Unit 6 Section A I. Background Knowledge Chrysler Corporation The Chrysler Corporation, founded in 1924, used to be one of the three largest American automobile manufacturers whose brands include both passenger and commercial vehicles such Chrysler, Jeep(R and Dodge. The other two largest American automobile manufacturers are General Motors and Ford. In addition to auto making Chrysler is also engaged in financial services, providing loan services(mostly)to car buyers. In 1998 it merged with Daimler-Benz AG (of Germany)(best known for its Mercedes-Benz brand name) to become part of the Daimler Chrysler Corporation, which is jointly owned by European, U.S. and other international U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) A U.S. government agency, whose mission is to protect investors and maintain the integrity of the securities markets. The Commission was set up by the U. S. Congress in 1933 in response to Black Monday", the Great Stock Market Crash of 1929. Its purpose was to restore investor confidence in the U.S. capital markets by providing more structure and government oversight. It is based on the concept that all investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should ave access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it. To achieve this, the SEC requires public companies to disclose meaningful financial and other information to the public which provides a common pool of knowledge for all investors to use to judge for themselves if a company's securities are a good investment. It is believed that only through the steady flow of timely, comprehensive and accurate information can people make sound investment decisions. At present the SEC is comprised of five presidentially-appointed Commissioners, four Divisions and 18 Offices, with a total of about 3, 100 staff. The International Chamber of Commerce The aim of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), founded in 1919, is to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital. Its activities cover a broad spectrum, from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system, business self-regulation, fighting corruption or combating commercial crime. The ICC is made of a World Council (its governing body) and individual national committees and groups. Individual companies, corporations, professional associations as well as individuals can also join the ICC as individual members II. Text analysis many he passage is broadly put into three parts: bribery has become a common occurence in ly countries, three main categories of bribery, and the efforts to ban bribery and the result. The whole passage is organized in problem-solution pattern In the first part, the phenomenon(the problem)is described; in the second, the questionable payments are analyzed; and in the third, the efforts for solution and the result are presented The illustration of the problem(Paras. 1-4)
Unit 6 Section A I. Background Knowledge Chrysler Corporation The Chrysler Corporation, founded in 1924, used to be one of the three largest American automobile manufacturers whose brands include both passenger and commercial vehicles such as Chrysler, Jeep® and Dodge. The other two largest American automobile manufacturers are General Motors and Ford. In addition to auto making, Chrysler is also engaged in financial services, providing loan services (mostly) to car buyers. In 1998 it merged with Daimler-Benz AG (of Germany) (best known for its Mercedes-Benz brand name) to become part of the DaimlerChrysler Corporation, which is jointly owned by European, U.S. and other international investors. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) A U.S. government agency, whose mission is to protect investors and maintain the integrity of the securities markets. The Commission was set up by the U.S. Congress in 1933 in response to “Black Monday”, the Great Stock Market Crash of 1929. Its purpose was to restore investor confidence in the U.S. capital markets by providing more structure and government oversight. It is based on the concept that all investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it. To achieve this, the SEC requires public companies to disclose meaningful financial and other information to the public, which provides a common pool of knowledge for all investors to use to judge for themselves if a company’s securities are a good investment. It is believed that only through the steady flow of timely, comprehensive and accurate information can people make sound investment decisions. At present the SEC is comprised of five presidentially-appointed Commissioners, four Divisions and 18 Offices, with a total of about 3,100 staff. The International Chamber of Commerce The aim of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), founded in 1919, is to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital. Its activities cover a broad spectrum, from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system, business self-regulation, fighting corruption or combating commercial crime. The ICC is made of a World Council (its governing body) and individual national committees and groups. Individual companies, corporations, professional associations as well as individuals can also join the ICC as individual members. II. Text Analysis The passage is broadly put into three parts: bribery has become a common occurrence in many countries, three main categories of bribery, and the efforts to ban bribery and the result. The whole passage is organized in problem-solution pattern. In the first part, the phenomenon (the problem) is described; in the second, the questionable payments are analyzed; and in the third, the efforts for solution and the result are presented. The illustration of the problem (Paras. 1-4)
The analysis of the problem(Paras. 5-8) ara 9-11) The first part consists of 4 paragraphs, from Paragraph 1 to Paragraph 4, concentrating on the oint of view that bribery is a common occurrence in many countries, The author presents his viewpoint in Paragraph I that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and in some countries, it has been a way of life for centuries. The author continues to support h viewpoint from Paragraph 2 to Paragraph 4. paragraph 2 establishes a supposition with an example What if during a negation the other side asks for a bribe? Do you pay up or stand by your principles? Paragraph 3 answers the question in Paragraph 2 with an example showing that sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done. In a very competitive business if we didnt bribe to keep our buyers happy, someone else would. Then the author comes to a conclusion with an example: bribery is on the increase and has become a fact of commercial life. The last sentence of Paragraph 4 is a transitional sentence which tells that in the following part the author is to present us three categories of questionable payments or bribes 2 The second part from Paragraph 5 to Paragraph 8, 4 Paragraphs in all, focuses on the three gories of bribery. In this part there are a lot of examples to support the authors points. I Paragraph 5 and 6, the author presents the first category of bribery substantial payments made fo political purposes or to secure major contracts. Paragraph 7 deals with the second category of bribery: payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some projects, to speed up the wheels of government. paragraph 8 is about the third category of bribery payments made to people who help with the passage of a business deal 3 the third part is made up of the last 3 paragraphs, from paragraph 9 to paragraph ll, which are about the efforts to prohibit bribery. paragraph 9 is about the effects by the international Chamber of Commerce(ICC)to set up a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council has been proposed to manage the code. paragraph 10 tells us that the council has met difficults in carrying out the code as opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. paragraph ll quoted from a famous British newspaper that business is caught in a web of bribery. It is hard to square the business interests with moral conscience. The last paragraph also implies a conclusion for the whole reading passage, briber seems inevitable III. Language Points 1. on the increase( become more frequent or greater in number or intensity)在增长中 Eg: that bribery in various forms is on the increase(L, 3) 形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多 Drug smuggling was on the increase, 毒品走私一直在增长 One's strength of character is not necessarily on the increase along with the growth of his age.一个人的骨气不一定会随着年龄的增长而增长 2. to make it clear to sb. that..( say clearly to sb that..)明确向某人表示;明确告知某人 g: the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe,.(L. 6) 贸易部长向你明确表示如果能给他一大笔贿赂。。 Mother makes it clear to me that I can't play if I don t finish my homework 妈妈向我明确表示如不做完作业我是不能玩的
The analysis of the problem (Paras. 5-8) The solution of the problem (Paras. 9-11) 1 The first part consists of 4 paragraphs, from Paragraph 1 to Paragraph 4,concentrating on the point of view that bribery is a common occurrence in many countries, The author presents his viewpoint in Paragraph 1 that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and in some countries, it has been a way of life for centuries. The author continues to support his viewpoint from Paragraph 2 to Paragraph 4.paragraph 2 establishes a supposition with an example: What if during a negation the other side asks for a bribe? Do you pay up or stand by your principles? Paragraph 3 answers the question in Paragraph 2 with an example showing that sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done. In a very competitive business if we didn’t bribe to keep our buyers happy, someone else would. Then the author comes to a conclusion with an example: bribery is on the increase and has become a fact of commercial life. The last sentence of Paragraph 4 is a transitional sentence which tells that in the following part the author is to present us three categories of questionable payments or bribes. 2 The second part from Paragraph 5 to Paragraph 8, 4 Paragraphs in all, focuses on the three categories of bribery. In this part there are a lot of examples to support the author’s points. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author presents the first category of bribery ; substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts. Paragraph 7 deals with the second category of bribery: payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some projects, to speed up the wheels of government. paragraph 8 is about the third category of bribery ; payments made to people who help with the passage of a business deal. 3 the third part is made up of the last 3 paragraphs, from paragraph 9 to paragraph 11,which are about the efforts to prohibit bribery .paragraph 9 is about the effects by the international Chamber of Commerce(ICC) to set up a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council has been proposed to manage the code. paragraph 10 tells us that the council has met difficults in carrying out the code as opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. paragraph 11 quoted from a famous British newspaper that business is caught in a web of bribery. It is hard to square the business interests with moral conscience. The last paragraph also implies a conclusion for the whole reading passage; bribery seems inevitable. III. Language Points 1. …on the increase (become more frequent or greater in number or intensity) 在增长中 Eg; that bribery in various forms is on the increase (L. 3) 形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多 Drug smuggling was on the increase, 毒品走私一直在增长。 One’s strength of character is not necessarily on the increase along with the growth of his age. 一个人的骨气不一定会随着年龄的增长而增长。 2. to make it clear to sb. that …（say clearly to sb that…）明确向某人表示；明确告知某人 Eg; the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe,…(L. 6) 贸易部长向你明确表示如果能给他一大笔贿赂。。。。 Mother makes it clear to me that I can’t play if I don’t finish my homework 妈妈向我明确表示如不做完作业我是不能玩的
The immense influence of IT on our society makes it clear that we are living in the Information Age 信息技术对社会的巨大影响表明我们正生活在信息时代。 3. to stand by one' s principles(L8)坚持原则 1)still believe or agree with sth said, decided or agreed earlier She still stands by every word she said 她仍然信守自己所说的每一句话 It brings one trust and respect from others to practice honesty and stand by his promises 为人诚实、信守诺言会贏得别人的信任与尊重 2)help sb. or be friends with them, even in difficult situations I wouldn 't break a law for a friend, but I would stand by her if need be 我不会为了朋友犯法,但如果需要的话,我会支持她的 3)Be present while sth bad is happening but not do anything to stop it How can you stand by and see him robbing the old man? 看着他抢劫那个老人,你怎能袖手旁观 4) be ready for action The troops are standing by 部队正严阵以待。。 4 to have high moral standards(L.9)有高尚的道德标准 It is easy to talk about having high moral atandards but in practice, What would one really do in such a situation? 高尚的道德标准说起来容易,但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎样做呢 The college life should be centered around raising students'academic and moral standard 大学生活应以提高学生的学术和道德水平为中心 5. In private( with nobody else present, secretly)私下里;秘密地;在私生活里;在家里 in Britain who were prepared to say in private(L. 15) 在英国有人私下里说 a home is a place for relaxing in private 家是私下放松的地方 He is a gentleman of refinement in public but a man of easy virtue in private. 在公开场合他是个彬彬有礼的绅士,但在私下里却是个放荡不羁的人 反意词 in public类似的短语 In practice etc(para3) 6.为方便讨论起见/为了政治目的 for discussion/political purposes(L. 30 /32) 个社会再自由开放也决不容许一些人为了险恶目的而胡作非为。 A society, no matter how free and open it is, never allows some people to commit all kinds of outrages for evil purposes 7.正在调查中 under investigation(L. 34) 正在对911袭击前后的情报工作进行全面的司法调查。 A full-scale judicial investigation is under way into the intelligence work around the 1l Septer attack 8.因可能触犯商业法规
The immense influence of IT on our society makes it clear that we are living in the Information Age. 信息技术对社会的巨大影响表明我们正生活在信息时代。 3. to stand by one’s principles (L. 8) 坚持原则 stand by 1) still believe or agree with sth said ,decided or agreed earlier She still stands by every word she said 她仍然信守自己所说的每一句话 It brings one trust and respect from others to practice honesty and stand by his promises. 为人诚实、信守诺言会赢得别人的信任与尊重 2）help sb. or be friends with them, even in difficult situations I wouldn’t break a law for a friend, but I would stand by her if need be 我不会为了朋友犯法，但如果需要的话，我会支持她的 3）Be present while sth bad is happening but not do anything to stop it How can you stand by and see him robbing the old man? 看着他抢劫那个老人，你怎能袖手旁观？ 4）be ready for action The troops are standing by. 部队正严阵以待。。 4. to have high moral standards (L. 9) 有高尚的道德标准 It is easy to talk about having high moral atandards but ,in practice,What would one really do in such a situation? 高尚的道德标准说起来容易，但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎样做呢 The college life should be centered around raising students’ academic and moral standards. 大学生活应以提高学生的学术和道德水平为中心。 5. in private（with nobody else present,secretly） 私下里；秘密地；在私生活里； 在家里 …in Britain who were prepared to say in private(L. 15) 在英国有人私下里说。。。 A home is a place for relaxing in private. 家是私下放松的地方 He is a gentleman of refinement in public but a man of easy virtue in private. 在公开场合他是个彬彬有礼的绅士，但在私下里却是个放荡不羁的人。 反意词 in public 类似的短语 in practice etc.(para3) 6. 为方便讨论起见 / 为了政治目的 for discussion / political purposes (L. 30 / 32) 一个社会再自由开放也决不容许一些人为了险恶目的而胡作非为。 A society, no matter how free and open it is, never allows some people to commit all kinds of outrages for evil purposes. 7. 正在调查中 under investigation (L. 34) 正在对 911 袭击前后的情报工作进行全面的司法调查。 A full-scale judicial investigation is under way into the intelligence work around the 11 September attack. 8. 因可能触犯商业法规
for possible violations of business laws(L. 35) 微软公司被指控违反反垄断法。 The Microsoft Corporation was charged with violations of anti-monopoly laws 9.资助某人做某事 to finance sb. 's efforts to do sth ( L. 36) 他们正同心协力去创造航天技术的新奇迹 They are combining their efforts to work new wonders in space technology 10.得到主要建筑合同 to secure major construction contracts(L. 38) “吃一堑,长一智”的格言就是提醒你防止犯同样的错误。 The proverb"a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit "reminds you to secure yourself from a repetition of the same mistakes 11.给……施加压力/过分强调…… to put pressure /undue stress on...(L. 41) 过分强调书本知识会削弱学生创造性思维的热情 Putting undue stress on book knowledge will weaken students'enthusiasm for creative thinking 12.向某人捐款/汇款 to make donations/ payments to sb. (L. 42) 我们的钱应捐给那些受贫穷所困却很有天赋的孩子们 Our donations should be made to those(who are) stuck in poverty but endowed with talents 13.加快……的速度 to speed up the wheels/ progress of .(L. 44) 加快教育改革速度的关键是更新教育理念 The key to speeding up the wheels of educational reform is to renew conceptions of education 14.想出了办法 to hit upon/on the answer /solution(L. 47) 他突发奇想:裸跑能使他成为公众关注的焦点 He hit upon a strange idea that he could become the focus of the public attention by running in the 暗中将某物塞入 to slip sth into /within ..(L. 47) 上课的时候,她悄悄塞到他手里一张纸条,上面写着:“老地方见,不见不散。” While in class, she slipped into his hand a piece of paper on which she wrote, Let's meet at the same old place and not leave without each other” 16.属于此类 to be included on this list(L. 55) 你要么划为清官要么划为贪官。没有中间地带。 You are either included on the list of the honest officials or on the list of the corrupt officials There is no middle point 17.设计一套法规 to devise a code of rules(L. 56) 社会道德准则是根据一个社会对于正确与错误行为所持的观念制定的。 A code of social morality is established in accordance with the notions of right and wrong conduct held by a society
for possible violations of business laws (L. 35) 微软公司被指控违反反垄断法。 The Microsoft Corporation was charged with violations of anti-monopoly laws. 9. 资助某人做某事 to finance sb.’s efforts to do sth. (L. 36) 他们正同心协力去创造航天技术的新奇迹。 They are combining their efforts to work new wonders in space technology. 10. 得到主要建筑合同 to secure major construction contracts (L. 38) “吃一堑,长一智”的格言就是提醒你防止犯同样的错误。 The proverb “ a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit” reminds you to secure yourself from a repetition of the same mistakes. 11. 给…… 施加压力 / 过分强调…… to put pressure / undue stress on ... (L. 41) 过分强调书本知识会削弱学生创造性思维的热情。 Putting undue stress on book knowledge will weaken students’ enthusiasm for creative thinking. 12. 向某人捐款／汇款 to make donations / payments to sb. (L. 42) 我们的钱应捐给那些受贫穷所困却很有天赋的孩子们。 Our donations should be made to those (who are) stuck in poverty but endowed with talents. 13. 加快……的速度 to speed up the wheels / progress of … (L. 44) 加快教育改革速度的关键是更新教育理念。 The key to speeding up the wheels of educational reform is to renew conceptions of education. 14. 想出了办法 to hit upon / on the answer / solution (L. 47) 他突发奇想：裸跑能使他成为公众关注的焦点。 He hit upon a strange idea that he could become the focus of the public attention by running in the nude. 15. 暗中将某物塞入…… to slip sth. into / within … (L. 47) 上课的时候，她悄悄塞到他手里一张纸条，上面写着：“老地方见，不见不散。” While in class, she slipped into his hand a piece of paper on which she wrote, “Let’s meet at the same old place and not leave without seeing each other.” 16. 属于此类 to be included on this list (L. 55) 你要么划为清官,要么划为贪官。没有中间地带。 You are either included on the list of the honest officials or on the list of the corrupt officials. There is no middle point. 17. 设计一套法规 to devise a code of rules (L. 56) 社会道德准则是根据一个社会对于正确与错误行为所持的观念制定的。 A code of social morality is established in accordance with the notions of right and wrong conduct held by a society
18.禁止各种类型的贿赂 to prohibit bribery in various forms/in all its forms(L 3/56) 我们的当务之急是如何防止各种类型的智能犯罪 The most pressing for us now is how to prevent intellectual crime in all its forms 9.达到;等于;实际上是 to amount to(L 59) 如果一位女士对你说:“再说吧。”,那就等于拒绝了你。 If a lady says to you, "Lets talk about it later. " that amounts to her refusal 20.既确保自己的利益,又无愧道德良心 to square one's interests with his moral conscience(L. 68) 为人不做亏心事,夜半敲门心不惊 One who al ways squares his acts with his moral conscience never fears midnight knocks at his RA]: Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. (L. 1) IV. Writing Bribery is a common occurrence in many countries. The phenomenon is introduced by classes on business ethics", and exemplified by two examples: a British car manufacturer and the Chrysler Corporation Questionable payments can be divided into three categories: 1. Those for pol itical purposes or to secure major contracts; 2. Those for obtaining quicker official approval of some project; 3. Those or help with the passage of a business deal ICC is to set up a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council has been proposed to manage the code. However, opinions differ among the members of Icc Bribery seems inevitable Devices for developing it? Bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase in many countries. They seem to be based not on lack of business ethics but on business interests Exemplification(举例法) Exemplification is employed in the third and the forth paragraph to make the authors viewpoint convincing. The authors viewpoint in Para. 3: Sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done The example in support: A British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to pay bribes and of other questionable practices; People in the motor industry held that if they didnt bribe to keep the buyers happy, someone else he authors viewpoint in Para. 4: Bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase The examples in support: The Chrysler Corporation revealed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 and 1976 Three hundred other U.S. companies had admitted that they had made payments of one kind or another in recent years Listing(列举法) Main idea?
18. 禁止各种类型的贿赂 to prohibit bribery in various forms / in all its forms (L. 3 / 56) 我们的当务之急是如何防止各种类型的智能犯罪。 The most pressing for us now is how to prevent intellectual crime in all its forms. 19. 达到; 等于; 实际上是 to amount to (L. 59) 如果一位女士对你说：“再说吧。”，那就等于拒绝了你。 If a lady says to you, “ Let’s talk about it later.” , that amounts to her refusal. 20. 既确保自己的利益，又无愧道德良心 to square one’s interests with his moral conscience (L. 68) 为人不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 One who always squares his acts with his moral conscience never fears midnight knocks at his door. 原句: Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. (L. 1) IV. Writing Bribery is a common occurrence in many countries. The phenomenon is introduced by “classes on business ethics”, and exemplified by two examples: a British car manufacturer and the Chrysler Corporation. Questionable payments can be divided into three categories: 1. Those for political purposes or to secure major contracts; 2. Those for obtaining quicker official approval of some project; 3. Those for help with the passage of a business deal. ICC is to set up a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council has been proposed to manage the code. However, opinions differ among the members of ICC. Bribery seems inevitable. Devices for developing it? Bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase in many countries. They seem to be based not on lack of business ethics but on business interests. Exemplification (举例法) Exemplification is employed in the third and the forth paragraph to make the author’s viewpoint convincing. The author’s viewpoint in Para. 3: Sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done. The example in support: A British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to pay bribes and of other questionable practices; People in the motor industry held that if they didn’t bribe to keep the buyers happy, someone else would. The author’s viewpoint in Para. 4: Bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. The examples in support: The Chrysler Corporation revealed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 and 1976. Three hundred other U.S. companies had admitted that they had made payments of one kind or another in recent years. Listing (列举法) Main idea?
Devices for developing it? The questionable payments are divided into three categories: payments made for political purpose or to secure major contracts; to obtain quicker official approval; and made to people who help with the passage of a business deal. Listing is employed in this part to list three categories of questionable payments Para. 5 The first category consists of Para. 7 The second category covers Para.8 The third category involves Deduction(演绎法) Main idea? Devices for developing it? To ban bribery, a code of conduct is favored by ICC, and even a council was proposed to manage it. But, its members are of different opinions. Anyway, bribery seems inevitable In this part, deduction is employed to show that members of ICC have different ideas as to the enforcement of the code General statement: Unfortunately, opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to he code. (L 61) Specific descriptions: The British members would like the system to have enough legal power to lake companies behave themselves. However, the French delegates think it is the business of governments to make and impose law. Example writing Normally there are three kinds of people who choose to live alone on purpose. The first group of people is artists. They believe in the inspiration in solitude. One of my friends is a writer. He enjoys the time when he is alone. He can stay up late to read and, above all, concentrate on his writing without fear of being interrupted by others. On his wall he posts a quotation from Thoreau I never found the companion that was companionable as solitude. The second group of people is hunters, who prefer to live by themselves. Hunters are afraid that too many people will frighten away their prey. The third group consists of people who are disappointed from their marriage or family life. Once the newspaper reported a story about a woman who has been living alone since her husband left her five years ago for some better economic opportunities. She is not waiting for his return but she is just disappointed in life Section b I Reading skills Reading between the lines means drawing inferences about the author s meanings, ideas, purposes, intentions or conclusions. Making inferences relies on the context clues, logical thinking, common sense and sometimes our knowledge of the world and on what is written or what is not written I Reading Skills: Reading Between the Lines( Review) Here are some more examples from passage A, Unit 6. Please read the paragraphs and answer the questions that follow, trying to find out the meaning implied between the lines
Devices for developing it? The questionable payments are divided into three categories: payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts; to obtain quicker official approval; and made to people who help with the passage of a business deal. Listing is employed in this part to list three categories of questionable payments. Para. 5 The first category consists of … Para. 7 The second category covers … Para. 8 The third category involves … Deduction (演绎法) Main idea? Devices for developing it? To ban bribery, a code of conduct is favored by ICC, and even a council was proposed to manage it. But, its members are of different opinions. Anyway, bribery seems inevitable. In this part, deduction is employed to show that members of ICC have different ideas as to the enforcement of the code. General statement: Unfortunately, opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. (L. 61) Specific descriptions: The British members would like the system to have enough legal power to make companies behave themselves. However, the French delegates think it is the business of governments to make and impose law. … Example writing Normally there are three kinds of people who choose to live alone on purpose. The first group of people is artists. They believe in the inspiration in solitude. One of my friends is a writer. He enjoys the time when he is alone. He can stay up late to read and, above all., concentrate on his writing without fear of being interrupted by others. On his wall he posts a quotation from Thoreau; “I never found the companion that was companionable as solitude.”The second group of people is hunters, who prefer to live by themselves. Hunters are afraid that too many people will frighten away their prey. The third group consists of people who are disappointed from their marriage or family life. Once the newspaper reported a story about a woman who has been living alone since her husband left her five years ago for some better economic opportunities. She is not waiting for his return but she is just disappointed in life. Section B I. Reading Skills Reading between the lines means drawing inferences about the author’s meanings, ideas, purposes, intentions or conclusions. Making inferences relies on the context clues, logical thinking, common sense and sometimes our knowledge of the world and on what is written or what is not written. Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading Between the Lines (Review) Here are some more examples from passage A, Unit 6. Please read the paragraphs and answer the questions that follow, trying to find out the meaning implied between the lines
Example 1 Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.(Para. 1, Passage A, Unit 6) Question: What can account for the students' surprise when finding that classes on business ethic have been included in their schedule? Possible answer: The students are innocent and inexperienced and they don' t expect bribery and similar activities to be common in business Reading Skills: Reading Between the Lines( review) xam It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Some time ago a British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to pay bribes, and of other questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers an exaggerated commission, offering additional discounts, and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland (to be continued)o The company rejected these charges and they were later withdrawn. Nevertheless, at that time, there were people in the motor industry in Britain who were prepared to say in private: "Look, we're in a very competitive business. Every year we're selling more than a$ 1,000 million worth of cars abroad. If we spend a few million pounds to keep some of the buyers happy, who's hurt? If we didn,'t do it, someone else would. "(Para. 3, Passage Question: What is implied in Paragraph 3, Reading passage A? Possible answer: In a highly competitive business world, keeping high moral standards is something easier said than done, -bribery is inevitable I. Reading Skills: Reading Between the Lines(Review) Example 3 In a well-known British newspaper, a writer argued recently that"industry is caught in a web of bribery"and that everyone is"on the take. This is probably an exaggeration. However todays businessman, selling in overseas markets, will frequently meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience.( Para. 11, Passage A, Unit 6) Question: What does "business interests" imply Possible answer: "Business interests here implies making profits II. Text analysis Part 1(para 1--3)topic introduction by the journalists experience on the practice range to put forward the point of the passage; whether more police should be armed with guns Part 2(para 4--13)by examples to show to the audiences what measures should be taken Part 3(para 14-15) The biggest threat is the increase in the tasks we expect the police to carry out III. Language Points I The biggest thread to the role of police officers threat to(Sb/sth)对.构成了威胁 eg他不害怕,因为你对他不构成威胁
Example 1: Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries. (Para. 1, Passage A, Unit 6) Question: What can account for the students’ surprise when finding that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule? Possible answer: The students are innocent and inexperienced and they don’t expect bribery and similar activities to be common in business. Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading Between the Lines (Review) Example 2: It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Some time ago a British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to pay bribes, and of other questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers an exaggerated commission, offering additional discounts, and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland. (to be continued)。The company rejected these charges and they were later withdrawn. Nevertheless, at that time, there were people in the motor industry in Britain who were prepared to say in private: “Look, we’re in a very competitive business. Every year we’re selling more than a $ 1,000 million worth of cars abroad. If we spend a few million pounds to keep some of the buyers happy, who’s hurt? If we didn’t do it, someone else would.” (Para. 3, Passage A, Unit 6) Question: What is implied in Paragraph 3, Reading passage A? Possible answer: In a highly competitive business world, keeping high moral standards is something easier said than done, — bribery is inevitable. Ⅰ. Reading Skills: Reading Between the Lines (Review) Example 3: In a well-known British newspaper, a writer argued recently that “industry is caught in a web of bribery” and that everyone is “on the take.” This is probably an exaggeration. However, today’s businessman, selling in overseas markets, will frequently meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience. ( Para. 11, Passage A, Unit 6 ) Question: What does “business interests” imply? Possible answer: “Business interests” here implies making profits. II. Text Analysis Part 1 (para 1--3) topic introduction by the journalists’ experience on the practice range to put forward the point of the passage; whether more police should be armed with guns Part 2 (para 4--13) by examples to show to the audiences what measures should be taken. Part 3 (para 14--15) The biggest threat is the increase in the tasks we expect the police to carry out. III. Language Points 1 The biggest thread to the role of police officers threat to (Sb/sth) 对…构成了威胁。 eg 他不害怕，因为你对他不构成威胁
He is not afraid because you represent no threat to him 些人认为机器是对他们工作的一种威胁 Some people think that machinery is a threat to the 2. on the practice range. an area where people can practice shooting在射击场 g战士们在那里的射击场上 The soldiers were there on the practice range a rifle range”步枪靶场/ a shooting range”射击场 3。。 some of the problems which actually crop up crop up; appear or happen unexpectedly突然发生或者出现 eg确实,一个需要引起立即注意的重要问题突然发生了 It was true that a major problem had just cropped up which demanded immediate attention 如果某些批评一直在出现,你就必须决定是纠正这些问题,还是尝试一些新的东西。 If certain criticisms have cropped up consistently, you must decide either to correct these problems or to try something new 4 oo videos are played where actors act out various types of situations Act out; copy the actions which took place and make them into a play表演,演绎 eg当玛丽绘声绘色地描述那件事时,我们哄然大笑起来 We roared when Mary acted out the episode 他们把这次抢劫案从头到尾地扮演了一遍,这样向警察叙述时就能叙述得详详细细。 They acted out the robbery in full so that when it came to describing it to the police, they would be able to describe it in perfect detai 5 I am afraid we killed many an innocent people carrying nothing more than a stick Nothing more than only g新发现的笔记只不过是杰克的个人日记 The newly discovered notes are nothing more than Jack's personal journal 这非常有趣,可是恐怕这只不过是一场表演而已 This is very interesting, but I'm afraid that it is nothing more than a pe erformance 6 They are kept up to scratch up to scratch, as good as sth or sb, should be达到要求或者标准 eg要使它们达到标准还要做很多工作。为6月份向公众开放做好准备,这些年轻人干得很 努力 Much work was needed to bring them up to scratch and these young men worked hard to get ready for an opening to the public in June 这对夫妇告诉住房管理的官员们这套三居室的套房根本没有达到他们的要求。 The couple told the housing officials that the three-bedroom flat simply was not up to scratch for their needs 7 but the wisdom of that policy has been questioned as the amount of violence encountered by the police has grown encounter;met遇到,遭遇 eg他们没走多远就遇到了一个卖花的妇女 Before they had gone very far, they encountered a woman selling flowers 我在学习英语语法时遇到了很大困难 I encountered great difficulties in learning English grammar 8 It is usually the ordinary street officer who is on the wrong end of this, rather than the armed
He is not afraid because you represent no threat to him. 一些人认为机器是对他们工作的一种威胁。 Some people think that machinery is a threat to their jobs. 2. ..on the practice range…an area where people can practice shooting 在射击场 eg 战士们在那里的射击场上 The soldiers were there on the practice range. “a rifle range ” 步枪靶场 /“a shooting range ” 射击场 3 。。some of the problems which actually crop up.. crop up ;appear or happen unexpectedly 突然发生或者出现 eg 确实，一个需要引起立即注意的重要问题突然发生了。 It was true that a major problem had just cropped up which demanded immediate attention.. 如果某些批评一直在出现，你就必须决定是纠正这些问题，还是尝试一些新的东西。 If certain criticisms have cropped up consistently, you must decide either to correct these problems or to try something new. 4 。。videos are played where actors act out various types of situations. Act out;copy the actions which took place and make them into a play 表演，演绎 . eg 当玛丽绘声绘色地描述那件事时,我们哄然大笑起来。 We roared when Mary acted out the episode. 他们把这次抢劫案从头到尾地扮演了一遍，这样向警察叙述时就能叙述得详详细细。 They acted out the robbery in full so that when it came to describing it to the police, they would be able to describe it in perfect detail. 5 I am afraid we killed many an innocent people carrying nothing more than a stick. Nothing more than;only . eg 新发现的笔记只不过是杰克的个人日记。 The newly discovered notes are nothing more than Jack’s personal journal. .这非常有趣，可是恐怕这只不过是一场表演而已。 This is very interesting, but I’m afraid that it is nothing more than a performance. 6 They are kept up to scratch… up to scratch; as good as sth or sb,should be 达到要求或者标准 eg 要使它们达到标准还要做很多工作。为 6 月份向公众开放做好准备，这些年轻人干得很 努力。 Much work was needed to bring them up to scratch and these young men worked hard to get ready for an opening to the public in June. 这对夫妇告诉住房管理的官员们这套三居室的套房根本没有达到他们的要求。 The couple told the housing officials that the three-bedroom flat simply was not up to scratch for their needs. 7 but the wisdom of that policy has been questioned as the amount of violence encountered by the police has grown encounter; meet 遇到，遭遇 eg 他们没走多远就遇到了一个卖花的妇女。 Before they had gone very far, they encountered a woman selling flowers. 我在学习英语语法时遇到了很大困难。 I encountered great difficulties in learning English grammar. 8 It is usually the ordinary street officer who is on the wrong end of this,rather than the armed
experts who arrive rather later Be on the wrong end of. Suffer the bad effects of sth承担,面临 eg这是要求变革的一年,这一点显而易见。可我们今年正面临着于我们不利的变革 This is a year for change, thats clear. And were on the wrong end of change this year 吉布森·凯迪遭到了痛斥,可是他压根儿不知道这是怎么发生的 Gibson Keddie finds himself on the wrong end of a tongue lashing, but he knows nothing about how it happens 9 o o o consider the experience of the Northumbria police who have responsibility for law and order law and order, a situation in which people obey the law and behave in a peaceful way iti Fu 秩序 eg暴乱过后,军队被调来重建法律和秩序 After the riots, the military was brought in to restore law and order. 过去他每次都使用武力,力图把自己描绘成是法律和秩序的捍卫者。 Every time he has used force in the past in an effort to portray himself as defender of both law and order *用and连接的两个名词、指同一人或物或通常由两个部件配成的物品的表达法还有: and water肥皂水 fork and knife刀叉 horse and carriage马车 time and tide岁月 rial and error反复尝试 ebb and flow盛衰 war and peace战争与和平 bread and butter奶油面包 wit and humor机智和幽默 a cup and saucer茶杯碟子 10..all the typical problems thrown up by the Britain of the 1990s throw up produce sb or sth, or cause them to become noticeable pE eg他们匆匆地筑起了土墙,在顶上盖些毯子,给这些无家可归者提供住处 They hurriedly threw up earthen walls, stretching blankets over the top to shelter these 建筑工人为地震灾民建造了一些临时棚屋。 The builders threw up some temporary huts for the victims of the earthquake 11 ooo they lost between them 12, 000 days on sick leave on sick leave; a time permitted away from work for illness休病假 eg休病假时你是有工资收入的,但是很明显,这是有限制的 You will be paid while you are on sick leave but obviously there are limits to this 他在英国休病假时参观了许多著名大学,如牛津和剑桥 While in England on sick leave he visited many famous universities such as Oxford and equivalent;n(ofto) a thing, amount,word,et. that is equivalent to sth.Else对等。等于 eg有没有一个词和英语里的“home”完全对等 Is there a word that is the equivalent of the English word a, (to)equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc eg8公里大约等于5英里
experts who arrive rather later. Be on the wrong end of…. Suffer the bad effects of sth 承担，面临 eg 这是要求变革的一年, 这一点显而易见。可我们今年正面临着于我们不利的变革。 This is a year for change, that’s clear. And we’re on the wrong end of change this year. 吉布森·凯迪遭到了痛斥，可是他压根儿不知道这是怎么发生的。 Gibson Keddie finds himself on the wrong end of a tongue lashing, but he knows nothing about how it happens. 9 。。。consider the experience of the Northumbria police who have responsibility for law and order in… law and order; a situation in which people obey the law and behave in a peaceful way 法律和 秩序 eg 暴乱过后，军队被调来重建法律和秩序。 After the riots, the military was brought in to restore law and order. 过去他每次都使用武力，力图把自己描绘成是法律和秩序的捍卫者。 Every time he has used force in the past in an effort to portray himself as defender of both law and order. *用 and 连接的两个名词、指同一人或物或通常由两个部件配成的物品的表达法还有： soap and water 肥皂水 fork and knife 刀叉 horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月 trial and error 反复尝试 ebb and flow 盛衰 war and peace 战争与和平 bread and butter 奶油面包 wit and humor 机智和幽默 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 10．..all the typical problems thrown up by the Britain of the 1990s. throw up;produce sb or sth,or cause them to become noticeable 产生 eg 他们匆匆地筑起了土墙, 在顶上盖些毯子，给这些无家可归者提供住处。 They hurriedly threw up earthen walls, stretching blankets over the top to shelter these homeless people. 建筑工人为地震灾民建造了一些临时棚屋。 The builders threw up some temporary huts for the victims of the earthquake. 11 。。。they lost between them 12,000 days on sick leave on sick leave; a time permitted away from work for illness 休病假 eg 休病假时你是有工资收入的，但是很明显，这是有限制的。 You will be paid while you are on sick leave but obviously there are limits to this. 他在英国休病假时参观了许多著名大学，如牛津和剑桥。 While in England on sick leave he visited many famous universities such as Oxford and Cambridge. 12．The equivalent of 50 police officers off the street for a full year equivalent; n.(of/to ) a thing, amount, word, etc. that is equivalent to sth. Else 对等。等于 eg 有没有一个词和英语里的“home”完全对等 Is there a word that is the equivalent of the English word “home” ? a,(to) equal in value,amount,meaning,importance,etc eg 8 公里大约等于 5 英里
Eight kilometers is about equivalent to five miles disable; make sb unable to use his or her body properly agree 13 one third of the officers leaving were disabled in the very worst deg eg他不能工作,因为他过去在战争中致残了,但是他尽自己最大努力,使我们获得所需要 He can't work because he was disabled in the war. but he does his best for us and makes sure we have everything we need 他在那次事故中成了残废。 He was disabled in the accident 14. 67% favored wider issuing of guns favor; support支持,赞同 eg我会支持立法禁止驾车时吸烟 I would be in favor of making it illegal to smoke while driving 政府中还没有迹象表明总统会赞同这个计划。 But there has been no sign from the government that the President is in favor of the 15 o o an organic substance derived from peppers which disables an attacker if sprayed in his face Derived from; come from/get源于或者得到 eg他认为他们所有的主意都源于经验,而且这些主意证明是很有用的 He argues that all their ideas are derived from experience and that they prove to be very usefu 他很大一部分快乐是从度假中得到的,此时他可以把工作的日常事务抛在脑后 A large part of his pleasure derived from holidays, when he could put the routines of work behind him 16 provided the spray is washed away with water provided/ providing(that;if, or only if假如只要 eg假如无人反对,我们就在这里开会 Provided(that)there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here 我相信我有自由去干我想干的事情,只要这种自由对邻居无害。 I believe in freedom to do what I wish, providing that it does no harm to my neighbor Wash away; remove or carry away by a flow of water or by rain冲走洗刷 eg收割前一个月,几场罕见的大雨把农作物都给冲走了,留给这农民一笔沉重的债务, 他根本就无力偿还 A month before harvesting, the plants were washed away by some unusually heavy rains, leaving the farmer with a heavy debt that he was unable to pay 在这个地区,洪水冲走了好几个村庄 17 I have lost count of the times we have been filming police officers on the streetwhen local lost count of; forget the total of sth, before having finished counting id 7iH eg我已记不清我们看了多少这样的深夜电影,也记不清我们在一起迎来了有多少个这样 的黎明。 I,'ve lost count of the number of late-night movies we've watched in this way or the number
Eight kilometers is about equivalent to five miles 13 one third of the officers leaving were disabled in the very worst degree… disable;make sb unable to use his or her body properly 残疾 eg 他不能工作, 因为他过去在战争中致残了，但是他尽自己最大努力, 使我们获得所需要 的一切。 He can’t work because he was disabled in the war, but he does his best for us and makes sure we have everything we need. 他在那次事故中成了残废。 He was disabled in the accident. 14．67% favored wider issuing of guns favor; support 支持，赞同 eg 我会支持立法禁止驾车时吸烟。 I would be in favor of making it illegal to smoke while driving. 政府中还没有迹象表明总统会赞同这个计划。 But there has been no sign from the government that the President is in favor of the proposal. 15 。。an organic substance derived from peppers which disables an attacker if sprayed in his face. Derived from;come from/get 源于 或者 得到 eg 他认为他们所有的主意都源于经验，而且这些主意证明是很有用的。 He argues that all their ideas are derived from experience and that they prove to be very useful. 他很大一部分快乐是从度假中得到的，此时他可以把工作的日常事务抛在脑后。 A large part of his pleasure derived from holidays, when he could put the routines of work behind him. 16 provided the spray is washed away with water… provided/providing (that); if,or only if 假如 只要 eg 假如无人反对, 我们就在这里开会。 Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 我相信我有自由去干我想干的事情，只要这种自由对邻居无害。 I believe in freedom to do what I wish, providing that it does no harm to my neighbor. Wash away; remove or carry away by a flow of water or by rain 冲走 洗刷 eg 收割前一个月，几场罕见的大雨把农作物都给冲走了，留给这农民一笔沉重的债务， 他根本就无力偿还。 A month before harvesting, the plants were washed away by some unusually heavy rains, leaving the farmer with a heavy debt that he was unable to pay. 在这个地区，洪水冲走了好几个村庄。 Floods have washed away several villages in the area. 17 I have lost count of the times we have been filming police officers on the streetwhen local residents have come up to us and told us… lost count of ; forget the total of sth,before having finished counting 记不清 eg 我已记不清我们看了多少这样的深夜电影，也记不清我们在一起迎来了有多少个这样 的黎明。 I’ve lost count of the number of late-night movies we’ve watched in this way or the number of dawns we’ve seen together