Unit 8 Section a . Background Knowledg Cloning: The process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means Bill Clinton the 42nd President of the United States( 1993-2001) DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸) the chemical at the center of the cells of living things which controls the structure and carries genetics information during reproduction II. Text Analysis Main idea of the text: When a world with human clones was suddenly within reach, people's reactions to it were strong and varied. They puzzled over a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that had arisen from cloning Devices for developing it 列举法 讨论法 Listing(列举法) In the main part( the third part)of the passage, the author lists as many as puzzles on the issue of cloning The list of 6 puzzles 1)Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4) 2)Will it be possible to clone the dead?(Para. 6) 3)Would a cloned human be identical to the original? Para. 8) 4)What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? (Para. 11) 5) How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA( Para. 14) 6)What are the other implications of cloning for society?(Para. 17) 2. Discussion(讨论法) The author deals with the 6 common puzzles by offering different opinions from different experts through the device of discussion Puzzles discussions Puccle /: Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place?(Para. 4) Discussion: Most experts consider the human cloning falls into two broad categories: 1)parents clone a child to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2) adults might want to clone themselves. Para 5) Puccle 2: Will it be possible to clone the dead?( Para. 6) Discussion: Perhaps, if the body is fresh, says one expert The cloning method used by wilmut's
Unit 8 Section A I. Background Knowledge Cloning: The process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. Bill Clinton: the 42nd President of the United States(1993-2001). DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸) the chemical at the center of the cells of living things which controls the structure and carries genetics information during reproduction. II. Text Analysis Main idea of the text: When a world with human clones was suddenly within reach, people’s reactions to it were strong and varied. They puzzled over a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that had arisen from cloning. Devices for developing it: 列举法 讨论法 1. Listing (列举法) In the main part ( the third part)of the passage, the author lists as many as 6puzzles on the issue of cloning. The list of 6 puzzles: 1) Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4) 2) Will it be possible to clone the dead? (Para. 6) 3) Would a cloned human be identical to the original? (Para. 8) 4) What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?(Para. 11) 5) How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para. 14) 6) What are the other implications of cloning for society? (Para. 17) 2. Discussion (讨论法) The author deals with the 6 common puzzles by offering different opinions from different experts through the device of discussion. Puzzles & Discussions: Puzzle 1: Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4) Discussion: Most experts consider the human cloning falls into two broad categories: 1)parents clone a child to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2) adults might want to clone themselves.(Para.5) Puzzle 2: Will it be possible to clone the dead? (Para. 6) Discussion: Perhaps, if the body is fresh, says one expert. The cloning method used by Wilmut’s
lab requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell containing the dna of the person to be cloned. And that means that the nucleus must be intact Cells die and the cell nucleus begins to break apart after death. But, yes, in theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7) Puccle 3: Would a cloned human be identical to the original?(Para. 8) Discussion: Most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. The only possible exception is bearing children. Wilmut and his coworkers are not sure that dolly will be able to have lambs. They will try to find out once she's old enough to breed. Para 10) Puccle 4a: What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? (Para. 11) Discussion: Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor. But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind, and many experts do not oppose this Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent. ( Para. 12) Puccle 4b: What if cloned animals could be used as organ donors?(Para. 13) Discussion:. But the human body attacks and destroys tissue from other species. To get around that, one company is trying to alter the pigs genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked. If the companys technicians succeed, it may be more efficient to produce such pigs by cloning than by current methods. (Para. 13) Puccle 5: How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para. 14) Discussion:.Judith Martin, in her writings under the name of "Most honored sir or madam Why? One should always respect one's ancestors, "she says, "regardless of what they did to bring one dictionary says that the noun "clonee "may sound like a good term, but it's not clear enough Instead, he prefers"original"and"copy(Para. 15-16) Puccle 6: What are the other implications of cloning for society?(Para. 17) Discussion:,. Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new(and disrespected) social class: the clones". One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. ( Para. 18) PART ONE (Para. 1) With the success of cloning an adult mammal, the world was suddenly brought into the reality of human cloning Devices for developing it? Induction(归纳 PART TWO(Para.2-3) Main idea? This part is about the worlds strong and immediate responses in the wake of wilmut announcement Devices for developing it? Exemplification(举例法) 就在威尔莫特宣告成功之后,各国政府为一个未知世界,一个充满各种难以置信的可能性的 将来,匆匆起草指导方针 Example 1: President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the legal and moral implications of cloning.( Para. 2)
lab requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell containing the DNA of the person to be cloned. And that means that the nucleus must be intact. Cells die and the cell nucleus begins to break apart after death. But, yes, in theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7) Puzzle 3: Would a cloned human be identical to the original? (Para. 8) Discussion: Most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. The only possible exception is bearing children. Wilmut and his coworkers are not sure that Dolly will be able to have lambs. They will try to find out once she’s old enough to breed. (Para.10) Puzzle 4a: What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?(Para.11) Discussion: Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor. But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind, and many experts do not oppose this. Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent.(Para.12) Puzzle 4b: What if cloned animals could be used as organ donors? (Para. 13) Discussion: …But the human body attacks and destroys tissue from other species. To get around that, one company is trying to alter the pig’s genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked. If the company’s technicians succeed, it may be more efficient to produce such pigs by cloning than by current methods. (Para. 13) Puzzle 5: How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para.14) Discussion: …Judith Martin, in her writings under the name of “Most honored sir or madam”. Why? “One should always respect one’s ancestors,” she says, “regardless of what they did to bring one dictionary says that the noun “clonee” may sound like a good term, but it’s not clear enough. Instead, he prefers “original” and “copy”.(Para.15-16) Puzzle 6: What are the other implications of cloning for society? (Para. 17) Discussion: …Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new (and disrespected) social class: “the clones”. One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. (Para. 18) PART ONE (Para.1): Main idea? With the success of cloning an adult mammal, the world was suddenly brought into the reality of human cloning. Devices for developing it ? Induction (归纳法) PART TWO (Para.2-3) Main idea? This part is about the world’s strong and immediate responses in the wake of Wilmut’s announcement. Devices for developing it ? Exemplification (举例法) 就在威尔莫特宣告成功之后，各国政府为一个未知世界，一个充满各种难以置信的可能性的 将来，匆匆起草指导方针. Example 1: President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the legal and moral implications of cloning. (Para.2)
Example 2: Leaders in Europe where most nations alreaday prohibit human cloning, began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. ( Para.2 Comparison(比较法) ng of the atom, and the first space flight Dollys as generated a difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers.( Para. 3) 就像相对论、原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一样,多莉的出现给科学家、政治家和哲学家们提 出了一长串难以解答的难题。 PART THREE (Para. 4-18 This part offers complete or partial answers, from the up-to-date knowledge, to the six questions on the legal and moral implications of cloning Devices for developing it? Classification(分类法) The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories: 1)parents who want to clone a child, either to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2)adults who for a variety of reasons might want to clone themselves. ( Para. 5) 专家们考虑得最多的克隆人类的情形可以分为两大类:1)父母想要克隆孩子,要么是想为 垂危的孩子提供移植器官,要么是想代替原来的孩子;2)成年人出于各种各样的原因想要 克隆自己 Comparison(比较法) 相同的基因不会复制出相同的人。这一点,任何认识一些双胞胎的人都可以告诉你 (1)Identical genes don t produce identical people, as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you. (2)In fact, twins are more alike than clones would be, since they have at least shared the same environment within the mother, and so forth. (3) Parents could clone a second child who resembled their first in appearance, but all the evidence suggests the two would have ver Argumentation(议论法 最让人担心的不是克隆本身,而是基因工程一一即根据特定的要求故意改变基因以创造人 (1)The gravest concern isn't really cloning itself, but genetic engineering-the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements. (2)Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new( and disrespected) social class: " the clones ( 3)One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, hen Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans.(Para. 18) 有位专家认为,这一情形类似于16世纪时的 种情况,当时的欧洲人对如何对美洲 的陌生居民进行归类感到困惑,并无休止地争论他们究竞是不是人类 PART FOUR (Para. 19 This part is intended to reaffirm the author's opinion that, although the list of questions could go on, people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning Devices for developing it?
Example 2: Leaders in Europe, where most nations alreaday prohibit human cloning, began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. (Para..2) Comparison (比较法) Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly’s appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians,and philosophers.(Para.3) 就像相对论、原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一样，多莉的出现给科学家、政治家和哲学家们提 出了一长串难以解答的难题。 PART THREE (Para.4-18) Main idea ? This part offers complete or partial answers, from the up-to-date knowledge, to the six questions on the legal and moral implications of cloning. Devices for developing it ? Classification (分类法) The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories:1) parents who want to clone a child, either to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2)adults who for a variety of reasons might want to clone themselves.(Para.5) 专家们考虑得最多的克隆人类的情形可以分为两大类：1）父母想要克隆孩子，要么是想为 垂危的孩子提供移植器官，要么是想代替原来的孩子；2）成年人出于各种各样的原因想要 克隆自己。 Comparison (比较法) 相同的基因不会复制出相同的人。这一点，任何认识一些双胞胎的人都可以告诉你。 (1) Identical genes don’t produce identical people, as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you. (2) In fact, twins are more alike than clones would be, since they have at least shared the same environment within the mother, and so forth. (3) Parents could clone a second child who resembled their first in appearance, but all the evidence suggests the two would have very different personalities…(Para.9) Argumentation (议论法) 最让人担心的不是克隆本身，而是基因工程——即根据特定的要求故意改变基因以创造人 类。 (1) The gravest concern isn’t really cloning itself, but genetic engineering-the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements. (2) Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new ( and disrespected) social class: “the clones”. (3)One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. (Para.18) 有位专家认为，这一情形类似于 16 世纪时的 一种情况，当时的欧洲人对如何对美洲 的陌生居民进行归类感到困惑，并无休止地争论他们究竟是不是人类。 PART FOUR (Para.19): Main idea? This part is intended to reaffirm the author’s opinion that, although the list of questions could go on, people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning. Devices for developing it ?
Reiteration(重申法) Ill. Language Points l. word that./of.(L1):关于·的消息 关于他性丑闻的消息在街上传得很快。 Word has been spread fast of his sexual scandal on the streets 2 to succeed in doing sth.(L.2):成功地做了某事 如果他们成功地达成了停火协议,联合国将派驻维和部队。 If they succeed in establishing a cease-fire, the UN will send in peace-keeping forces 3 to work for(L.4):使用于;为·工作 中国经济发展的成功经验适用于大多数发展中国家。 Chinas successful experience in economical development may work for most of the developing countries 4. within(one's) reach(L.5)在伸手能及的范围以内,近的;方便到达 他宁愿选择一个能够达到的目标,也不愿选择一个雄心勃勃但无法达到的目标 Rather than choose an ambitious goal beyond his reach, he would choose a goal within his reach 5. to come to life(L5)活跃起来,表现生动 这几位青年人把那个乏味的戏着实演得生动活泼。 The dull play really came to life through the performance of these young people 6. in the wake of(L6)随着,紧跟着 人类社会不得不遭受一个接一个的随着生态破坏而来的灾难。 Human societies have to suffer one disaster after another that follows in the wake of the ecological 7 to draft guidelines for.(L.6)为…起草指导方针 她正忙着为下月的演讲比赛起草演讲稿。 She was busy drafting her speech for next months speech contest 8. in the first place(L15)首先;起初;其 见倾心是不明智的。其一,你们彼此不甚了解;其二,这样的爱情很难长久 It is unwise to love at first sight. In the first place you know little about each other and in the second it is hard for such love to last long 9. to fall into(L.17)可分成;属于 物以类聚,人以群分 Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into a group 10. to break apart(L27)分裂瓦解 堡垒最容易从内部瓦解 The fortress is most liable to break apart from within in theory(L.27)在理论上 你追求幸福的计划理论上不错,但我不知道实际上是否行得通。 Your plan for seeking happiness sounds fine in theory, but I dont know if it 'll work in practice 12. to be identical to/with(L28)与·…一模一样;就等于 他沉溺于网恋就等于荒废了学业。 His indul in online love affairs is identical to neglecting his studies 13. in terms of(L.36)从·…·方面(来说);根据;按照
Reiteration（重申法） III. Language Points 1. word that…/of… (L. 1): 关于······的消息 关于他性丑闻的消息在街上传得很快。 Word has been spread fast of his sexual scandal on the streets. 2. to succeed in doing sth. (L. 2): 成功地做了某事 如果他们成功地达成了停火协议，联合国将派驻维和部队。 If they succeed in establishing a cease-fire, the UN will send in peace-keeping forces. 3. to work for (L.4): 使用于；为······工作 中国经济发展的成功经验适用于大多数发展中国家。 China’s successful experience in economical development may work for most of the developing countries. 4. within (one’s) reach (L. 5) 在伸手能及的范围以内，近的；方便到达 他宁愿选择一个能够达到的目标，也不愿选择一个雄心勃勃但无法达到的目标。 Rather than choose an ambitious goal beyond his reach, he would choose a goal within his reach. 5. to come to life (L. 5) 活跃起来，表现生动 这几位青年人把那个乏味的戏着实演得生动活泼。 The dull play really came to life through the performance of these young people. 6. in the wake of (L. 6) 随着，紧跟着 人类社会不得不遭受一个接一个的随着生态破坏而来的灾难。 Human societies have to suffer one disaster after another that follows in the wake of the ecological damage. 7. to draft guidelines for… (L. 6) 为······起草指导方针 她正忙着为下月的演讲比赛起草演讲稿。 She was busy drafting her speech for next month’s speech contest. 8. in the first place (L. 15) 首先；起初；其一 一见倾心是不明智的。其一，你们彼此不甚了解；其二，这样的爱情很难长久。 It is unwise to love at first sight. In the first place you know little about each other and in the second it is hard for such love to last long. 9. to fall into (L. 17) 可分成；属于 物以类聚，人以群分。 Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into a group. 10. to break apart (L. 27) 分裂瓦解 堡垒最容易从内部瓦解。 The fortress is most liable to break apart from within. 11. in theory (L. 27) 在理论上 你追求幸福的计划理论上不错，但我不知道实际上是否行得通。 Your plan for seeking happiness sounds fine in theory, but I don’t know if it’ll work in practice. 12. to be identical to / with (L. 28) 与······一模一样；就等于 他沉溺于网恋就等于荒废了学业。 His indulgence in online love affairs is identical to neglecting his studies. 13. in terms of (L. 36)从······方面（来说）； 根据；按照
他考虑任何事情都从金钱的角度出发。 He thinks of everything in terms of money 14. What if..!?(L.43)要是·怎么办/怎么样 不要过早地介入爱情游戏。要是你失恋了怎么办? Don't get involved in love games too early. What if you suffer from failure in love? 15. to bring sth./sb. into the world(L45)生产;生(孩子) 自从发明了电灯泡,人类在夜间的照明已摆脱了对油灯或蜡烛的依赖。 Since the electric bulb was brought into the world, mankind has been freed from his dependence on oil lamp or candle for light at night 16. with sth. in mind(L.46)出于·目的;考虑到某事 失败是成功之母。考虑到这一点,他开始重新审视这次试验的失败 Failure is the mother of success. With this in mind, he began to take a new look at the failure in this experiment 17. to get around/ round(L.50)克服;回避 她试图通过改变话题来回避这个棘手的问题 She is trying to get round this tricky problem by changing the subject 18. to give birth to sb./sth.(L.55)生(孩子);产(仔) 由于我们的共同努力,最终找到了解决这个问题的有效方法 Our joint efforts finally gave birth to an effective solution for the problem 19. regardless of(L59)不顾,不管 那些不顾客观条件而自行其是的人很难成功 Those who, regardless of objective conditions, act as they think fit are less likely to succeed 20. to leave confusion over(L61)留下难题,迷惑 老师清晰的解释使学生对那个抽象的理论没有任何迷惑。 The teacher's explicit explanation left the students no confusion over that abstract theor 21. to be concerned about/over(L.67)担心,担忧 他从不在乎别人怎么看他 He has never been concerned about what others think of him 22. to be comparable/ similar to(L68)可与··相比;类似于 在一些人眼里,爱情就像是个迷宫,充满了诱惑和陷阱 In the eyes of some people, love is comparable to a maze, full of lures and traps 23. to puzzle over(L69)努力思考 他就这个问题苦苦思考了好几个钟头,但还是摸不着头脑 He puzzled over the problem for hours, without making head or tail of it 24. to wonder about(L71)对·好奇;想知道;对…疑惑 我一直搞不懂为什么一些人可以不劳而获。 I keep wondering about why some people can reap without sowing Expressions patterns 1. Typical patterns for advancing one's arguments RRF: If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, we wouldnt have to worry about cloning twins for transplants (L. 48) 如果把克隆的动物用作器官捐赠,那我们就不必考虑为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了 向型提炼
他考虑任何事情都从金钱的角度出发。 He thinks of everything in terms of money. 14. What if…? (L. 43) 要是······怎么办 / 怎么样？ 不要过早地介入爱情游戏。要是你失恋了怎么办？ Don’t get involved in love games too early. What if you suffer from failure in love? 15. to bring sth. / sb. into the world (L. 45) 生产；生（孩子） 自从发明了电灯泡，人类在夜间的照明已摆脱了对油灯或蜡烛的依赖。 Since the electric bulb was brought into the world, mankind has been freed from his dependence on oil lamp or candle for light at night 16. with sth. in mind (L. 46) 出于······目的; 考虑到某事 .失败是成功之母。考虑到这一点，他开始重新审视这次试验的失败。 Failure is the mother of success. With this in mind, he began to take a new look at the failure in this experiment. 17. to get around / round (L. 50) 克服; 回避 她试图通过改变话题来回避这个棘手的问题。 She is trying to get round this tricky problem by changing the subject. 18. to give birth to sb. / sth. (L. 55) 生 (孩子)；产(仔) 由于我们的共同努力,最终找到了解决这个问题的有效方法。 Our joint efforts finally gave birth to an effective solution for the problem. 19. regardless of (L. 59) 不顾，不管 那些不顾客观条件而自行其是的人很难成功。 Those who, regardless of objective conditions, act as they think fit are less likely to succeed. 20. to leave confusion over (L. 61) 留下难题，迷惑 老师清晰的解释使学生对那个抽象的理论没有任何迷惑。 The teacher’s explicit explanation left the students no confusion over that abstract theory. 21. to be concerned about / over (L. 67) 担心，担忧 他从不在乎别人怎么看他。 He has never been concerned about what others think of him. 22. to be comparable / similar to (L. 68) 可与······相比；类似于 在一些人眼里，爱情就像是个迷宫，充满了诱惑和陷阱。 In the eyes of some people, love is comparable to a maze, full of lures and traps. 23. to puzzle over (L. 69) 努力思考 他就这个问题苦苦思考了好几个钟头，但还是摸不着头脑。 He puzzled over the problem for hours, without making head or tail of it. 24. to wonder about (L. 71) 对······好奇；想知道；对······疑惑 我一直搞不懂为什么一些人可以不劳而获。 I keep wondering about why some people can reap without sowing. Expressions & Patterns 1. Typical patterns for advancing one’s arguments 原句: If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, we wouldn’t have to worry about cloning twins for transplants. (L. 48) 如果把克隆的动物用作器官捐赠，那我们就不必考虑为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了。 句型提炼
1). If sb. /sth. could be /do sth, we wouldnt have to worry about(doing)sth. else. 假如某人/某物可能是/做某事,我们不必担心 应用a.如果每个人都能够认识到自然资源并非取之不尽,那我们就不必再担心人们对资源 的盲目开发了。 If everyone could realize natural resources are not inexhaustible, we wouldn ' t have to worry about any blind exploitation of them 应用:b.如果我们能在大学学习期间培养出强烈的社会责任感,那我们的父辈就不必为中国 的未来担心了 If we can develop a strong sense of responsibility for society in the course of our college studies, our elder generations won t have to worry about the future of China. 原句:“ One should always respect one’ s ancestors,” she says,“ regardless of what they did to bring one into the world".(L 59) “不论他们用什么方式将你带到这个世界,”她说,“人总得尊敬自己的祖先。” 向型提煽 2)Sb should always do sth. regardless of what/how sb /sb. else does/did 某人应该总是/做·…无论自己/别人· 应用:a.无论你做什么,你应该坚持这样一条真理:不劳则无获。 Regardless of whatever you do, you should always adhere to the truth-no gains without pains 应用b无论人们怎样赞赏你,你要始终牢记:虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。 Regardless of how highly people think of you, you should always keep in mind that modesty helps one make progress while conceit makes one lag behind 2. Typical patterns for comparison and contrast RRA]: Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers (L.11) 就像相对论、原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一样,多莉的出现给科学家、政治家和哲学家们提 出了一长串难以解答的问题 句型提炼 Like sth else, the appearance /arrival /birth/invention of sth new generates/produces makes…像某些事/物一样,某事/物的出现/诞生/发明产生/带来了 应用:a就像历史上的任何一场战争一样,伊拉克战争给世界带来了一长串的战后难题 Like any other wars in history, the Iraq war has generated a long list of difficult postwar problems 应用:b.就像科学史上其他重大发明一样,电脑的诞生使人们的学习、生活、甚至看待世 界的方式发生了巨大的变化 Like other landmark inventions in the history of science, the birth of computer has made enormous diffe RRG]: One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century 有位专家相信,这一情形类似于16世纪时的一种情况。 句型提炼 2)Sb. believes/thinks/ agrees/argues sth /sb. could(couldn't) be comparable/similar to
1). If sb. / sth. could be / do sth., we wouldn’t have to worry about (doing) sth. else. 假如某人 / 某物可能是 / 做某事，我们不必担心······ 应用:a. 如果每个人都能够认识到自然资源并非取之不尽，那我们就不必再担心人们对资源 的盲目开发了。 If everyone could realize natural resources are not inexhaustible, we wouldn’t have to worry about any blind exploitation of them. 应用:b. 如果我们能在大学学习期间培养出强烈的社会责任感，那我们的父辈就不必为中国 的未来担心了。 If we can develop a strong sense of responsibility for society in the course of our college studies, our elder generations won’t have to worry about the future of China. 原句: “One should always respect one’s ancestors,” she says, “regardless of what they did to bring one into the world”. (L. 59) “不论他们用什么方式将你带到这个世界，” 她说，“人总得尊敬自己的祖先。” 句型提炼 2) Sb. should always do sth. regardless of what / how sb. / sb. else does / did… 某人应该总是 / 做······，无论自己 / 别人······ 应用:a. 无论你做什么，你应该坚持这样一条真理：不劳则无获。 Regardless of whatever you do, you should always adhere to the truth—no gains without pains. 应用 b.无论人们怎样赞赏你，你要始终牢记：虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Regardless of how highly people think of you, you should always keep in mind that modesty helps one make progress while conceit makes one lag behind. 2. Typical patterns for comparison and contrast 原句:Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly’s appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers. (L. 11) 就像相对论、原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一样，多莉的出现给科学家、政治家和哲学家们提 出了一长串难以解答的问题。 句型提炼 Like sth. else, the appearance / arrival / birth / invention of sth. new generates / produces / makes… 像某些事/ 物一样，某事 / 物的出现/ 诞生 / 发明产生 / 带来了······ 应用： a. 就像历史上的任何一场战争一样，伊拉克战争给世界带来了一长串的战后难题。 Like any other wars in history, the Iraq war has generated a long list of difficult postwar problems for the world. 应用：b. 就像科学史上其他重大发明一样，电脑的诞生使人们的学习、生活、甚至看待世 界的方式发生了巨大的变化。 Like other landmark inventions in the history of science, the birth of computer has made enormous differences to the way people study, live and even see the world. 原句: One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century. (L. 68) 有位专家相信，这一情形类似于 16 世纪时的一种情况。 句型提炼 2) Sb. believes / thinks / agrees / argues sth. / sb. could (couldn’t) be comparable / similar to
sth./sb.ese.某人认为某人/某物类似于另一人/物(不同于另一人/物) 应用a许多年轻人认为爱情可以比作一片汪洋,要么滋润你的心田要么冲垮你的理智 Many young people argue that love could be comparable to a vast expanse of water, which either nurtures your heart or floods your reasons 应用:b.哲人认为,离愁就像一团乱麻,剪不断,理还乱 The philosophers believe that the sorrow of separation could be comparable to a turmoil, which can neither be severed by scissors nor sorted out within reason 3. Typical patterns for showing sb. 's reactions to sth RRAJ: In the wake of Wilmut's announcement, governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown, a future filled with incredible possibilities. (L 6) 就在威尔莫特宣告成功之后,为了一个未知世界,一个充满各种不可思议的可能性的未来, 各国政府立即起草指导方针 句型提炼 In the wake of sth. sb hurries/ begins to. 在某事之后,某人急着/开始 应用:a.那次失败以后,他急着寻找机会重新证明自己 In the wake of that failure, he hurried to look for chances of reproving himself. 应用:b.那次与外国人成功的交流之后,她开始更清楚地意识到英语在对外文化交流中的 重要性 In the wake of that successful exchange with foreigners. she began to become more conscious of the importance of English in cultural exchanges with foreign countries IV. Writing Views on Something 1.有人认为该事物……理由是 2.也有人认为该事物 3.我的看法(各抒己见类)写作模式(各抒己见类) I)Almost everyone would agree that the birth/a sth.2) But this agreement ceases to exist just when it comes to.(议论的主题Para1) 3)Many/ Some people contend/ believe/ argue that(一方观点4) They base their ontention/belief/argument on the grounds that.(#EB 1)5)Besides, as they often point out (EB Il)6) Yet others react to the issue/matter the other way around and hold / assert that the
sth. / sb. else. 某人认为某人 / 某物类似于另一人 / 物 (不同于另一人 / 物)。 应用: a. 许多年轻人认为爱情可以比作一 片汪洋，要么滋润你的心田要么冲垮你的理智。 Many young people argue that love could be comparable to a vast expanse of water, which either nurtures your heart or floods your reasons. 应用: b. 哲人认为，离愁就像一团乱麻，剪不断，理还乱。 The philosophers believe that the sorrow of separation could be comparable to a turmoil, which can neither be severed by scissors nor sorted out within reason. 3. Typical patterns for showing sb.’s reactions to sth. 原句:In the wake of Wilmut’s announcement, governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown, a future filled with incredible possibilities. (L. 6) 就在威尔莫特宣告成功之后，为了一个未知世界，一个充满各种不可思议的可能性的未来， 各国政府立即起草指导方针。 句型提炼 In the wake of sth., sb. hurries / begins to… 在某事之后，某人急着 / 开始······ 应用： a. 那次失败以后，他急着寻找机会重新证明自己。 In the wake of that failure, he hurried to look for chances of reproving himself. 应用：b. 那次与外国人成功的交流之后，她开始更清楚地意识到英语在对外文化交流中的 重要性。 In the wake of that successful exchange with foreigners, she began to become more conscious of the importance of English in cultural exchanges with foreign countries. IV. Writing Views on Something 1. 有人认为该事物······ 理由是······ 2. 也有人认为该事物····· 3. 我的看法（各抒己见类）写作模式（各抒己见类） 1)Almost everyone would agree that the birth / appearance / arrival / development of sth.… 2) But this agreement ceases to exist just when it comes to…(议论的主题)(Para.1) 3) Many / Some people contend / believe / argue that… (一方观点) 4) They base their contention / belief / argument on the grounds that… (理由 I) 5）Besides, as they often point out, ... (理由 II) 6）Yet others react to the issue / matter the other way around and hold / assert that the
opposite is iust reasonable/ more acceptable.(另一方观点)7 From their angle of view,,(理由 D)8)And even worse, as they claim,.(EEB II)(Para. 2) 9)I am of /adhere to/stick to the opinion/view /truth that anything new, including can bring human society fortunes /merits/ advantages or misfortunes/demerits/ disadvantages, all depending on…(我的看法)10) On the one hand,(理由D)l) But on the other…,(理由I) 12) In short, the key/ solution to the problem is al ways controlled in(结论句(结论句 (划线部分可替代) 参考范文 Views on cloning 1.有人认为克隆技术的应用利大于弊,理由是 2.也有人认为弊大于利 3.我的看法 Views on Cloning 1 )Almost everyone would agree that the birth of Dolly, as the first clone of a adult animal, has opened a new way of seeing the creation of life for the world. 2)But this agreement ceases to exist just when it comes to whether cloning will bring fortunes or misfortunes to human societv. 3)any contend that the merits of cloning will outrun its demerits. 4) They base their contention on the grounds that cloning is the most effective method of saving the rare wild lives from dying out. 5) Besides, as they also point out, cloning can help provide better ways to treat some serious or deadly sicknesses, such as diabetes, and Parkinson's disease. 6)Yet others react to the issue the other way around and hold that the opposite is just reasonable. 7) From their angle of view, cloning will threaten the ecological balance by destroying the natural reproduction through the enjoyment of sexual love between the male and the female 8)And even worse, as they reveal, cloning will bring greater disasters to human society if it s used in creation of individuals with extreme genetic qualities, like terrorists, desperate drels and war man 9)I stick to the opinion that anything new, including cloning, can bring human society fortunes or misfortunes, all depending on how it is exploited. 10) On the one hand, it will be an inestimable blessing to the human world if it is applied to reproduction of best dairy cows or other choice domestic poultries. 11) But on the other hand, it will form a big threat to human society once it is abused in copying those hostile toward humanity. 12)In short, the solution to the problem is
opposite is just reasonable / more acceptable. (另一方观点) 7) From their angle of view, … (理由 I) 8) And even worse, as they claim, … (理由 II) (Para.2) 9) I am of / adhere to / stick to the opinion / view / truth that anything new, including…, can bring human society fortunes / merits / advantages or misfortunes / demerits / disadvantages, all depending on ... (我的看法) 10) On the one hand, … (理由 I) 11) But on the other, ... (理由 II) 12) In short, the key / solution to the problem is always controlled in … (结论句) (结论句) （划线部分可替代） 参考范文 Views on Cloning 1. 有人认为克隆技术的应用利大于弊， 理由是······ 2. 也有人认为弊大于利，······ 3. 我的看法。 Views on Cloning 1)Almost everyone would agree that the birth of Dolly, as the first clone of an adult animal, has opened a new way of seeing the creation of life for the world. 2) But this agreement ceases to exist just when it comes to whether cloning will bring fortunes or misfortunes to human society. 3)any contend that the merits of cloning will outrun its demerits. 4) They base their contention on the grounds that cloning is the most effective method of saving the rare wild lives from dying out. 5) Besides, as they also point out, cloning can help provide better ways to treat some serious or deadly sicknesses, such as diabetes, and Parkinson’s disease. 6) Yet others react to the issue the other way around and hold that the opposite is just reasonable. 7) From their angle of view, cloning will threaten the ecological balance by destroying the natural reproduction through the enjoyment of sexual love between the male and the female. 8) And even worse, as they reveal, cloning will bring greater disasters to human society if it is used in creation of individuals with extreme genetic qualities, like terrorists, desperate scoundrels, and war manias. 9) I stick to the opinion that anything new, including cloning, can bring human society fortunes or misfortunes, all depending on how it is exploited. 10) On the one hand, it will be an inestimable blessing to the human world if it is applied to reproduction of best dairy cows or other choice domestic poultries. 11) But on the other hand, it will form a big threat to human society once it is abused in copying those hostile toward humanity. 12) In short, the solution to the problem is
al ways within mans reach Section b . Reading skills Identifying the Writers Purpose(ll) Reading effectively means recognizing the authors purpose. There are some clues that can help you identify what kind of writing you're deal ing with Now let's have a short analysis of Passage A to see if the text is informational, persuasive, or entertaining The title suggests that the text attempts to present a picture of "Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning This piece of evidence shows that the text is intended to be informational: helping us to understand the question: what are the legal and moral implications of cloning The text begins with a piece of news: "At first it was just plain surprising Word last week. ".This is another piece of evidence to show the text is informational After the first three paragraphs(please notice they are facts instead of opinions from the author) six questions-they are concerns of common people-are raised and answered, focusing on the plications of cloning In raising and answering the questions, one prominent feature is that the subjunctive mood is used frequently This demonstrates that they are predictions rather than judgments or conclusions since, as we now, the subjunctive mood is seldom used in judgment or conclusion. Nor is it used in persuasion, unless out of politeness Therefore, with the above in view, we say that the text is informational Directions. When you read Passage B, scan it for clues that help you identify the writer's aim. Use the questions below to guide your scanning, then decide: Is the text informational, persuasive or meant mainly to entertain? 1. The title is actually a question. By using a question as a title, the author tries his best to attract the readers' attention. Obviously, it's about the possibility or even legality of human cloning. The 2. The language is formal and serious. Besides, it is emotional. The evidence for this is the repeated employment of rhetorical questions 3. Altogether, there are seven questions, including the one in the title. Of the seven, four are rhetorical questions. They appear respectively at the end of Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4, and at the beginning of Paragraph 6
always within man’s reach. Section B I. Reading Skills Identifying the Writer’s Purpose (II) Reading effectively means recognizing the author’s purpose. There are some clues that can help you identify what kind of writing you’re dealing with. Now let’s have a short analysis of Passage A to see if the text is informational, persuasive, or entertaining. The title suggests that the text attempts to present a picture of “Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning”. This piece of evidence shows that the text is intended to be informational: helping us to understand the question: what are the legal and moral implications of cloning. The text begins with a piece of news:: “At first it was just plain surprising.. Word last week …”.. This is another piece of evidence to show the text is informational.. After the first three paragraphs (please notice they are facts instead of opinions from the author), six questions—they are concerns of common people—are raised and answered, focusing on the implications of cloning. In raising and answering the questions, one prominent feature is that the subjunctive mood is used frequently.. This demonstrates that they are predictions rather than judgments or conclusions since, as we know, the subjunctive mood is seldom used in judgment or conclusion. Nor is it used in persuasion, unless out of politeness. Therefore, with the above in view, we say that the text is informational. Directions:: When you read Passage B, scan it for clues that help you identify the writer’s aim.. Use the questions below to guide your scanning, then decide:: Is the text informational, persuasive or meant mainly to entertain? 1. The title is actually a question. By using a question as a title, the author tries his best to attract the readers’ attention. Obviously, it’s about the possibility or even legality of human cloning. The author gives us a thorough analysis as to who will take advantage of human cloning. 2. The language is formal and serious. Besides, it is emotional. The evidence for this is the repeated employment of rhetorical questions. 3. Altogether, there are seven questions, including the one in the title. Of the seven, four are rhetorical questions. They appear respectively at the end of Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4, and at the beginning of Paragraph 6
4. Rhetorical questions are mainly intended to stir up the listeners or readers'emotions, to put them off guard, making them ready to accept the speakers or writers opinion. rhetorically, this is called emotional appeal. By using rhetorical questions four times, the author of this text is appealing to the readers to accept her idea"Don' t just say no to human cloning". With all the ove in view, we can see that the text is persuasive IL. Language Points 1. send.. into: make . enter a certain state The remark sent him into a fit of laughter 这话使他大笑了一阵 The movement of the train sent me into sleep 火车摇摇晃晃的,使我睡着了。 2. at the prospect of / that. when aware of the possibility of/that.. The youngster set off home, smiling to himself at the prospect of surprising his family with good news 小伙子面带笑容起程回家,期待着他的好消息能给家人一个惊喜 3. grow out of have sth. as a source The plan grew out of a casual conservation 这个计划产生于一次随意的谈话。 The idea grew out of a remark made unthinkingly by the chairman 这个主意源于主席一句不经意的话。 4. make sense be a wise course of action It makes sense to take care of your health 注意身体健康是明智的 It makes sense to buy a large packet because it works out cheaper in the end 买大包装更合算,因为大包装终究要便宜些。 5. turn out(to be): prove to be; come to be known that Their performance turned out to be great success 结果,他们的演出非常成功 The baggar turned to be a thief. 那个乞丐原来是个小偷 6. on/upon /after reflection: after considering sth again On reflection, I decided not to go 经过考虑,我决定不去了 At first I thought it was a bad idea, but on reflection I real ized she was right 最初我认为那是个坏主意,但考虑之后我认识到她是对的。 7. for the sake of: in order to get or keep He is going to live by the coast for the sake of his health 他为了自己的健康,打算到沿海地区去住 8. view. as: consider or think(sth )as He is viewed as a strong candidate for the job 他被认为是这份工作的强有力的人选。 Their missiles are viewed as a defensive and deterrent force 他们的导弹被视为一种防卫和威慑力量
4. Rhetorical questions are mainly intended to stir up the listeners’ or readers’ emotions, to put them off guard, making them ready to accept the speaker’s or writer’s opinion. Rhetorically, this is called emotional appeal. By using rhetorical questions four times, the author of this text is appealing to the readers to accept her idea “Don’t just say no to human cloning”. With all the above in view, we can see that the text is persuasive. II. Language Points 1. send … into : make … enter a certain state The remark sent him into a fit of laughter. 这话使他大笑了一阵。 The movement of the train sent me into sleep. 火车摇摇晃晃的，使我睡着了。 2. at the prospect of / that …: when aware of the possibility of/that… The youngster set off home, smiling to himself at the prospect of surprising his family with good news. 小伙子面带笑容起程回家，期待着他的好消息能给家人一个惊喜。 3. grow out of :have sth. as a source The plan grew out of a casual conservation. 这个计划产生于一次随意的谈话。 The idea grew out of a remark made unthinkingly by the chairman. 这个主意源于主席一句不经意的话。 4. make sense : be a wise course of action It makes sense to take care of your health. 注意身体健康是明智的 It makes sense to buy a large packet because it works out cheaper in the end. 买大包装更合算，因为大包装终究要便宜些。 5. turn out (to be) : prove to be; come to be known that Their performance turned out to be great success. 结果，他们的演出非常成功。 The baggar turned to be a thief. 那个乞丐原来是个小偷。 6. on / upon / after reflection : after considering sth. again On reflection, I decided not to go. 经过考虑，我决定不去了。 At first I thought it was a bad idea, but on reflection I realized she was right. 最初我认为那是个坏主意，但考虑之后我认识到她是对的。 7. for the sake of : in order to get or keep He is going to live by the coast for the sake of his health. 他为了自己的健康，打算到沿海地区去住。 8. view …as : consider or think (sth.) as He is viewed as a strong candidate for the job. 他被认为是这份工作的强有力的人选。 Their missiles are viewed as a defensive and deterrent force. 他们的导弹被视为一种防卫和威慑力量