Unit five Section A The Battle Against AIDS I. Background Information 1. AIDS AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a disease which destroys the natural method the body uses to protect against other diseases. It is a disease caused by the hiv Human Immunodeficiency Virus), but AIDS is different from HIV in that the former usually causes death while HIV may lead to AIDS. HIV is spread in three ways (1)contact with infected blood; (2) sex;(3)mother to child. AIDS usually develops in four stages: In the first stage, there is only infection by HIV and antibody(vf) production; (2)In the second stage the lymph nodes(淋巴结) enlarge肿大),(3) In the third stage, an infected person may begin to have such signs(E W)as tiredness, fever and night sweats;(4)In the last stage, AIDS is diagnosed when a person develops certain uncommon, life-threatening illness, for example, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(卡氏肺囊虫肺炎).In- depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can found http:/dailvnewsyahoocomm/c/healtalds---hIm(note:therearethreeunderscores()in the link 2. Latino(pl. Latinos) Latino(pl. Latinos )is the name given to Hispanic American citizens in the United States who share the Spanish language in common but may be from different races or religions and different Spanish speaking countries. Latinos are the fastest growing group in the U.s. and expected to more than double in size by 2020. For a comprehensive list of Latino resources on theInternetyoucancheckoutthewebpageathttplanic.utexas.edua/regin/hispanic 3. HIV HIV is the human immunodeficiency Virus. This is the virus that spreads through contact with infected blood, infected sexual partners or within the womb of an infected pregnant mother After infecting a person, HIV can remain hidden in the body for long and different periods of time until it becomes active and develops into AlDs for which no known cure exists. The virus spreads very fast once contact has been made with an infected source. In-depth coverage on AldsandHivcanbefoundfromhttp:dailvnews.vahoo.com/chealth/alds---Hiv(note: there three underscores( )in the linl 4. the federal government The federal government in the United States is a national republic whose members are elected to hold office for a limited period of time by citizens over 18 years of age. This republic has an elected president who is head of the nation as well as head of the federal or national government ForintroductiontotheU.s.governmentpleasevisithttp:/bensguide.gpogov 5. a state a state government is the political structure that includes an area of land, citizens, and an elected governing body with the right to control and change all powers within the state that are not given by constitution to the federal government Fifty state governments exist in the United States
1 Unit Five Section A The Battle Against AIDS I. Background Information 1. AIDS AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a disease which destroys the natural method the body uses to protect against other diseases. It is a disease caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), but AIDS is different from HIV in that the former usually causes death while HIV may lead to AIDS. HIV is spread in three ways:(1) contact with infected blood; (2) sex; (3)mother to child. AIDS usually develops in four stages: In the first stage, there is only infection by HIV and antibody (抗体) production; (2) In the second stage, the lymph nodes (淋巴结) enlarge(肿大); (3) In the third stage, an infected person may begin to have such signs(症状) as tiredness, fever and night sweats; (4) In the last stage, AIDS is diagnosed when a person develops certain uncommon, life-threatening illness, for example, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(卡氏肺囊虫肺炎). In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be found from http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS---HIV(Note: there are three underscores(____) in the link). 2.Latino (pl .Latinos) Latino(pl. Latinos ) is the name given to Hispanic American citizens in the United States who share the Spanish language in common but may be from different races or religions and different Spanish speaking countries. Latinos are the fastest growing group in the U.S. and expected to more than double in size by 2020. For a comprehensive list of Latino resources on the Internet, you can check out the web page at http://lanic,utexas.edu/la/regin/hispanic/. 3. HIV HIV is the human immunodeficiency Virus. This is the virus that spreads through contact with infected blood, infected sexual partners or within the womb of an infected pregnant mother. After infecting a person, HIV can remain hidden in the body for long and different periods of time until it becomes active and develops into AIDS for which no known cure exists. The virus spreads very fast once contact has been made with an infected source. In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be found from http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS---HIV (Note; there three underscores (__) in the link). 4. the federal government The federal government in the United States is a national republic whose members are elected to hold office for a limited period of time by citizens over 18 years of age. This republic has an elected president who is head of the nation as well as head of the federal or national government. For introduction to the U.S. government, please visit http://bensguide.gpo.gov. 5. a state government A state government is the political structure that includes an area of land, citizens, and an elected governing body with the right to control and change all powers within the state that are not given by constitution to the federal government. Fifty state governments exist in the United States
6. a beauty shop a beauty shop is a business place where woman go"to have their hair done, i.e. washed urled, coloured, etc, or their fingernails or skin treated. The shop sells the "thought"of beauty a client should feel/look more beautiful after a visit to the beauty shop. Women who use such shops often have weekly appointments II. Text analysis 1. Organization of the text Part I ( Para. 1-2)AIDS threatens so many lives in the U.S.A and has become a very serious problem of American society Part II(Para. 3-6) In contrast to the governments inactivity, some local organizations have made efforts to fight against AIDS creatively Part Ill(Para7-13) The organization has generalized some practical methods which are useful to Part IV(Paral4) Fighting against AIDS entails everyones involvement and forces each of us to 2. Text structure analysis and devices for developing it: Part I(Para1-2) Phenomenon description(现象法) A serious disease named as aldS was diagnosed in the U.S. a in the late 1870s and since Details: Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204, 000 Americans- half in the past few years alone. Another 185.000 of the one million infected with the hiv virus are also expected to die. ( Para. 1) Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos. Women and youth in rural Southern communities now constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS. (Para. 2) Patl(para3-6) Deduction(演绎法) In contrast to the government's inactivity, some local organizations have made efforts to fight against AlDS creatively To reach more people in the community, some AIDS educational programs(of the network )operate out of a beauty shop. (Para. 4) Specific statements 1). The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AlDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while 2)Recently, the network began helping hair stylists throughout the Southeast set up milar programs in their shops. ( Para. 6) Part Il.(Para7-13) Listing(列举法)& Problem- solution- evaluation(问题解决法) The organization has generalized some practical methods which are useful to other similar groups Listing(列举法) 1) Speak to your community in a way they can hear. ( Para. 8)
2 6. a beauty shop A beauty shop is a business place where woman go “ to have their hair done”, i.e. washed, curled, coloured, etc., or their fingernails or skin treated. The shop sells the “thought” of beauty. A client should feel/look more beautiful after a visit to the beauty shop. Women who use such shops often have weekly appointments. II. Text analysis: 1. Organization of the text: Part I (Para.1-2) AIDS threatens so many lives in the U.S.A and has become a very serious problem of American society. Part II (Para.3-6) In contrast to the government’s inactivity, some local organizations have made efforts to fight against AIDS creatively. Part III (Para7-13) The organization has generalized some practical methods which are useful to other similar groups. Part IV (Para14) Fighting against AIDS entails everyone’s involvement and forces each of us to be an educator and learn to live. 2. Text structure analysis and devices for developing it: Part I (Para.1-2) Phenomenon description (现象法) A serious disease named as AIDS was diagnosed in the U.S.A in the late 1870s; and since then it has been a big threat to the America society. Details: Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204,000 Americans — half in the past few years alone. Another 185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV virus are also expected to die.(Para. 1) Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos. Women and youth in rural Southern communities now constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS. (Para. 2) Part II (para.3-6) Deduction (演绎法） In contrast to the government’s inactivity, some local organizations have made efforts to fight against AIDS creatively General statement: To reach more people in the community, some AIDS educational programs (of the network) operate out of a beauty shop.(Para. 4) Specific statements: 1). The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments.(Para.5) 2) Recently, the network began helping hair stylists throughout the Southeast set up similar programs in their shops.(Para. 6) Part III . (Para.7-13) Listing(列举法)＆Problem-solution-evaluation (问题解决法) The organization has generalized some practical methods which are useful to other similar groups. Listing:(列举法) 1) Speak to your community in a way they can hear.(Para.8)
2)Train teenagers to educate their peers. ( Para. 10) 3)Redefine"at risk "to include women from different backgrounds and marriage Problem- solution- evaluation(问题解决法 Method 1 Speak to your community in a way they can hear The problem Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it The solution To solve this problem, ask people in the community who can draw well to create low-literacy AIDS education publications. (Para. 8) These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of"sad faces"and "happy faces"to illustrate ways people can prevent AlDS. They also show people who look like those we need to educate, since people can relate more when they see familiar faces nd language they can understand. (Para. 9) The evaluation As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications, which cost thousands of dollars more to produce.(Para. 9) Method 2 Train teenagers to educate their peers. The problem AIDS is spreading fastest among teenagers in the rural South. ( Para. 10) The solution The stylists have established an"AIDS Busters"program which trains youth from 8 to 26 to go into the community and teach "AlDS 101" to their pe The evaluation They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can. They also play a vital role in helping parents understand the types of peer pressure their children experience.( Para The whole Part Ill. Ppblem-solution-evaluation(问题解决法) The problem No one way of winning the war against AIDS exists. Para 7) The solution: Speak to your community in a way they can hear.(Para. 8) 2. Train teenagers to educate their peers. ( Para. 10) 3. Redefine"at risk,to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status The evaluation: These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis but until there is a cure for
3 2) Train teenagers to educate their peers. (Para. 10) 3) Redefine “at risk” to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status. (Para. 11) Problem-solution-evaluation(问题解决法) Method 1: Speak to your community in a way they can hear. The problem: Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it. The solution: To solve this problem, ask people in the community who can draw well to create low-literacy AIDS education publications.(Para.8) These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of “sad faces” and “happy faces” to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS. They also show people who look like those we need to educate, since people can relate more when they see familiar faces and language they can understand. (Para.9) The evaluation: As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications, which cost thousands of dollars more to produce. (Para. 9) Method 2: Train teenagers to educate their peers. The problem: AIDS is spreading fastest among teenagers in the rural South. (Para.10) The solution: The stylists have established an “AIDS Busters” program which trains youth from 8 to 26 to go into the community and teach “AIDS 101” to their peers. The evaluation: They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can. They also play a vital role in helping parents understand the types of peer pressure their children experience. (Para. 10) The whole Part III: Problem-solution-evaluation (问题解决法） The problem: No one way of winning the war against AIDS exists.(Para.7) The solution: 1. Speak to your community in a way they can hear. (Para.8) 2. Train teenagers to educate their peers. (Para. 10) 3. Redefine “at risk” to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status. (Para. 11) The evaluation: These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis but until there is a cure for
AIDS, education represents the only safe measure to guard against the virus Part Iv(Para4) Induction(归纳法) Fighting against AIDS entails everyone's involvement and forces each of us to be an educator and learn to live III. Language points 1. to be diagnosed as(with)AIDS(L.1)诊断出是(患)艾滋病 The little boy was not well today, he was diagnosed with a bad cold.这小男孩今天不舒服他 被诊断出是重感冒 2. to be infected with(L3)感染了病 You will be infected with SARS if you fail to guard against some risk factors.如果你忽视了 一些危险因素,你会感染“非典”。 3. to constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS(L6)成为数量增长最快的患 艾滋病的人群 The online courses have constituted a real challenge to the regular courses.远程课程对常规 课程已构成真正的挑战 4. to be slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS(L.8)在实施防治艾滋病蔓 延的计划方面行动迟缓 The American education is observably slow in the pupils mathematics training 美国教育在培养学生数学方面明显滞后。 5. In place of government inactivity, a number of local organizations have emerged. (L. 9) 政府行动不力,而许多地方性组织却应运而生了。 句型提炼: In place of sth/sb,sth(else/sb(else)do/does.与某物或某人相比,另一物或另一人却 应用:a与其他人多彩的人生相比,他在失望,甚至沮丧中走过了他47年的人生旅途。 In place of others' colorful lives, he lived his 47 years' life in disappointment and even 应用:b.与前任领导的肤浅相比,现任的领导在处理问题时能够切中要害。 In place of the former leader's shallowness, the present leader happened to be one of those who can get to the essence of things 6 to combat the growing number of AIDs cases(L.12)防止爱滋病病例数量的增加 We must com bat our bad habits of eating and drinking.我们要与不良的饮食习惯作斗争 7. to suffer from a lack of money(L13)缺乏资金 Her schoolwork suffered from all her social activities 她的学业因她的大量社交活动而受到影响 8 to keep sth. around(L21)把…放在周围 It is advisable for you to keep some specific medicines around so as to meet your urgent needs 你最好备一些特效药物以便应急 9. to speak to your community in a way they can hear(L.31)以社区居民能接受的方式与他们 交谈 He carefully explained his plan in a way that made sense to his listeners 他以听众能够理解的方式仔细地陈述他的计划 10. to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS(L.36)说明防止感染艾滋病的方法
4 AIDS, education represents the only safe measure to guard against the virus. (Para.13) Part IV (Para.14) Induction(归纳法) Fighting against AIDS entails everyone’s involvement and forces each of us to be an educator and learn to live. III. Language points: 1. to be diagnosed as (with) AIDS (L.1) 诊断出是(患)艾滋病 The little boy was not well today, he was diagnosed with a bad cold. 这小男孩今天不舒服,他 被诊断出是重感冒。 2. to be infected with (L.3) 感染了……疾病 You will be infected with SARS if you fail to guard against some risk factors. 如果你忽视了 一些危险因素，你会感染“非典”。 3．to constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS (L.6) 成为数量增长最快的患 艾滋病的人群 The online courses have constituted a real challenge to the regular courses. 远程课程对常规 课程已构成真正的挑战。 4. to be slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS (L.8) 在实施防治艾滋病蔓 延的计划方面行动迟缓 The American education is observably slow in the pupils’ mathematics training. 美国教育在培养学生数学方面明显滞后。 5．In place of government inactivity, a number of local organizations have emerged. (L. 9) 政府行动不力， 而许多地方性组织却应运而生了。 句型提炼： In place of sth./sb, sth(else)/sb (else ) do/does … 与某物或某人相比, 另一物或另一人却… 应用： a.与其他人多彩的人生相比, 他在失望,甚至沮丧中走过了他47年的人生旅途。 In place of others’ colorful lives, he lived his 47 years’ life in disappointment and even frustration. 应用：b. 与前任领导的肤浅相比，现任的领导在处理问题时能够切中要害。 In place of the former leader’s shallowness, the present leader happened to be one of those who can get to the essence of things. 6. to combat the growing number of AIDS cases (L.12) 防止爱滋病病例数量的增加 We must combat our bad habits of eating and drinking. 我们要与不良的饮食习惯作斗争。 7. to suffer from a lack of money (L.13) 缺乏资金 Her schoolwork suffered from all her social activities. 她的学业因她的大量社交活动而受到影响。 8. to keep sth. around (L.21) 把……放在周围 It is advisable for you to keep some specific medicines around so as to meet your urgent needs. 你最好备一些特效药物,以便应急。 9. to speak to your community in a way they can hear (L.31) 以社区居民能接受的方式与他们 交谈 He carefully explained his plan in a way that made sense to his listeners. 他以听众能够理解的方式仔细地陈述他的计划。 10. to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS (L.36) 说明防止感染艾滋病的方法
The report can be used to illustrate how valuable the data is 报导足以证明这数据有多大的价值 As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications. (L 句型提炼 这样一来,这些书在使用它们的社区里比政府出版的书籍所产生的影响要大。 Sth./Sb.has/does/ Is more..than..某物或某人比其他物或人更 应用:a与他的妻子相比,他更多地沉湎于往事的回忆中 He dwelt more on the memories of their past life than his wife 应用b.她比她的姐姐们更实阿 She was more realistic than her sisters 2. to establish an“ AIDS Busters” program(L42)设立一个称为“艾滋病克星”的项目 His paper has established him as one of the most important figures in modern mathematics 他的文章奠定了他是现代数学领域最重要的人物之一的地位 13. to represent the only safe measure(L.55)代表唯一的安全措施 Their actions represent a violation of the agreement 他们的行为意味着违反协定 14. to be distracted from( doing)sth.(L58)使(做)某事受到干扰 He did not allow anything to distract him from his research 他不允许任何事情干扰他的研究。 15. This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign up for in order for us to win. (L. 59) 这是一场不宣而战的战争,我们每个人都必须参加,我们只有这样才能取得胜利 句型提炼 Sb /Sth.isa(n)that/who/ which/prep.+ which(从句)某人或某物是 应用a.幸福的家庭是一个每位成员给与的多而索取得少的家庭。 The happy family is one in which each member gives more to others than take from others 应用b.最杰出的领导者是那些能够把无序变为有序 The greatest leaders are the ones who can make order from the confusion VI Reading skills: Reading for Major details Introduction For this unit as you find in your students book, we focus on the major details of paragraphs From the students' book we learn that when we are reading a paragraph, we should first try to identify and then try to separate the major detail from the small or less important details Here are some ways to help you locate the major detail 1. Learn to read for the main idea. If you identify the main idea easily, the facts to support that idea will stand out 2. Know that all facts and details are not equal in importance. Look only for the facts that relate to the main idea Here are some examples The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments. It's amazing
5 The report can be used to illustrate how valuable the data is. 报导足以证明这数据有多大的价值。 11．As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications. (L. 38) 句型提炼 这样一来，这些书在使用它们的社区里比政府出版的书籍所产生的影响要大。 Sth. /Sb. has / does ／is more… than… 某物或某人比其他物或人更…… 应用: a.与他的妻子相比，他更多地沉湎于往事的回忆中。 He dwelt more on the memories of their past life than his wife. 应用:b. 她比她的姐姐们更实际。 She was more realistic than her sisters. 12．to establish an “AIDS Busters” program (L.42) 设立一个称为“艾滋病克星”的项目 His paper has established him as one of the most important figures in modern mathematics. 他的文章奠定了他是现代数学领域最重要的人物之一的地位。 13．to represent the only safe measure (L.55) 代表唯一的安全措施 Their actions represent a violation of the agreement. 他们的行为意味着违反协定。 14. to be distracted from (doing) sth. (L.58) 使（做）某事受到干扰 He did not allow anything to distract him from his research . 他不允许任何事情干扰他的研究。 15．This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign up for in order for us to win.(L. 59) 这是一场不宣而战的战争, 我们每个人都必须参加，我们只有这样才能取得胜利。 句型提炼 Sb./Sth. is a(n)… that / who / which / prep. + which…(从句) 某人或某物是…… 应用a. 幸福的家庭是一个每位成员给与的多而索取得少的家庭。 The happy family is one in which each member gives more to others than take from others. 应用b. 最杰出的领导者是那些能够把无序变为有序。 The greatest leaders are the ones who can make order from the confusion . VI. Reading Skills: Reading for Major Details Introduction For this unit as you find in your students' book, we focus on the major details of paragraphs. From the students' book we learn that when we are reading a paragraph, we should first try to identify and then try to separate the major detail from the small or less important details. Here are some ways to help you locate the major detail. 1. Learn to read for the main idea. If you identify the main idea easily, the facts to support that idea will stand out. 2. Know that all facts and details are not equal in importance. Look only for the facts that relate to the main idea. Here are some examples: Example 1 The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments. It's amazing
how many people she has educated on the job. Para. 5, Passage A) Expl Main Idea: The shop owner joined in the AlDS educational programs Major Detail: The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients Like many other hunters, the Kung has been described as a leisured and even an"affluent"society They do not have or need many material possessions and in many cases the search for food neither exhausting nor time-consuming. One anthropologist has reckoned their average work day as six hours and that adults spend about two and a half days or between 12 and 19 hours a week in food-getting. Men may hunt for a period and then rest for several weeks; women gather enough food for three days at a time, and may then visit neighboring camps or entertain, as the men do their leisure -time anation: Main Idea: The Kung has been regarded as a leisured and even"affluent society Major Detail: They do not have or need many material possessions and the search for food is neither exhausting nor time-consuming In the spring of 1983, a committee at the Medard H. Nelson Elementary School in New Orleans decided it was time to take the mystique(il fil)out of computers for their 621 students. They ordered six Apple Il computers and set up computer classes for teachers, parents and students Almost everyone was enthusiastic about the results; a few students became so interested that they formed a computer club. The principal is very pleased with this experiment and plans to buy more equipment as soon as funds become available Main Idea: The elementary school has equipped the childrens education with computers Major Detail: They ordered six Apple Il computers and set up computer classes for teachers, parents and students In the last five years, the number of studies on infant cognition has tripled. The men and the women who attended the conference were asked to assess( if 1i)what has been learned, and to develop some guidelines( a 5 )for future research. But the more they talked, the further apart the brain scientists seemed from the psychologists, the vision specialists from the linguists. While each group had made progress in its own area, they were far from reaching any common ground, and further yet from finding answers to such a basic question as: How are babies affected by Main Idea: Scientists in different areas were still far away from reaching any common ground in spite that more work had been done on the subject of infant cognition Major Detail: They even failed to find answers to such a basic question as: How are babies affected by experience? Example 5 Culture itself must be transmitted, and the most effective way is through the family. Parents teach their children the ideas and traditions they obtained from their own parents. For this reason the family became increasingly important; the practical applications of cultural traditions, such as 6
6 how many people she has educated on the job. (Para. 5, Passage A) Explanation: Main Idea: The shop owner joined in the AIDS educational programs.. Major Detail: The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients. Example 2 Like many other hunters, the Kung has been described as a leisured and even an “affluent” society. They do not have or need many material possessions and in many cases the search for food is neither exhausting nor time-consuming. One anthropologist has reckoned their average work day as six hours and that adults spend about two and a half days or between 12 and 19 hours a week in food-getting. Men may hunt for a period and then rest for several weeks; women gather enough food for three days at a time, and may then visit neighboring camps or entertain, as the men do their leisure-time. Explanation: Main Idea: The Kung has been regarded as a leisured and even “affluent” society. Major Detail: They do not have or need many material possessions and the search for food is neither exhausting nor time-consuming. Example 3 In the spring of 1983, a committee at the Medard H. Nelson Elementary School in New Orleans decided it was time to take the mystique(神秘性) out of computers for their 621 students. They ordered six Apple II computers and set up computer classes for teachers, parents and students. Almost everyone was enthusiastic about the results; a few students became so interested that they formed a computer club. The principal is very pleased with this experiment and plans to buy more equipment as soon as funds become available. Explanation: Main Idea: The elementary school has equipped the children’s education with computers. Major Detail: They ordered six Apple II computers and set up computer classes for teachers, parents and students. Example 4 In the last five years, the number of studies on infant cognition has tripled. The men and the women who attended the conference were asked to assess(评估)what has been learned, and to develop some guidelines(指导)for future research. But the more they talked, the further apart the brain scientists seemed from the psychologists, the vision specialists from the linguists. While each group had made progress in its own area, they were far from reaching any common ground, and further yet from finding answers to such a basic question as: How are babies affected by experience? Explanation Main Idea: Scientists in different areas were still far away from reaching any common ground in spite that more work had been done on the subject of infant cognition. Major Detail: They even failed to find answers to such a basic question as: How are babies affected by experience? Example 5 Culture itself must be transmitted, and the most effective way is through the family. Parents teach their children the ideas and traditions they obtained from their own parents. For this reason the family became increasingly important; the practical applications of cultural traditions, such as
hunting for food, rearing children and tending the sick, may have been the obvious methods to use when more than one family came together in a joint activity Explanation Main Idea: Parents play a vital role in cultural transmission Major Detail: Parents teach their children the ideas and traditions they obtained fro eir own paren Example 6 Montagner has developed a system for observing and classifying the gesture language of children He has also tracked down some of its origins. In addition, his long-term observations of children have given him a sense of the normal and abnormal developmental timetable for the emergence of specific types of gestures and body language. By now he can calculate how many of a young child's gestures belong to certain categories of behavior and can then derive a series of significant Main Idea: Montagner has contributed a lot to the study of the gesture language of children Major Detail: Montagner has developed a system for observing and classifying the gesture language of children Section B The LAST DIVE at the olympics I Background information 1. Olympics TheOlympicshttp:/www.olvmpicorg),alsoreferredtoastheOlympicGamesareasetof international sports games which take place every four years, each time in a different count 2. the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea The 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea refers to the OLY MPIC Games which took place in Seoul in South Korea in summer in 1988. At these games, East met West in the Olympics for the first international differences. Drugs used to increase sports ability emerged as a major concern at these games A Samoan is a citizen of or native to Samoa, the group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, half way between Hawaii and Sydney. The islands are divided into American Samoa with six islands and about 50 thousand people and Western Samoa with one major island and seven smaller islands with about 150 thousand people. For more information about Samoa and its peoplepleasevisithttp://www.visitsamoa.ws 4. Ron o' Brien Ron O Brien is a professional American diving coach who helped athletes in training for th 5. the swimmer---Greg Louganis The swimmer in the article refers to Greg Louganis who hit his head on the diving platform during the 1988 Olympics in Korea. Louganis was born in California in 1960 and at 16 won a
7 hunting for food, rearing children and tending the sick, may have been the obvious methods to use when more than one family came together in a joint activity. Explanation Main Idea: Parents play a vital role in cultural transmission. Major Detail: Parents teach their children the ideas and traditions they obtained from their own parents. Example 6 Montagner has developed a system for observing and classifying the gesture language of children. He has also tracked down some of its origins. In addition, his long-term observations of children have given him a sense of the normal and abnormal developmental timetable for the emergence of specific types of gestures and body language. By now he can calculate how many of a young child’s gestures belong to certain categories of behavior and can then derive a series of significant ratios. Explanation Main Idea: Montagner has contributed a lot to the study of the gesture language of children. Major Detail: Montagner has developed a system for observing and classifying the gesture language of children. Section B The LAST DIVE at the Olympics I. Background information: 1.Olympics The Olympics( http://www.olympic org), also referred to as the Olympic Games, are a set of international sports games which take place every four years, each time in a different country. 2. the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea The 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea refers to the OLYMPIC Games which took place in Seoul in South Korea in summer in 1988. At these games, East met West in the Olympics for the first time since 1976 and the focus was back on the sports people who competed in stead of international differences. Drugs used to increase sports ability emerged as a major concern at these games. 3.Samoan A Samoan is a citizen of or native to Samoa, the group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, half way between Hawaii and Sydney. The islands are divided into American Samoa with six islands and about 50 thousand people and Western Samoa with one major island and seven smaller islands with about 150 thousand people. For more information about Samoa and its people, please visit http://www.visitsamoa.ws. 4.Ron O’ Brien Ron O’ Brien is a professional American diving coach who helped athletes in training for the Olympics. 5. the swimmer---Greg Louganis The swimmer in the article refers to Greg Louganis who hit his head on the diving platform during the 1988 Olympics in Korea. Louganis was born in California in 1960 and at 16 won a
silver medal for his platform dive in the 1976 Olympics. His later triumphs in both platform and springboard dives won him 4 Olympic gold medals, 6 Pan American Games gold medals, 5 world championships and 47 U.S. titles including finest U.S. amateur athlete. He quit all diving after hitting his head at the olympics because he knew he could infect others with the virusthatcausesAlds.Gregspersonalwebsiteisathttp://www.louganis.com II. Language Points 1. commenced the moves that would thrust me into the air. ( Para. 1) n: start Before we commence again, let me give you a word or two of advice.在我们开始之前,我给 你提一点建议 2. the moves that would thrust me into the air. (Para. 1) thrust: vt Push with force and suddenly The muggers thrust him into the small room and tied dim up.抢劫犯把他推进小房间,绑 了起来 He thrust the gun into his pocket.他把枪塞进口袋 3. Initially, I felt embarrassment. ( Para.2) embarrassment: n. feeling ashamed, uncomfortable or anxious n embarrassment he couldn' t remember the reasons for visiting Nancy尴尬之中,他记不 起拜访南希的理由了 4. Next, I felt intense fear.( Para. 2) intense: a. strong( in quality or feeling) She did not go out because of the intense cold天气很冷,她没有出去 He felt intense happiness when he knew that he would attend the famous university.知道自己 将上这所名牌大学,他感到非常幸福。 5. These were the trials for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. ( Para. 3) 1).( an act of )testing to find quality, value, or usefulness The trials show that the medicine is safe for most people.实验表明这种药对大多数人而言 都是安全的 2).( an act of hearing and judging a person or case in court After the trial they could meet their relatives.审判之后他们可以和亲属见面。 6. .. So they gave me up for adoption. Para 4) adoption: n. the act of taking sb. into one's family and treating him/her as one's own child; the act of using sth The boy' s adoption by the kind old woman changed his whole life这位善良的老妇人收养了 这个男孩,从而改变了他一生 The teachers are talking about the adoption of a new course of study for the high school. t yoff] 在讨论给高中学生开设一门新课程 7. I explored doing gym exercise off the diving board at the pool explore: vt. travel into or thorough(a place )for the purpose of discovery; examine carefully Mathematics is the instrument used by physical sciences to explore things and record results. x 学是在自然科学中用来探究现象,记录结论的工具
8 silver medal for his platform dive in the 1976 Olympics . His later triumphs in both platform and springboard dives won him 4 Olympic gold medals, 6 Pan American Games gold medals, 5 world championships and 47 U.S. titles including “ finest U.S. amateur athlete”. He quit all diving after hitting his head at the Olympics because he knew he could infect others with the virus that causes AIDS. Greg’s personal web site is at http://www.louganis.com. II. Language Points: 1. commenced the moves that would thrust me into the air.(Para.1) commence: v. begin; start Before we commence again, let me give you a word or two of advice. 在我们开始之前,我给 你提一点建议. 2. the moves that would thrust me into the air.(Para.1) thrust: vt. Push with force and suddenly The muggers thrust him into the small room and tied dim up. 抢劫犯把他推进小房间，绑 了起来． He thrust the gun into his pocket. 他把枪塞进口袋． 3. Initially, I felt embarrassment. (Para.2) embarrassment: n. feeling ashamed, uncomfortable or anxious In embarrassment he couldn’t remember the reasons for visiting Nancy.尴尬之中，他记不 起拜访南希的理由了． ４．Next, I felt intense fear. ( Para.2) intense: a. strong ( in quality or feeling) She did not go out because of the intense cold.天气很冷， 她没有出去。 He felt intense happiness when he knew that he would attend the famous university.知道自己 将上这所名牌大学，他感到非常幸福。 5．These were the trials for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea.(Para.3) trial: n. 1).( an act of ) testing to find quality ,value, or usefulness The trials show that the medicine is safe for most people. 实验表明这种药对大多数人而言 都是安全的。 2). ( an act of ) hearing and judging a person or case in court After the trial they could meet their relatives. 审判之后他们可以和亲属见面。 6．…so they gave me up for adoption. ( Para.4) adoption: n. the act of taking sb. into one’s family and treating him/her as one’s own child; the act of using sth. The boy’s adoption by the kind old woman changed his whole life.这位善良的老妇人收养了 这个男孩，从而改变了他一生。 The teachers are talking about the adoption of a new course of study for the high school.老师们 在讨论给高中学生开设一门新课程。 7．I explored doing gym exercise off the diving board at the pool. explore: vt. travel into or thorough (a place ) for the purpose of discovery; examine carefully Mathematics is the instrument used by physical sciences to explore things and record results.数 学是在自然科学中用来探究现象，记录结论的工具
We must explore possible ways to increase food production我们必须尝试所有可能采取的 方法来提高粮食产量 8. Because of my dark skin, kids at school called me names;..( Para. 5) You can make critical comments about him, but please don' t call him names behind his back 你可以批评他,但请不要在背后说他的坏话。 9. At sixteen, I knew I had a shot at the 1976 Olympics. Para 6) have a shot at; attempt to do sth I doubt whether I can solve the problem, but I'll have a shot at it我怀疑我能否解决这个 问题,但我会试试看 Why don' t you have a shot at talking to her yourself?你为什么不尝试着自己与她谈? 10. At the trials, one month prior to the finals, prior to before; coming before in time or order prior to my marriage, I lived in New York, now I live in Florida.我婚前住在纽约,现在住 在佛罗里达。 I got the news prior to your call, but thank you all the same在你打电话之前,我已经得 到了消息,但还是谢谢你。 11. I took first place on the ten-meter platform. ( Para. 6) take the first place, be the first or top, esp in a match Despite the bad weather and ill health, he took first place in the foot race.尽管天气不 好,身体又欠佳,他还是在赛跑中得了第一名。 12. I couldn 't tell anyone for fear I wouldn' t be able to compete in the Olympics if people learned I was HIV-positive.(Para.7) for fear: for being afraid For fear"is often followed by a that-clause He set off very early for fear that he might be late for the interview.他早早就出发了,生 怕面试迟到 13. Regardless, I made it into the finals. (Para. 8) make it: succeed in doing she I believe that I have the ability to make it.我相信我有能力做成此事 He hadn' t been able to make it to our dinner.他还是没能赶上我们的宴会 14. With each repetition, I felt more confident. (Para. 8) confident: a having belief in one's power or ability m confident that our team will win the match.我相信我们队会赢得这次比赛的胜利 He feels confident about passing the exam他相信自己会通过考试的 15. Suddenly he leaped into the air,.( Para.9) leap: vi Jump through the air, often landing in a different place The thief leaped/leapt from a window in the building and escaped那个贼从大楼的一个窗 户跳出去,逃走了 16. I had to quit diving professionally after the Olympics. ( Para. 10) quit: v stop doing sth. And leave Steve quit when he realized that he couldn'twin知道自己不能获胜,史蒂夫退出比赛 Others made critical comments about him because he quit his duties.他因为放弃自己的 责任而受到批评
9 We must explore possible ways to increase food production.我们必须尝试所有可能采取的 方法来提高粮食产量。 8．Because of my dark skin, kids at school called me names; … ( Para.5) call sb. names: say bad or unkind things about sb. You can make critical comments about him, but please don’t call him names behind his back. 你可以批评他，但请不要在背后说他的坏话。 9．At sixteen, I knew I had a shot at the 1976 Olympics. ( Para.6) have a shot at; attempt to do sth. I doubt whether I can solve the problem, but I‘ll have a shot at it.我怀疑我能否解决这个 问题，但我会试试看。 Why don’t you have a shot at talking to her yourself ?你为什么不尝试着自己与她谈？ 10．At the trials, one month prior to the finals, … ( Para.6) prior to: before; coming before in time or order prior to my marriage, I lived in New York; now I live in Florida.我婚前住在纽约，现在住 在佛罗里达。 I got the news prior to your call, but thank you all the same 在你打电话之前，我已经得 到了消息，但还是谢谢你。 11. I took first place on the ten-meter platform.(Para.6) take the first place; be the first or top, esp. in a match Despite the bad weather and ill health, he took first place in the foot race. 尽管天气不 好，身体又欠佳，他还是在赛跑中得了第一名。 12. I couldn’t tell anyone for fear I wouldn’t be able to compete in the Olympics if people learned I was HIV-positive. (Para.7) for fear: for being afraid “ For fear” is often followed by a that-clause He set off very early for fear that he might be late for the interview. 他早早就出发了，生 怕面试迟到。 13． Regardless, I made it into the finals. (Para.8) make it: succeed in doing she. I believe that I have the ability to make it. 我相信我有能力做成此事。 He hadn’t been able to make it to our dinner. 他还是没能赶上我们的宴会。 14．With each repetition, I felt more confident.(Para.8) confident: a. having belief in one’s power or ability I’m confident that our team will win the match. 我相信我们队会赢得这次比赛的胜利。 He feels confident about passing the exam.他相信自己会通过考试的。 15．Suddenly he leaped into the air, …(Para.9) leap: vi. Jump through the air, often landing in a different place The thief leaped/leapt from a window in the building and escaped.那个贼从大楼的一个窗 户跳出去，逃走了。 16．I had to quit diving professionally after the Olympics.(Para.10) quit: v. stop doing sth. And leave Steve quit when he realized that he couldn’t win.知道自己不能获胜，史蒂夫退出比赛。 Others made critical comments about him because he quit his duties. 他因为放弃自己的 责任而受到批评
V. Translation P A 与艾滋病抗争 艾滋病是20世纪70年代末在美国被发现的自那时以来,艾滋病已夺走了204万多美国 人的生命--其中有一半是在过去几年中丧生的此外,在100万感染艾滋病毒的人当中有 18.5万人也将不久于人世 被诊断感染艾滋病毒的人当中有一半是黑人和来自拉丁美洲的美国人南部农村社 区的妇女和青年是数量增长最快的艾滋病群体 尽管数量大的惊人,但各州和联邦政府在实施防止艾滋病蔓延的计划方面行动迟缓 鉴于政府行动不力许多地方性组织便应运而生了 南卡罗来纳艾滋病教育网络机构成立于1985年,目的在于防止艾滋病病例数量的增 加和许多地方性组织一样,该组织缺乏资金这迫使它创造性地使用其资源为接触更多的 社区居民,有些艾滋病教育计划放在美发店实施 美发店老板在顾客进来时向他们散发艾滋病资料,在他们等着头发晾干时,向他们放 映有关预防艾滋病的录像片她还在店里放着一些书籍和其他出版物供顾客等候时阅读. 她在干工作的同时使许许多多人受到了教育,这一点着实让人赞叹 最近这一教育网络机构已开始帮助整个美国东南部的发型设计师们在他们的美发 店里实施类似计划他们也是向学小,社区组织和教堂传播信息的有价值的资源 这一组织还总结出了一些对其他从事同样工作的团体颇有裨益的方法尽管还没有 种能战胜艾滋病的方法但这一网络机构在与艾滋病抗争中获得了以下经验 以社区居民能接受的方式与他们交谈许多社区居民受教育比例低这使得向他们散 发艾滋病资料,希望他们自己阅读这一做法不切实际。为节约这一问题,需要请一些善于 绘画的人来编写适合于教育程度地的居民阅读的艾滋病教育图书。 这些书籍采用简单的,手工绘制的"忧伤的脸”和”幸福的脸"等图画,说明防 止感染艾滋病的方法.这些书也展示一些看上去同那些需要教育的人很相似的图片,当 居民们看到熟悉的脸和能够理解的语言时,就会发表更多的议论和看法,这样一来,这 些书在使用它们的社区里所产生的影响要比政府出版的书籍大,而政府的书籍成本要高 出数千美元 培训青少年去教育自己的同龄人。由于艾滋病南部农村地区的青少年当中传播速度 最快,发行设计师们设立了一个称为“艾滋病克星”的项目,培训8到26岁的青少年,让他 们到社区给同龄人上“艾滋病101课程。这些青少年是这门课程变得简单易学,在向他 们的同龄朋友解释感染艾滋病的危险性时,他们干得比成年人出色的多。他们在帮助父 母亲历接孩子们所经受的各种来自于同龄人的的压力方面也起着重要作用 对“存在危险”这一概念做重新界定,从而把不同背景、不同婚姻状况的妇女都都包 括进去。一位妇女的一生对她说她不存在感染艾滋病的危险,因为它已经结婚,而且不 吸毒。这类错误观念困扰着医疗机构。根据疾病控制中心的预测,女性将占感染艾滋病 毒人口的80% 发行设计师们也强调每个人都存在着危险,所以我们每个人都有权保护自己一一不 管婚姻状况如何 这些经验不是解决艾滋病危机的唯一方法,但在找到治疗艾滋病的方法之前,教育 不失为防感染艾滋病毒的唯一安全措施. 和以前其他瘟疫不同,艾滋病这一流行性疾病有可能夺去一代人的生命,从而使另
10 V. Translation Passage A: 与艾滋病抗争 艾滋病是20世纪70年代末在美国被发现的.自那时以来, 艾滋病已夺走了20.4万多美国 人的生命---其中有一半是在过去几年中丧生的.此外,在100万感染艾滋病毒的人当中有 18.5万人也将不久于人世. 被诊断感染艾滋病毒的人当中有一半是黑人和来自拉丁美洲的美国人.南部农村社 区的妇女和青年是数量增长最快的艾滋病群体. 尽管数量大的惊人,但各州和联邦政府在实施防止艾滋病蔓延的计划方面行动迟缓. 鉴于政府行动不力,许多地方性组织便应运而生了. 南卡罗来纳艾滋病教育网络机构成立于1985年,目的在于防止艾滋病病例数量的增 加.和许多地方性组织一样,该组织缺乏资金,这迫使它创造性地使用其资源.为接触更多的 社区居民,有些艾滋病教育计划放在美发店实施. 美发店老板在顾客进来时向他们散发艾滋病资料,在他们等着头发晾干时,向他们放 映有关预防艾滋病的录像片.她还在店里放着一些书籍和其他出版物,供顾客等候时阅读. 她在干工作的同时使许许多多人受到了教育,这一点着实让人赞叹. 最近,这一教育网络机构已开始帮助整个美国东南部的发型设计师们在他们的美发 店里实施类似计划.他们也是向学小，社区组织和教堂传播信息的有价值的资源. 这一组织还总结出了一些对其他从事同样工作的团体颇有裨益的方法.尽管还没有 一种能战胜艾滋病的方法,但这一网络机构在与艾滋病抗争中获得了以下经验: 以社区居民能接受的方式与他们交谈.许多社区居民受教育比例低,这使得向他们散 发艾滋病资料,希望他们自己阅读这一做法不切实际。为节约这一问题，需要请一些善于 绘画的人来编写适合于教育程度地的居民阅读的艾滋病教育图书。 这些书籍采用简单的，手工绘制的＂忧伤的脸＂和＂幸福的脸＂等图画，说明防 止感染艾滋病的方法．这些书也展示一些看上去同那些需要教育的人很相似的图片．当 居民们看到熟悉的脸和能够理解的语言时，就会发表更多的议论和看法．这样一来，这 些书在使用它们的社区里所产生的影响要比政府出版的书籍大，而政府的书籍成本要高 出数千美元． 培训青少年去教育自己的同龄人。由于艾滋病南部农村地区的青少年当中传播速度 最快，发行设计师们设立了一个称为“艾滋病克星”的项目，培训8到26岁的青少年，让他 们到社区给同龄人上“艾滋病101”课程。这些青少年是这门课程变得简单易学， 在向他 们的同龄朋友解释感染艾滋病的危险性时，他们干得比成年人出色的多。他们在帮助父 母亲历接孩子们所经受的各种来自于同龄人的的压力方面也起着重要作用。 对“存在危险”这一概念做重新界定，从而把不同背景、不同婚姻状况的妇女都都包 括进去。一位妇女的一生对她说她不存在感染艾滋病的危险，因为它已经结婚，而且不 吸毒。这类错误观念困扰着医疗机构。根据疾病控制中心的预测，女性将占感染艾滋病 毒人口的80%。 发行设计师们也强调每个人都存在着危险，所以我们每个人都有权保护自己——不 管婚姻状况如何。 这些经验不是解决艾滋病危机的唯一方法，但在找到治疗艾滋病的方法之前，教育 不失为防感染艾滋病毒的唯一安全措施． 和以前其他瘟疫不同，艾滋病这一流行性疾病有可能夺去一代人的生命，从而使另