Unit 9 Section A Looking to the 2 1st Century I Back ground Information 1. THE FUTURIST The futurist is a bi-monthly magazine published since 1967 by the World Future Society and is a principal benefit of membership, read by 25,000 members worldwide. Edited by Edward Cornish, former president of the World Future Society, THE FUTURIST takes no stand on what the future will or should be like The magazine strives to serve as a neutral clearinghouse of ideas Each article and department item includes the name and address of an author or source to contact for more information and expand your network. Each issue contains feature articles written by outstanding experts in a wide range of fields: business, creativity, education, economics environment and resources, values, and more. In addition, several departments offer shorter news riefs, book reviews, and other items of interest from a variety of sources 2. The World Future Society Located in Maryland, it produces five publications, manages a bookstore. Mem bership is open to anyone who would like to know more about what the future will hold. The society was founded in 1966 and is chartered as a nonprofit educational and scientific organization in Washington D. C, united states. The Society strives to serve to serve as a neutral clearinghouse for ideas about the future. Ideas about the future include forecasts, recommendations, and the next 5. 10 or more years ahead. When people can visualize a better future, then they can begin to create it 3. More Recent Advances in computer Science The trend during the 1970s was, to some extent, moving away from very powerful, single purpose computers and toward a larger range of applications for cheaper computer systems. Most continuous-process manufacturing, such as petroleum refining and electrical-power distribution systems, now used computers of smaller capability for controlling and regulating their jobs. In the 1960,s, the problems in programming applications were an obstacle to the independence of medium sized on-site computers, but gains in applications programming language technologies removed these obstacles. Applications languages were now available for controlling a great range of manufacturing processes, for using machine tools with computers, and for many other things. Moreover, a new revolution in computer hardware was under way, involving shrinking of computer-logic circuitry and of components by what are called large-scale integration(LSI) techniques. In the 1950s it was realized that "scaling down"the size of electronic digital computer circuits and parts would increase speed and efficiency and by that, improve performance, if they could only find a way to do this. About 1960 photo printing of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring became more developed. Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by the same process. In the 1970,s, vacuum deposition of transistors became the norm, and entire assemblies, with adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny"chips "In the 1980s, very large scale integration(VLSi,in which hundreds of thousands of transistors were placed on a single chip, became more and more
Unit 9 Section A Looking to the 21stCentury I. Background Information 1. THE FUTURIST The futurist is a bi-monthly magazine published since 1967 by the World Future Society and is a principal benefit of membership, read by 25,000 members worldwide. Edited by Edward Cornish, former president of the World Future Society, THE FUTURIST takes no stand on what the future will or should be like. The magazine strives to serve as a neutral clearinghouse of ideas. Each article and department item includes the name and address of an author or source to contact for more information and expand your network. Each issue contains feature articles written by outstanding experts in a wide range of fields: business, creativity, education, economics, environment and resources, values, and more. In addition, several departments offer shorter news briefs, book reviews, and other items of interest from a variety of sources. 2. The World Future Society Located in Maryland, it produces five publications, manages a bookstore. Membership is open to anyone who would like to know more about what the future will hold. The society was founded in 1966 and is chartered as a nonprofit educational and scientific organization in Washington D.C., united states. The Society strives to serve to serve as a neutral clearinghouse for ideas about the future. Ideas about the future include forecasts, recommendations, and alternative scenarios. These ideas help people to anticipate what may happen in the next 5, 10, or more years ahead. When people can visualize a better future, then they can begin to create it. 3. More Recent Advances in computer Science The trend during the 1970's was, to some extent, moving away from very powerful, single - purpose computers and toward a larger range of applications for cheaper computer systems. Most continuous-process manufacturing, such as petroleum refining and electrical-power distribution systems, now used computers of smaller capability for controlling and regulating their jobs. In the 1960's, the problems in programming applications were an obstacle to the independence of medium sized on-site computers, but gains in applications programming language technologies removed these obstacles. Applications languages were now available for controlling a great range of manufacturing processes, for using machine tools with computers, and for many other things. Moreover, a new revolution in computer hardware was under way, involving shrinking of computer-logic circuitry and of components by what are called large-scale integration (LSI) techniques. In the 1950s it was realized that "scaling down" the size of electronic digital computer circuits and parts would increase speed and efficiency and by that, improve performance, if they could only find a way to do this. About 1960 photo printing of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring became more developed. Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by the same process. In the 1970's, vacuum deposition of transistors became the norm, and entire assemblies, with adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny "chips." In the 1980's, very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors were placed on a single chip, became more and more
common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The"shrinking"trend continued with the introduction of personal computers(PCs), which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals. Many companies, such as Apple Computer and Radio Shack, introduced very successful PCs in the 1970s, encouraged in part by a fad in computer(video) games. In the 1980s some friction occurred in the crowded PC field, with Apple and IBM keeping strong. In the manufacturing of semiconductor chips, the Intel and Motorola Corporations were very competitive into the 1980s, although Japanese firms were making strong economic advances, especially in the area of memory chips. By the late 1980s, some personal computers were run by microprocessors that, handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process about 4,000,000 instructions per second. Microprocessors equipped with ead-only memory(ROM), which stores constantly used, unchanging programs, now performed an increased number of process-control, testing, monitoring, and diagnosing functions, like automobile ignition systems, automobile-engine diagnosis, and production-line inspection duties Cray Research and Control Data Inc. dominated the field of supercomputers, or the most powerful computer systems, through the 1970s and 1980s. In the early 1980s, however, the Japanese government announced a gigantic plan to design and build a new generation of supercomputers. This new generation, the so-called"fifth"generation, is using new technologies in very large integration, along with new programming languages, and will be capable of amazing feats in the area of artificial intelligence, such as voice recognition. Progress in the area of software has not matched the great advances in hardware. Software has become the major cost of many systems because programming productivity has not increased very quickly. New programming techniques, such as object-oriented programming, have been developed to help relieve this problem. Despite difficulties with software, however, the cost per calculation of computers is rapidly lessening, and their convenience and efficiency are expected to increase in the early future. The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Computer networking computer mail, and electronic publishing are just a few of the applications that have grown in computers offering the promise that in the near future, computers or terminals will reside in most if not all homes, offices, and schools II. Text Analysis Text structure The passage views the tremendous changes in the 21st century from eight aspects, and predicts the important roles that the computers will play artI (paras. 1-4) your future is decided by your own actions Part ll( paras. 5-8)One's brainwave can help in measuring one's abil Partlll(paras. 9-11)computers can help the doctor to diagnose your disease PartlV(paras. 12-16) your car will be almost entirely controlled by computers Part V(paras. 17-21)Computers will be a necessity at home Part VI(paras. 22-27)New trends in work Part Vll(paras 28-31)More and more people concern about the environment Part VIll(paras. 32-35) New ideas about health
common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The "shrinking" trend continued with the introduction of personal computers (PC's), which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals. Many companies, such as Apple Computer and Radio Shack, introduced very successful PC's in the 1970s, encouraged in part by a fad in computer (video) games. In the 1980s some friction occurred in the crowded PC field, with Apple and IBM keeping strong. In the manufacturing of semiconductor chips, the Intel and Motorola Corporations were very competitive into the 1980s, although Japanese firms were making strong economic advances, especially in the area of memory chips. By the late 1980s, some personal computers were run by microprocessors that, handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process about 4,000,000 instructions per second. Microprocessors equipped with read-only memory (ROM), which stores constantly used, unchanging programs, now performed an increased number of process-control, testing, monitoring, and diagnosing functions, like automobile ignition systems, automobile-engine diagnosis, and production-line inspection duties. Cray Research and Control Data Inc. dominated the field of supercomputers, or the most powerful computer systems, through the 1970s and 1980s. In the early 1980s, however, the Japanese government announced a gigantic plan to design and build a new generation of supercomputers. This new generation, the so-called "fifth" generation, is using new technologies in very large integration, along with new programming languages, and will be capable of amazing feats in the area of artificial intelligence, such as voice recognition. Progress in the area of software has not matched the great advances in hardware. Software has become the major cost of many systems because programming productivity has not increased very quickly. New programming techniques, such as object-oriented programming, have been developed to help relieve this problem. Despite difficulties with software, however, the cost per calculation of computers is rapidly lessening, and their convenience and efficiency are expected to increase in the early future. The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Computer networking, computer mail, and electronic publishing are just a few of the applications that have grown in recent years. Advances in technologies continue to produce cheaper and more powerful computers offering the promise that in the near future, computers or terminals will reside in most, if not all homes, offices, and schools. II. Text Analysis Text structure The passage views the tremendous changes in the 21st century from eight aspects, and predicts the important roles that the computers will play. Part I (paras.1—4) your future is decided by your own actions. PartⅡ (paras.5—8) One’s brainwave can help in measuring one’s ability. PartⅢ (paras.9—11) computers can help the doctor to diagnose your disease. PartⅣ (paras.12—16) your car will be almost entirely controlled by computers. PartⅤ (paras.17—21) Computers will be a necessity at home. PartⅥ (paras.22—27) New trends in work. PartⅦ (paras.28—31) More and more people concern about the environment. PartⅧ (paras.32—35) New ideas about health
The writer presents the prediction for the 2It century with general statements, which are supported by details. Each general statement has been numbered for quick scanning Just look at Number 6 in the reading passage. We find that the topic for this part is"the changing face of work and the workplace" To describe the changes, the writer organizes five short paragraphs in this part The first paragraph is about the general statement The second one is about the womens role in work The third one is about people's changing career The fourth one is about the role of information and knowledge at workplace The fifth one is about the role of specialists And from the second paragraph to the fifth paragraph are details to support the general Ill. Language Points New Words phrases 1. edit (a bo film et e.g. a chief editor主编,总编辑 a managing editor编辑主任 edit: v. a: to prepare(as literary material) for publication or public presentation b: to assemble (as a moving picture or tape recording) by cutting and rearranging c: to alter, adapt, or refine especially to bring about conformity to a standard or to suit a particular purpose <carefully e.g The teacher is editing famous speeches for use in school books.老师正在把有名的讲稿 编辑成学校教科书。 e.g Parents should not impose their own tastes on their children.父母不应该将自己的爱好强 加给孩子 The university is unwilling to impose upon students the heavy responsibility of choosing their own courses.这所大学不愿将选择课程的重大责任强压给学生 3. beyond: prep. Outside the limits of eg. beyond our power非我们能力所及 beyond doubt毫无疑义 beyond compare无与伦比的 beyond praise令人赞叹不已的 4. work on( upon): have( something)as the subject of thought or effort e.g The scientists are still working on inventing new methods of reaching outer space. N 仍在努力探索进入外层空间的新方法。 Is Tom still working on the new book that he promised?汤姆还在写那本他答应写的书吗? 5. predict: v. say in advance e.g One can look to the future but can' t predict the future.人可以展望未来,但无法预测未 来 They predict that about twenty percent of the students will fail to pass the examination. ftfn] 预测将有20%的学生考试不及格 6. analysis: n. examination of something e.g The analysis of the samples on the murder spot showed some valuable clues to the police 对谋杀现场标本的分析为警察提供了一些有价值的线索
The writer presents the prediction for the 21st century with general statements, which are supported by details. Each general statement has been numbered for quick scanning. Just look at Number 6 in the reading passage. We find that the topic for this part is “the changing face of work and the workplace”. To describe the changes, the writer organizes five short paragraphs in this part. The first paragraph is about the general statement. The second one is about the women’s role in work. The third one is about people’s changing career. The fourth one is about the role of information and knowledge at workplace. The fifth one is about the role of specialists. And from the second paragraph to the fifth paragraph are details to support the general statement in the first paragraph. III. Language Points New Words & Phrases 1. editor: n. a person who prepares ( a boo, newspaper, film, etc.) e.g. a chief editor 主编，总编辑 a managing editor 编辑主任 edit: v. a : to prepare (as literary material) for publication or public presentation b : to assemble (as a moving picture or tape recording) by cutting and rearranging c : to alter, adapt, or refine especially to bring about conformity to a standard or to suit a particular purpose e.g. The teacher is editing famous speeches for use in school books. 老师正在把有名的讲稿 编辑成学校教科书。 2. impose on (upon) : force on; place on e.g. Parents should not impose their own tastes on their children. 父母不应该将自己的爱好强 加给孩子。 The university is unwilling to impose upon students the heavy responsibility of choosing their own courses. 这所大学不愿将选择课程的重大责任强压给学生。 3. beyond : prep. Outside the limits of e.g. beyond our power 非我们能力所及 beyond doubt 毫无疑义 beyond compare 无与伦比的 beyond praise 令人赞叹不已的 4. work on ( upon) : have ( something) as the subject of thought or effort e.g. The scientists are still working on inventing new methods of reaching outer space. 科学家 仍在努力探索进入外层空间的新方法。 Is Tom still working on the new book that he promised? 汤姆还在写那本他答应写的书吗？ 5. predict: v. say in advance e.g. One can look to the future but can’t predict the future. 人可以展望未来，但无法预测未 来。 They predict that about twenty percent of the students will fail to pass the examination. 他们 预测将有 20%的学生考试不及格。 6. analysis : n. examination of something e.g. The analysis of the samples on the murder spot showed some valuable clues to the police. 对谋杀现场标本的分析为警察提供了一些有价值的线索
analvze v.分析 analyst n.分析家,化验员 analytic a.分析的,解析的 7. monitor: vt. Watch for a period of time for a special purpose 乎 e.g. The instruments monitor the patients heartbeats这些仪器监测着病人的心跳。 more and more: increasing over time e.g As time went on, he found it more and more difficult to support his family.随着时间的推 移,他发现养家越来越困难了 Her life was heading more and more where she wanted it to go.她的生活正越来越朝着她 所希望的方向发展 9. diagnosis: n discovery of the nature of a disease e.g. The doctor' s diagnosis is that he' just got a bad cold.医生诊断他只得了重感冒。 diagnose: vt. discover the nature of a disease 10. interactive. a 1)communicating between the user and the machine e.g This will make computer games more interactive than ever.这使得电脑游戏中人机之间 比以前更能互通信息 ng e. g Student- centered teaching is interactive teaching in the classroom.以学生为中心的教学 是一种在课堂上师生双向互动的教学方法。 interact y to communicate with or react to e.g. Dominiques teacher says that she interacts well with the other children It's interesting at parties to see how people interact sociall We are studying how these two chemicals interact 11. alternative 1)a. giving a choice from among more than two things eg I will not be able to meet you on Monday; you must think of an alternative plan.我周一不 能见你,你得另作安排。 2)n. serious choice: something that can be chosen instead e.g If you want to reach Boston in time for the meeting, you must go by air; there is no alternative如果你想按时到波士顿参加会议,只能坐飞机去,别无选择。 12. pay for 1)suffer the result of e.g He stopped me from getting that job and I' m going to make him pay for it.当初他不让我 接那个工作,现在我要让他为此付出代价 2) ey to a e.g. I paid $50 for that coat bill for: give or send a bill stating how much money one has to pay for goods or services eg. He has been billed for not parking in the right place他因停车地方不当而吃了罚单 13. purchase: D)n. something that you buy e.g. How do you wish to pay for your purchase?你希望以何种方式付款? 2)vt buy e.g. Theyve just purchased a new house in the country 14. survive: v continue to live especially after coming close to death
analyze vt. 分析 analyst n. 分析家，化验员 analytic a. 分析的，解析的 7. monitor: vt. Watch for a period of time for a special purpose e.g. The instruments monitor the patient’s heartbeats. 这些仪器监测着病人的心跳。 8. more and more: increasing over time e.g. As time went on, he found it more and more difficult to support his family. 随着时间的推 移，他发现养家越来越困难了。 Her life was heading more and more where she wanted it to go. 她的生活正越来越朝着她 所希望的方向发展。 9. diagnosis : n. discovery of the nature of a disease e.g. The doctor’s diagnosis is that he’s just got a bad cold. 医生诊断他只得了重感冒。 diagnose : vt. discover the nature of a disease 10. interactive : a. 1) communicating between the user and the machine e.g. This will make computer games more interactive than ever. 这使得电脑游戏中人机之间 比以前更能互通信息。 2）acting on each other e.g. Student-centered teaching is interactive teaching in the classroom.以学生为中心的教学 是一种在课堂上师生双向互动的教学方法。 interact: v to communicate with or react to: e.g. Dominique's teacher says that she interacts well with the other children. It's interesting at parties to see how people interact socially. We are studying how these two chemicals interact. interaction : n. 11. alternative : 1) a. giving a choice from among more than two things e.g. I will not be able to meet you on Monday; you must think of an alternative plan. 我周一不 能见你，你得另作安排。 2）n. serious choice; something that can be chosen instead e.g. If you want to reach Boston in time for the meeting, you must go by air; there is no alternative.如果你想按时到波士顿参加会议，只能坐飞机去，别无选择。 12. pay for : 1) suffer the result of e.g. He stopped me from getting that job and I’m going to make him pay for it. 当初他不让我 接那个工作，现在我要让他为此付出代价。 2）pay some money to acquire something e.g. I paid $50 for that coat. bill for : give or send a bill stating how much money one has to pay for goods or services e.g. He has been billed for not parking in the right place.他因停车地方不当而吃了罚单。 13. purchase: 1) n. something that you buy e.g. How do you wish to pay for your purchase?你希望以何种方式付款? 2) vt. buy e.g. They’ve just purchased a new house in the country. 14. survive : v. continue to live especially after coming close to death
e.g Only the young couple survived, but others died in the accident.只有那对年轻夫妇幸免 于难,其他人都在这场事故中丧生了 It was uncertain whether we could survive the terrible storm 5. at risk: in dange e.g The disease is spreading, and all children under 5 are at risk.疾病正在蔓延,5岁以下的 儿童都有被传染的危险 16. under siege: in a state of being cut off from other contact or under a long attack e.g We should try our best to send supplies to the city that has been under siege我们应尽力向 被围困的城里输送供给品 Dorder as a medicine or treatment e.g The doctor prescribed a new medicine for the pain in my bones.医生开了一种新药治我的 关节痛 2)state( what must be done) e.g The agreement prescribes the price of the things we are going to purchase.协议规定了我 们要买的东西的价格。 Sentences Paraphrase 1. The responsibility we have for the future begins when we recognize that we ourselves create that the future is not something imposed upon us by fate or other forces beyond our control Meaning: It is we who are responsible for the future. When we know that we ourselves create the future, that is, when we realize that it is we, not fate nor other forces beyond our control o determine the future, our responsibility begins Note: The second that-clause is the explanation of the first that-clause 2. Frequent computer analysis could tell whether workers, like air traffic controllers, are seeing all activity clearly enough to monitor it properly Meaning: Frequent computer analysis could tell us whether workers, such as air traffic rollers, have a clear picture of all the activity in front of them so that they can control the a pro 3. Home computers will enable you to answer interactive questions about your health and show the al ternative results should you act in a certain way Meaning: Home computers will enable you to answer your and the computers questions about your health and show the difference results for you to choose if you decide to act in a certain Note: here"should” is used in place of“if If+subject+should+verb"is often used as "Should+subject+verb"in British English g Should you change your mind, let us know.(=If you should change your mind, let us now)如果你改变了主意,就告诉我们。 Should you see Harry, give him my regards. ( If you should see Harry, give him my regard.)要是你见到哈利,替我问候他 4. Computer enable homework assignments to be done with worldwide resources, using sites like museums and science facilities around the world
e.g. Only the young couple survived, but others died in the accident. 只有那对年轻夫妇幸免 于难，其他人都在这场事故中丧生了。 It was uncertain whether we could survive the terrible storm. 15. at risk : in danger e.g. The disease is spreading, and all children under 5 are at risk. 疾病正在蔓延，5 岁以下的 儿童都有被传染的危险。 16. under siege: in a state of being cut off from other contact or under a long attack e.g. We should try our best to send supplies to the city that has been under siege.我们应尽力向 被围困的城里输送供给品。 17. prescribe : v. 1) order as a medicine or treatment e.g. The doctor prescribed a new medicine for the pain in my bones.医生开了一种新药治我的 关节痛。 2) state ( what must be done) e.g. The agreement prescribes the price of the things we are going to purchase. 协议规定了我 们要买的东西的价格。 Sentences Paraphrase 1. The responsibility we have for the future begins when we recognize that we ourselves create the future ------- that the future is not something imposed upon us by fate or other forces beyond our control. Meaning: It is we who are responsible for the future. When we know that we ourselves create the future, that is, when we realize that it is we, not fate nor other forces beyond our control, who determine the future, our responsibility begins. Note: The second that-clause is the explanation of the first that-clause. 2. Frequent computer analysis could tell whether workers, like air traffic controllers, are seeing all activity clearly enough to monitor it properly. Meaning: Frequent computer analysis could tell us whether workers, such as air traffic controllers, have a clear picture of all the activity in front of them so that they can control the activity in a proper way. Note: here “it” refers to “activity” 3. Home computers will enable you to answer interactive questions about your health and show the alternative results should you act in a certain way. Meaning: Home computers will enable you to answer your and the computer’s questions about your health and show the difference results for you to choose if you decide to act in a certain way. Note: here “should” is used in place of “if” “If+subject+should+verb” is often used as “ Should+subject+verb” in British English. e.g. Should you change your mind, let us know. ( = If you should change your mind, let us know.) 如果你改变了主意，就告诉我们。 Should you see Harry, give him my regards. ( = If you should see Harry, give him my regard.) 要是你见到哈利，替我问候他。 4. Computer enable homework assignments to be done with worldwide resources, using sites like museums and science facilities around the world
Meaning: As they use sites such as museums and science facilities around the world, computers provide resources across the world for students that help them do their homework easily 5. People are changing careers on average every ten years now, instead of staying in a job for life Meaning: People are changing their professions every ten years usually; they don't remain in 6. Now governments and businesses realize bad air and water pollution affect everyone, making it difficult for cities to survive and for businesses to make a profit Meaning: Now governments and businesses have realized that bad air and polluted water have a negative influence upon all people; as a result this makes it difficult for cities to continue to exist and for companies to make money 7. Many European countries and the United States check vehicles for gas and smoke emissions to make sure the levels are below the permitted output Meaning: Many European countries and the United States carry out checks on automobiles to control the quantity of gas and smoke sent out from them and limit it to the permitted level 8. Although pills for tension, heart conditions, weight and other life-threatening conditions are prescribed by Western doctors, most now require patients to develop healthy lifestyles by changing diets and exercising more to keep well Meaning: Although Western doctors prescribe medicines for tensions, heart disease, weight and other serious diseases, most doctors now ask patients to change diets and do more exercise to keep well and develop healthy lifestyle Section b Trends for the 2lst Century I. Text analysis The passage lists some trends in different fields in the 21 century. This makes us wake up to the challenges we will face, and the tasks we have to accomplish in the coming new century Part I (paras. I---2) The opening paragraphs: the information from surveys shows that important trends emerge in each field Part II (paras3---21) Different trends in the 21st century are listed Part Ill(paras22---23)Conclusions: Everyone must take part in solving the problems IL. Language points New words phrase 1)v. ask e.g. He posed a difficult question to me.他问了我一个很难的问题 2)vi. stand or sit in a particular position to be drawn, photographed, etc e.g She was employed by the art school to pose for students artists这个艺术学校雇她给学生 做模特。 2. survey 1)n. act of finding out information about something; study e.g. a survey of public opinion对舆论的调查 A survey shows that students today have more assignments to do.一项调查表明,现在学
Meaning: As they use sites such as museums and science facilities around the world, computers provide resources across the world for students that help them do their homework easily. 5. People are changing careers on average every ten years now, instead of staying in a job for life. Meaning: People are changing their professions every ten years usually; they don’t remain in one profession throughout their whole lives. 6. Now governments and businesses realize bad air and water pollution affect everyone, making it difficult for cities to survive and for businesses to make a profit. Meaning: Now governments and businesses have realized that bad air and polluted water have a negative influence upon all people; as a result this makes it difficult for cities to continue to exist and for companies to make money. 7. Many European countries and the United States check vehicles for gas and smoke emissions to make sure the levels are below the permitted output. Meaning: Many European countries and the United States carry out checks on automobiles to control the quantity of gas and smoke sent out from them and limit it to the permitted level. 8. Although pills for tension, heart conditions, weight and other life-threatening conditions are prescribed by Western doctors, most now require patients to develop healthy lifestyles by changing diets and exercising more to keep well. Meaning: Although Western doctors prescribe medicines for tensions, heart disease, weight and other serious diseases, most doctors now ask patients to change diets and do more exercise to keep well and develop healthy lifestyle. Section B Trends for the 21st Century I. Text Analysis The passage lists some trends in different fields in the 21st century. This makes us wake up to the challenges we will face, and the tasks we have to accomplish in the coming new century. Part I (paras.1---2) The opening paragraphs: the information from surveys shows that important trends emerge in each field. Part II (paras3---21) Different trends in the 21st century are listed. Part III (paras22---23) Conclusions: Everyone must take part in solving the problems. II. Language Points New Words & Phrases 1. pose: 1) vt. ask e.g. He posed a difficult question to me. 他问了我一个很难的问题。 2) vi. stand or sit in a particular position to be drawn, photographed, etc. e.g. She was employed by the art school to pose for students artists. 这个艺术学校雇她给学生 做模特。 2. survey: 1) n. act of finding out information about something; study e.g. a survey of public opinion 对舆论的调查 A survey shows that students today have more assignments to do. 一项调查表明，现在学
生的作业量增加了 2)vt. look at or consid e.g The engineers were asked to survey the damage done by the flood.工程师被请来察看水 灾造成的损失 3. permit 1)n official paper allowing something e.g. residence permit居住证 2)vt allow e.g Permit me to inform you that you are invited to the evening party.请允许我通知你,你被 邀请参加晚会 D)n.( the act or process of )reducing, becoming less e.g There has been a decrease in the number of young people out of work.年轻人的失业率下 降了 2)v reduce; become less e.g The population growth in that city is decreasing by I% each year.那个城市的人口增长 率每年下降1% I have spent a lot of money this week, so the amount of money in my account has decreased.这个星期我花了很多钱,所以我账户上的钱减少了。 Please notice that the verb"tend"is often followed by an infinitive verb, e.g She tends to lose her temper if you disagree with her.你要是不同意她的意见,她可能会 发火 Prices tend to rise at this time of year.每年这个时候物价往往会上涨 6.excessive: a. too much, too great e.g. She takes an excessive interest in clothes.她对服装过分感兴趣了。 one out of every five there is one in each five e.g. one out of every ten每十人中一人 one out of ten books十本书中一本 two out of five hotels五个旅馆中两个 8. decline:v 1)become worse or less e.g The number of staff has declined from12000to10000职工的人数从12万人降到了1 万人。 The value of the dollar on the world market has declined in recent years.最近几年美元在 世界市场上的价值已有所下降 2)refuse usually politely, being unwilling e.g The football star declined to answer the new writers question.那位足球明星拒绝回答新 闻记者的提问。 e.g If something is in decline, falling into decline, or on the decline, it is slowly growing aller. weaker. or worse. 9. amount: v equal to e.g. The words in the composition amount to500.这篇作文字数达到了500
生的作业量增加了。 2) vt. look at or consider as a whole e.g. The engineers were asked to survey the damage done by the flood. 工程师被请来察看水 灾造成的损失。 3. permit: 1) n. official paper allowing something e.g. residence permit 居住证 2) vt. allow e.g. Permit me to inform you that you are invited to the evening party. 请允许我通知你，你被 邀请参加晚会。 4. decrease: 1) n. ( the act or process of ) reducing, becoming less e.g. There has been a decrease in the number of young people out of work.年轻人的失业率下 降了。 2) v. reduce; become less e.g. The population growth in that city is decreasing by 1% each year. 那个城市的人口增长 率每年下降 1%。 I have spent a lot of money this week, so the amount of money in my account has decreased. 这个星期我花了很多钱，所以我账户上的钱减少了。 5. tend : v. be likely Please notice that the verb “tend” is often followed by an infinitive verb,. e.g. She tends to lose her temper if you disagree with her. 你要是不同意她的意见，她可能会 发火。 Prices tend to rise at this time of year. 每年这个时候物价往往会上涨。 6.excessive: a. too much; too great e.g. She takes an excessive interest in clothes. 她对服装过分感兴趣了。 7. one out of every five: there is one in each five e.g. one out of every ten 每十人中一人 one out of ten books 十本书中一本 two out of five hotels 五个旅馆中两个 8. decline: v. 1) become worse or less e.g. The number of staff has declined from 12,000 to 10,000. 职工的人数从 1.2 万人降到了 1 万人。 The value of the dollar on the world market has declined in recent years. 最近几年美元在 世界市场上的价值已有所下降。 2) refuse usually politely, being unwilling e.g. The football star declined to answer the new writer’s question. 那位足球明星拒绝回答新 闻记者的提问。 n. process of becoming worse or less e.g. If something is in decline, falling into decline, or on the decline, it is slowly growing smaller, weaker, or worse. 9. amount: v. equal to e.g. The words in the composition amount to 500.这篇作文字数达到了 500
Please notice that when"amount " is used as a verb it al ways takes the preposition"to 10. available: a able to be got, used, etc e.g. The house I want to buy will be available in June.我买的房子将于六月份交货 These shoes are not available in your size.这种鞋没有你的尺码 e.g He liked the job because he could utilize his skill and experience in it.他喜欢这工作,因 为用得上他的技术和经验 Why dont you utilize all the space on that page? 12. involve in: cause( someone or something)to be part of, included in, mixed with, or deeply concerned in( something or doing something) e.g How many of the children are involved in preparing for the party?孩子中有多少人参加 晚会的筹备工作? Dont involve me in your crime, I had nothing to do with it!别把我扯进你的罪案中,我 可与它毫无干系 Sentences Paraphrase affecting general health include excessive smoking and drinking of alcohol and Meaning: Things that influence general health are too much smoking, drinking, and polluted water 2. The population explosion on our planet has been increasing at an alarming rate but the rcentage of increase is decreasing Meaning: The population explosion is increasing at a shock speed but the percentage of this growth is declining 3. Fish farming is very efficient: producing a kilogram of fish utilize less than 2 kilograms of feed but it takes 2.2 kilograms of feed to produce I kilogram of chicken Meaning: Fish farming costs less but makes more profit: producing one kilogram of fish uses less than 2 kilograms of feed while producing one kilogram of chicken uses 2.2 kilograms of feed 4. Using fossil fuels for energy has not altered very much but wind energy use is increasing significantly. Meaning: Although fossil fuel use as energy has not changed much, wind is being used more and more for energy 5. Automobile production is down; bicycle production is up. Crowded highways, high gasoline costs, and ease of bicycling are three reasons for this change Meaning: Automobile production decreases while bicycle production increases. For this change there are three reasons: main roads are crowded; gasoline is expensive; and bicycling is 6. May we find new ways to accomplish the task Meaning: We hope very much that we can find new ways to solve the problem. Note: "may" here is used in the sense of" we/I hope very much that", usually with the subject following the verb e.g. May there never be another world war!但愿不会再有世界大战! May you pass the entrance examination.祝你能通过入学考试
Please notice that when “amount” is used as a verb it always takes the preposition “to” 10. available : a. able to be got, used, etc. e.g. The house I want to buy will be available in June. 我买的房子将于六月份交货。 These shoes are not available in your size. 这种鞋没有你的尺码。 11. utilize : vt. use; make use of e.g. He liked the job because he could utilize his skill and experience in it. 他喜欢这工作，因 为用得上他的技术和经验。 Why don’t you utilize all the space on that page? 12. involve in : cause ( someone or something) to be part of, included in, mixed with, or deeply concerned in ( something or doing something) e.g. How many of the children are involved in preparing for the party? 孩子中有多少人参加 晚会的筹备工作？ Don’t involve me in your crime; I had nothing to do with it! 别把我扯进你的罪案中，我 可与它毫无干系。 Sentences Paraphrase 1. Factors affecting general health include excessive smoking and drinking of alcohol and polluted water supplies. Meaning: Things that influence general health are too much smoking ,drinking, and polluted water. 2. The population explosion on our planet has been increasing at an alarming rate but the percentage of increase is decreasing. Meaning: The population explosion is increasing at a shock speed but the percentage of this growth is declining. 3. Fish farming is very efficient: producing a kilogram of fish utilize less than 2 kilograms of feed, but it takes 2.2 kilograms of feed to produce 1 kilogram of chicken. Meaning: Fish farming costs less but makes more profit: producing one kilogram of fish uses less than 2 kilograms of feed while producing one kilogram of chicken uses 2.2 kilograms of feed. 4. Using fossil fuels for energy has not altered very much but wind energy use is increasing significantly. Meaning: Although fossil fuel use as energy has not changed much, wind is being used more and more for energy. 5. Automobile production is down; bicycle production is up. Crowded highways, high gasoline costs, and ease of bicycling are three reasons for this change. Meaning: Automobile production decreases while bicycle production increases. For this change there are three reasons: main roads are crowded; gasoline is expensive; and bicycling is easy. 6. May we find new ways to accomplish the task. Meaning: We hope very much that we can find new ways to solve the problem. Note: “ may” here is used in the sense of “ we/I hope very much that”, usually with the subject following the verb. e.g. May there never be another world war! 但愿不会再有世界大战！ May you pass the entrance examination. 祝你能通过入学考试
III. Translation 展望21世纪 1.你的未来 未来并不是有其自身决定的。今天的行动决定着未来。 世界未来协会出版的《未来学家》杂志的编辑爱德华科尼什指出: 当我们认识到创造未来的正是我们自己,即未来不是由命运或其他不可抗拒的力量强 加于我们的,我们也就开始肩负了对未来的责任。我们通过自己的所为和所不为创造着未 来 2.你的大脑 也许可以通过检查你的脑电波来了解你是否很忙、很累或者工作得是否正常 心理学家阿瑟费·克雷默对一些正在做算术题的志愿者做过测试。通过所测量到的它们 头部脑电波活动的强度,他能够预测他们的成绩。 那么未来会是个什么样子呢?老板可以通过测量大脑活动情况来了解工人的素质。采用 频繁的电脑分析,能够了解到工作人员,如飞行调度员,是否对工作全局一目了然,从而做 好各自的工作 3.你的医生 医生们将不再依靠教科书,而是越来越多地运用来自电脑的有关病人身体状况的直观信 息进行诊断和治疗。 家用电脑可以让你通过交互方式回答有关你健康状况的问题,还会告诉你你的某种行为 方式会带来哪些不同的结果 4.你的汽车 汽车几乎将全部由电脑控制 为支付道路建设成本,使用高速收费公路的汽车必须付费。电脑会记录下汽车的通行情 况,并自动从车主的电脑银行账户上扣除费用。 电脑会在汽车里的一个小屏幕上向驾驶员显示汽车所经过地区的地图 电脑会诊断出汽车引擎的各种问题。电脑网络会显示出最近的修理站点,标出新零件的 价格以及在那里出售等。 5.电脑家庭 近年来在美国售出的电脑有半数以上将成为西方家庭生活的必需品。电脑已经在家庭中 发挥的未来功能有 在人们下班回来之前,电脑会打开电灯、暖气和其他基本的家庭设施。做饭、烧热水和 安全系统都由电脑控制。 有了电脑,人们可以通过世界各地诸如博物馆和科学设施等网址,利用世界各地的资料 来完成家庭作业。做家庭作业时,既可以向本地的图书馆,也可以向远在纽约和伦敦等地方 的图书馆和数据库查询。还可以向世界各地的老师和同学求教 许多购物者在家里通过网上供应商订购食品杂货,所购货物会送上门来。 6.工作场所 在西方社会,影响最深远的方面莫过于工作和工作场所形式的不断变化了。 如今妇女占劳动者数量的一半以上:随着她们建立起了自己的小公司,且常常在家上班 这一比例还在上升 如今,人们不再是一辈子只干一个行当,而是平均每十年就换一个工作。 随着以信息和知识为基础的行业不断增多,中层管理者数量在不断减少。高级管理者掌 握着与一线员工协调所需的多有信息
III. Translation 展望 21 世纪 1. 你的未来 未来并不是有其自身决定的。今天的行动决定着未来。 世界未来协会出版的《未来学家》杂志的编辑爱德华·科尼什指出： “当我们认识到创造未来的正是我们自己，即未来不是由命运或其他不可抗拒的力量强 加于我们的，我们也就开始肩负了对未来的责任。我们通过自己的所为和所不为创造着未 来。” 2. 你的大脑 也许可以通过检查你的脑电波来了解你是否很忙、很累或者工作得是否正常。 心理学家阿瑟·费·克雷默对一些正在做算术题的志愿者做过测试。通过所测量到的它们 头部脑电波活动的强度，他能够预测他们的成绩。 那么未来会是个什么样子呢？老板可以通过测量大脑活动情况来了解工人的素质。采用 频繁的电脑分析，能够了解到工作人员，如飞行调度员，是否对工作全局一目了然，从而做 好各自的工作。 3. 你的医生 医生们将不再依靠教科书，而是越来越多地运用来自电脑的有关病人身体状况的直观信 息进行诊断和治疗。 家用电脑可以让你通过交互方式回答有关你健康状况的问题，还会告诉你你的某种行为 方式会带来哪些不同的结果。 4. 你的汽车 汽车几乎将全部由电脑控制。 为支付道路建设成本，使用高速收费公路的汽车必须付费。电脑会记录下汽车的通行情 况，并自动从车主的电脑银行账户上扣除费用。 电脑会在汽车里的一个小屏幕上向驾驶员显示汽车所经过地区的地图。 电脑会诊断出汽车引擎的各种问题。电脑网络会显示出最近的修理站点，标出新零件的 价格以及在那里出售等。 5. 电脑家庭 近年来在美国售出的电脑有半数以上将成为西方家庭生活的必需品。电脑已经在家庭中 发挥的未来功能有： 在人们下班回来之前，电脑会打开电灯、暖气和其他基本的家庭设施。做饭、烧热水和 安全系统都由电脑控制。 有了电脑，人们可以通过世界各地诸如博物馆和科学设施等网址，利用世界各地的资料 来完成家庭作业。做家庭作业时，既可以向本地的图书馆，也可以向远在纽约和伦敦等地方 的图书馆和数据库查询。还可以向世界各地的老师和同学求教。 许多购物者在家里通过网上供应商订购食品杂货，所购货物会送上门来。 6. 工作场所 在西方社会，影响最深远的方面莫过于工作和工作场所形式的不断变化了。 如今妇女占劳动者数量的一半以上；随着她们建立起了自己的小公司，且常常在家上班， 这一比例还在上升。 如今，人们不再是一辈子只干一个行当，而是平均每十年就换一个工作。 随着以信息和知识为基础的行业不断增多，中层管理者数量在不断减少。高级管理者掌 握着与一线员工协调所需的多有信息
较之普通工人,专业人才的作用正变得更为重要 7.环境 在过去,环保知识一些特殊团体关注的事情。如今,政府和企业都认识到,受到污染的 空气和水会危害每一个人,会使城市难以生存,公司无利可图 英国的第一大城市伦敦常常遭受空气污染之苦,导致每年1000多人死亡。尤其是孩子 老人和吸烟者受到的危害更为严重。 许多欧洲国家和美国都对机动车的烟气排放进行检测,以确保低于规定的排放量。例如, 德国就有600个站点监控一氧化碳的排放量。 8.你的健康 健美和健康的生活方式已从属于少数人的时尚和爱好变成许多企业和政府的官方政策 吸烟这种习惯已不受欢迎。在许多地区禁止发布吸烟广告 然西方国家的医生仍在开具着治疗紧张、心脏病、肥胖及其他危及生命的疾病的处方, 但如今大多数医生要求病人改变饮食习惯和加强锻炼,以养成健康的生活方式,从而保 持健康 Passage B 21世纪的趋势 在今后的1000年里,我们的世界会面临哪些问题呢?社会科学家和经济学家、农业专 家和环境保护主义者提出了这个问题,并对调查所得的数据和信息进行了研究。 各个领域的专家都通过对变化的研究来了解该领域的状况。为了了解一个国家的经济状 况,经济学家对某个行业——如钢铁——的增长情况进行调查。为了了解该行业的状况,他 们可能会调查新房建造许可证的发放数量。所得资料显示出了增长或是减少的情况。结果发 现,每个领域都出现了重要的趋势 人口 人口情况对地球上的每个人都很重要。在大多数地区人们的寿命越来越长。但是在中欧, 由于卫生保健不如前几年,人的寿命正在缩短。影响大众健康的因素包括吸烟过度、酗酒以 及饮水污染 我们星球上的人口爆炸正在以惊人的速度加剧着,不过增长的百分比正在减小。地球上 每5个人中就有一个是中国人,但中国的人口增长已经减慢了。随着受教育的妇女数量的增 多,人口增长率正在下降 粮食生产 粮食产量似乎正在减少,这主要是由于气候的变化。暴风雨和洪水这类自然灾害毁掉了 许多庄稼。 由于可供饲养牛羊的土地减少,牛羊肉越来越少。不过鸡肉、火鸡肉和鱼的产量提高了 但海域的产量没有得到提高,只是人工养殖场的产量提高了 养鱼场的生产效率相当高:生产1公斤鱼只需要不到2公斤的饲料,而生产1公斤鸡肉 需要22公斤的饲料。生产1公斤牛肉需要7公斤谷物。因此,人们在将来可能会少吃牛羊 肉,多吃鱼类。 能源 以矿物燃料为能源的情况没有发生多大的变化,但是对风力的利用正越来越受到重视。 丹麦、德国、荷兰、英国和美国已开发了大型风力发电项目。中国、印度、墨西哥、新西兰 和乌克兰也正在开发风力发电。 核电厂提供的能源在稳步上升,但是在许多地区都因核电厂的有害肥料问题而使发展受
较之普通工人，专业人才的作用正变得更为重要。 7. 环境 在过去，环保知识一些特殊团体关注的事情。如今，政府和企业都认识到，受到污染的 空气和水会危害每一个人，会使城市难以生存，公司无利可图。 英国的第一大城市伦敦常常遭受空气污染之苦，导致每年 1000 多人死亡。尤其是孩子、 老人和吸烟者受到的危害更为严重。 许多欧洲国家和美国都对机动车的烟气排放进行检测，以确保低于规定的排放量。例如， 德国就有 600 个站点监控一氧化碳的排放量。 8. 你的健康 健美和健康的生活方式已从属于少数人的时尚和爱好变成许多企业和政府的官方政策。 吸烟这种习惯已不受欢迎。在许多地区禁止发布吸烟广告。 虽然西方国家的医生仍在开具着治疗紧张、心脏病、肥胖及其他危及生命的疾病的处方， 但如今大多数医生要求病人改变饮食习惯和加强锻炼，以养成健康的生活方式，从而保 持健康。 Passage B 21 世纪的趋势 在今后的 1000 年里，我们的世界会面临哪些问题呢？社会科学家和经济学家、农业专 家和环境保护主义者提出了这个问题，并对调查所得的数据和信息进行了研究。 各个领域的专家都通过对变化的研究来了解该领域的状况。为了了解一个国家的经济状 况，经济学家对某个行业——如钢铁——的增长情况进行调查。为了了解该行业的状况，他 们可能会调查新房建造许可证的发放数量。所得资料显示出了增长或是减少的情况。结果发 现，每个领域都出现了重要的趋势。 人口 人口情况对地球上的每个人都很重要。在大多数地区人们的寿命越来越长。但是在中欧， 由于卫生保健不如前几年，人的寿命正在缩短。影响大众健康的因素包括吸烟过度、酗酒以 及饮水污染。 我们星球上的人口爆炸正在以惊人的速度加剧着，不过增长的百分比正在减小。地球上 每 5 个人中就有一个是中国人，但中国的人口增长已经减慢了。随着受教育的妇女数量的增 多，人口增长率正在下降。 粮食生产 粮食产量似乎正在减少，这主要是由于气候的变化。暴风雨和洪水这类自然灾害毁掉了 许多庄稼。 由于可供饲养牛羊的土地减少，牛羊肉越来越少。不过鸡肉、火鸡肉和鱼的产量提高了。 但海域的产量没有得到提高，只是人工养殖场的产量提高了。 养鱼场的生产效率相当高：生产 1 公斤鱼只需要不到 2 公斤的饲料，而生产 1 公斤鸡肉 需要 2.2 公斤的饲料。生产 1 公斤牛肉需要 7 公斤谷物。因此，人们在将来可能会少吃牛羊 肉，多吃鱼类。 能源 以矿物燃料为能源的情况没有发生多大的变化，但是对风力的利用正越来越受到重视。 丹麦、德国、荷兰、英国和美国已开发了大型风力发电项目。中国、印度、墨西哥、新西兰 和乌克兰也正在开发风力发电。 核电厂提供的能源在稳步上升，但是在许多地区都因核电厂的有害肥料问题而使发展受
