words; that is to say, expressed in a different eg: I other words, you have to do all the exercises from page 10 to 12 换言之,你们得做10到12页上的所有练习 The mobile library services have been reorganized-in other words, they visit fewer places 移动图书馆的服务重新做了调整,也就是说,他们去的地方少了 3. oo only in accordance with the measures and the comparisons involved in accordance with; in agreement or harmony with eg: We are required to act in accordance with his instructions 我们被要求依照他的指示办事 Deeds should be in accordance with words 与行应该一致 4. The Earth was formed about 5 million years ago from a rotating form . from: make sth from eg: These substances are formed from a mixture of liquids 这些物质是由不同的确液体混合而成的。 There is a proposal to form a new polital party from those breaking away from the major groups 有人提议,由从各大组织中分化出来的人组成一个新的政党 5. The oceans began to develop an enormous sy stem of living things, with many divers forms of lives, all dependent on one another. ( Para. 4) diverse forms of life different forms life all dependent on one another: all the forms of life being dependent on one another 6. The first animals on this living sphere, the Earth,. (Para. 4) 1)an object shaped like a round ball At the top of each column is sphere of white marble 每一根柱子的顶端有一个白色大理石圆球 2)a range or area of activity Many countries have difficulties in the economic sphere 许多国家在经济方面遇到了困难 During the Cold War, Western Europe was America's sphere of influence 冷战期间,西欧是美国的势力范围。 7. About 200 million years ago, warm-blooded animals took to the air-the first birds. Para 4) Take to 1) begin to do(sth )as a practice, habit, ete When he learned of eht usefulness of foreign languages, he took to studying english with great zeal 当他知道外语的用处后,就开始以极大的热情学习英语。 He seemed such a lovely child; I took to him immediately 他看上去是那么可爱的一个男孩,我立刻喜欢上了他 3)go to(a place) for rest, hiding, etc
2 In other words, things in nature are large or small, new or old, only in accordance with the measure and the comparison involved. In other words; that is to say, expressed in a different way eg; I other words,you have to do all the exercises from page 10 to 12 换言之，你们得做 10 到 12 页上的所有练习。 The mobile library services have been reorganized—in other words, they visit fewer places. 移动图书馆的服务重新做了调整，也就是说，他们去的地方少了。 3．。。only in accordance with the measures and the comparisons involved in accordance with; in agreement or harmony with eg; We are required to act in accordance with his instructions 我们被要求依照他的指示办事。 Deeds should be in accordance with words 言与行应该一致。 4．The Earth was formed about 5 million years ago from a rotating ,…. form….from; make sth from eg; These substances are formed from a mixture of liquids 这些物质是由不同的确液体混合而成的。 There is a proposal to form a new polital party from those breaking away from the major groups 有人提议，由从各大组织中分化出来的人组成一个新的政党。 5．The oceans began to develop an enormous system of living things,with many divers forms of lives ,all dependent on one another.(Para.4) diverse forms of life:different forms life all dependent on one another: all the forms of life being dependent on one another 6. The first animals on this living sphere, the Earth, ...(Para.4) Sphere:n. 1) an object shaped like a round ball At the top of each column is sphere of white marble. 每一根柱子的顶端有一个白色大理石圆球。 2）a range or area of activity Many countries have difficulties in the economic sphere. 许多国家在经济方面遇到了困难。 During the Cold War, Western Europe was America’s sphere of influence .冷战期间，西欧是美国的势力范围。 7. About 200 million years ago, warm-blooded animals took to the air-the first birds.(Para.4) Take to: 1） begin to do (sth.) as a practice, habit, ete. When he learned of eht usefulness of foreign languages, he took to studying English with great zeal. 当他知道外语的用处后，就开始以极大的热情学习英语。 2） be kind of favorable to: like He seemed such a lovely child; I took to him immediately 他看上去是那么可爱的一个男孩，我立刻喜欢上了他。 3) go to (a place) for rest,hiding,etc
He was forced to take to his bed 他被迫卧床休息 8. In terms of the evolution of life on Earth, human beings have just arrived (para. 5) in terms of; from . point of view with regards to The work is not profitable in terms of cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it 从钱的角度来说,这份工作并不有利可图,但我从中获得了宝贵的经验。 In terms of money, the old man is very rich, but not in terms of happiness 从钱的角度来说,这个老人很富有,但就幸福而言,他却不是这样 evolution; n a)the development of living things over thousands of years from simple early forms The Theory of evolution is advanced by Darwin 进化论是由达尔文提出的 In the course of evolution, some birds have lost their power of flight 在进化过程中,一些鸟丧失了飞行的能力 b)the process of gradual development and change, evolving The evolution of modern motor car is an interesting subjest 现代汽车的发展是一个很有趣的课题 9.ooo changes far out of proportion to the interval of time they have occupied it. (para 5) The price of this suit is out of all proportion to its value 这套西服的价格与它的价值不成比例。 He was fined 1,000 dollars for spitting. The fine was out of all proportion to the seriousness of the offence 因为随地吐痰被罚1,000美金,罚金与过错的严重程度不太成比例。 10.o o o it becomes increasingly difficult for the population to survive on the resources of the land. (Para. 8) survived on: continue live on or exist by He survived in the desert for a week on biscuits and wate 他在沙漠中靠饼干和水维持了一个星期。 future increases will surely bring about poverty and suffering. (Para. 8) The reform and opening-up has brought about profound changes to the mountain regions 改革开放给山区带来了深刻的变化。 Science and technology has brought about great changes in our lives 科学技术给我们的生活带来了很大的变化 12. As they consume these resources without restraint they also waste amounts of 1)restraining or being restrained He showed great restraint even though he was very angry 尽管他很生气,但他表现得很克制。 他怒不可遏 2)a thing that restrains or controls
He was forced to take to his bed 他被迫卧床休息。 8．In terms of the evolution of life on Earth,human beings have just arrived (para.5) 1） in terms of; from ….point of view;with regards to The work is not profitable in terms of cash,but I am getting valuable experience from it. 从钱的角度来说，这份工作并不有利可图，但我从中获得了宝贵的经验。 In terms of money,the old man is very rich,but not in terms of happiness. 从钱的角度来说，这个老人很富有，但就幸福而言，他却不是这样。 2）evolution; n a) the development of living things over thousands of years from simple early forms The Theory of evolution is advanced by Darwin. 进化论是由达尔文提出的。 In the course of evolution,some birds have lost their power of flight 在进化过程中，一些鸟丧失了飞行的能力. b) the process of gradual development and change;evolving The evolution of modern motor car is an interesting subjest. 现代汽车的发展是一个很有趣的课题。 9．。。。changes far out of proportion to the interval of time they have occupied it.(para 5) out of (all) proportion to; too large, serious, important, etc. The price of this suit is out of all proportion to its value. 这套西服的价格与它的价值不成比例。 He was fined 1,000 dollars for spitting.The fine was out of all proportion to the seriousness of the offence. 他因为随地吐痰被罚 1，000 美金，罚金与过错的严重程度不太成比例。 10．。。。it becomes increasingly difficult for the population to survive on the resources of the land.(Para.8) survived on:continue live on or exist by He survived in the desert for a week on biscuits and wate. 他在沙漠中靠饼干和水维持了一个星期。 11……future increases will surely bring about poverty and suffering.(Para.8) bring about:cause to happen The reform and opening-up has brought about profound changes to the mountain regions. 改革开放给山区带来了深刻的变化。 Science and technology has brought about great changes in our lives .科学技术给我们的生活带来了很大的变化。 12．As they consume these resources without restraint,they also waste large amounts of them.(para 8) restraint; n 1) restraining or being restrained He showed great restraint even though he was very angry 尽管他很生气，但他表现得很克制。 His rage was beyond restraint 他怒不可遏。 2) a thing that restrains or controls
At that time the young man was suffering from the restraints of illness and poverty 当时,这位年轻人贫病交加 He hates the restraints of life in a small town 他讨厌小镇生活的约束 13. Yet their numbers create a drain on resources that can't be renewed. (para 9) Drain; n sth that drains, empties, or uses up All this spending is a drain on the money I have saved through hard work 这些花费极大得消耗了我辛苦劳作攒下的一点积蓄 Working day and night is a great drain on his strength and health 没日没夜的工作对他的精力和健康消耗极大 14. All natural systems tend towards balance among opposing factors or forces. paral2) oppose; vt, disagree with, often by speaking or fighting again Mr smith has personally opposed joining the organization 史密斯先生个人反对加入组织。 Parents and children are on opposing sides of most arguments. 在大部分的争论中,父母和孩子总是处于相反的立场。 Be opposed to, disapprove strongly They are strongly opposed to the development of nuclear weapons 他们强烈反对发展核武器。 He and his colleagues were opposed to the plan 他和他的同事门强烈反对这个计划 15. Cleaning this smoke has exceeded the protective ability of natural processes. (para. 12) exceed; vt, be greater than(a number or amount), or go beyond(a certain limit) If the cost exceeds the budget, the hospital will pay, but conversely, if the actual cost is heaper, the hospital profits 如果花费超过了预算,有医院付钱,但反之,如果实际费用低于预算,医院就赢利 My husbands weekly lunch bills exceed my monthly income 我丈夫每周午餐的花费超过了我的月收入。 16. Why is there the threat of global warming?(para 14) Threat.n 1)a person, thing or idea regarded sa a possible danger Those people present a true threat to the community 那些人对社会构成了真正的威胁。 This was regarded by the government as a possible threat to national security 政府认为着对国家安全构成了威胁 2)an expression of an intention to hurt, punish, cause pain etc he refused to consider his wife's threat to leave him 他的妻子扬言要离开他,但他拒绝考虑这一威胁。 He was under the threat that his aged mother would be killed 有人扬言要将他的老母亲杀了, 3)a suggestion that sth, unpleasant will happen There was a threat of winter in the air 从空气中可以感到寒冬即将来临 The threat of bankruptcy hung over the company
At that time the young man was suffering from the restraints of illness and poverty 当时，这位年轻人贫病交加。 He hates the restraints of life in a small town. 他讨厌小镇生活的约束。 13．Yet their numbers create a drain on resources that can’t be renewed.(para 9) Drain; n sth that drains, empties, or uses up All this spending is a drain on the money I have saved through hard work. 这些花费极大得消耗了我辛苦劳作攒下的一点积蓄。 Working day and night is a great drain on his strength and health. 没日没夜的工作对他的精力和健康消耗极大。 14．All natural systems tend towards balance among opposing factors or forces.(para12) oppose; vt, disagree with, often by speaking or fighting against Mr smith has personally opposed joining the organization. 史密斯先生个人反对加入组织。 Parents and children are on opposing sides of most arguments. 在大部分的争论中，父母和孩子总是处于相反的立场。 Be opposed to; disapprove strongly They are strongly opposed to the development of nuclear weapons. 他们强烈反对发展核武器。 He and his colleagues were opposed to the plan. 他和他的同事门强烈反对这个计划。 15.Cleaning this smoke has exceeded the protective ability of natural processes.(para.12) exceed;vt,be greater than(a number or amount),or go beyond(a certain limit) If the cost exceeds the budget, the hospital will pay, but conversely, if the actual cost is cheaper, the hospital profits. 如果花费超过了预算，有医院付钱，但反之，如果实际费用低于预算，医院就赢利。 My husband’s weekly lunch bills exceed my monthly income. 我丈夫每周午餐的花费超过了我的月收入。 16．Why is there the threat of global warming?（para 14） Threat;n 1) a person ,thing or idea regarded sa a possible danger Those people present a true threat to the community 那些人对社会构成了真正的威胁。 This was regarded by the government as a possible threat to national security. 政府认为着对国家安全构成了威胁 2) an expression of an intention to hurt,punish,cause pain etc. he refused to consider his wife’s threat to leave him 他的妻子扬言要离开他，但他拒绝考虑这一威胁。 He was under the threat that his aged mother would be killed 有人扬言要将他的老母亲杀了， 3) a suggestion that sth ,unpleasant will happen. There was a threat of winter in the air 从空气中可以感到寒冬即将来临。 The threat of bankruptcy hung over the company