十六、否定(Negation) 装 否定句在英语中一向占有很重要的一席之地， 有一些句子只要动词加上not,即可构成否定句； 有一些句子本身即含有否定词，如：n0, neither,none,never,nothing等等。另外，还 有一部分句子含有seldom,rarely,hardly等词 眼，虽然表面文字不是否定形态，但意思却是 否定的。例如：seldom意思是not often,而 scarcely(hardly)意思为almost..not/no
1 十六、否定（Negation） 否定句在英语中一向占有很重要的一席之地， 有一些句子只要动词加上not，即可构成否定句； 有一些句子本身即含有否定词，如：no， neither，none，never，nothing等等。另外， 还 有一部分句子含有seldom，rarely，hardly等词 眼，虽然表面文字不是否定形态，但意思却是 否定的。例如：seldom意思是not often，而 scarcely（hardly）意思为almost…not/no
装1、否定句的形成 种类 句 型 例 句 do not The house doesn't belong 动词 does not +原型V to me. 的否 did not He didn't go to the movie last night. 祈使 Let him go. 2 句 Don't+原型V Don't let him go 否定 Please smoke in the room. 一Please don't smoke in the room 2
2 1、否定句的形成 种 类 句 型 例 句 1 一般 动词 的否 定 do not does not +原型V did not The house doesn’t belong to me. He didn’t go to the movie last night. 2 祈使 句的 否定 Don’t + 原型V Let him go. Don’t let him go. Please smoke in the room. Please don’t smoke in the room
米接上表 种类 句型 例句 3 Be动词 am/is/was +not I'm not leaving yet. 的否定 are/were +not 我还没有离开。 4 助动词 will/shall/can/must We can't stop now or we 的否定 not won't get there in time. 5 完成式 has I haven't packed my 的否定 have not p.p. package. had 我的行李尚未打好。 6 Let's的 Let'snot+原型V Let's not start too early. 否定 7 不定式 Not+to+原型V I warned him not to go 的否定 there. 3
3 接上表 种类 句型 例句 3 Be动词 的否定 am/is/was +not are/were +not I’m not leaving yet. 我还没有离开。 4 助动词 的否定 will/shall/can/must + not We can’t stop now or we won’t get there in time. 5 完成式 的否定 has have + not + p.p. had I haven’t packed my package. 我的行李尚未打好。 6 Let’s 的 否定 Let’s not + 原型V Let’s not start too early. 7 不定式 的否定 Not + to + 原型V I warned him not to go there
张2、全部否定 A)否定单数普通名词时要用nota,否定不可数的 抽象名词、物质名词和复数普通名词用not any: He said he hadn't any money. I have not any books. 装Note:否定词not用于否定疑问句中，如果不用缩略形式 don't,doesn't,didn't等，not则置于主句后。如用缩略形 式则置于主句前： Have you not traveled by sea before? 装对动词-ing形式和动词不定进行否定，否定词not总是置 于所修饰的非限定形式之前： The teacher warned the students not to be late for the examination. He apologized for his not being able to come. Not having seen him before,I didn't know he was the professor I was expecting to see. 4
4 2、全部否定 A) 否定单数普通名词时要用not a，否定不可数的 抽象名词、物质名词和复数普通名词用not any： He said he hadn’t any money. I have not any books. Note: 否定词not 用于否定疑问句中, 如果不用缩略形式 don’t, doesn’t, didn’t 等，not 则置于主句后。如用缩略形 式则置于主句前： Have you not traveled by sea before？ 对动词-ing形式和动词不定进行否定，否定词not 总是置 于所修饰的非限定形式之前： The teacher warned the students not to be late for the examination. He apologized for his not being able to come. Not having seen him before, I didn’t know he was the professor I was expecting to see
少数由not构成的疑问句和否定句是习惯用法，这是其否定 意思弱化，甚至消失，实际上等于肯定： What have we not done?=We have done everything! How often have we not seen'him?=We have often seen him. B)no可用作限定词，置于名词前，这时 no=not a not any: He has no book.=I have not a book. He has no books.=I have not any books. Note:动词用be时，not是一般句型，no.是强势句型： Tom is not a modest man.汤姆不是个谦虚的人。 Tom is no modest man.汤姆是个很不谦虚的人。 但是no不能置于冠词前修饰名词： The drivers went on strike,but porters. a.no the b.not c.no others d.not the 5
5 少数由not 构成的疑问句和否定句是习惯用法, 这是其否定 意思弱化, 甚至消失, 实际上等于肯定： What have we not done？= We have done everything！ How often have we not seen him？= We have often seen him. B) no 可用作限定词，置于名词前，这时 no=not a / not any： He has no book. = I have not a book. He has no books. = I have not any books. Note: 动词用be 时，not 是一般句型，no…是强势句型： Tom is not a modest man. 汤姆不是个谦虚的人。 Tom is no modest man. 汤姆是个很不谦虚的人。 但是no 不能置于冠词前修饰名词： The drivers went on strike, but ___porters. a. no the b. not c. no others d. not the
米 告示用语中常用no+-ing结构，意思是“不准 许..”或“禁止.”，不能用not any代替no: The notice said,"smoking in the waiting-room a.Not b.Not a c.Not any d.No 类似的句子还有No parking.不准停车 No thoroughfare.禁止通行 C)nothing做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。有形容 词修饰它时，放在其后： There is nothing wrong with this machine. 装Note:nothing常用于简略回答，一般情况下，回答以 what提问的问句： “What are you trying to hide from me?”“Nothing.” 装但nothing在特定结构中能从反面传达“最”的概念： There is nothing like frequent failure for teaching one caution. There is nothing I like so much as playing basketball. 6
6 告示用语中常用no + -ing 结构，意思是“不准 许…” 或“禁止…” , 不能用not any 代替no： The notice said, “___ smoking in the waiting-room”. a. Not b. Not a c. Not any d. No 类似的句子还有 No parking. 不准停车 No thoroughfare. 禁止通行 C) nothing 做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。有形容 词修饰它时，放在其后： There is nothing wrong with this machine. Note: nothing 常用于简略回答，一般情况下，回答以 what 提问的问句： “What are you trying to hide from me?” “Nothing.” 但nothing 在特定结构中能从反面传达“最”的概念： There is nothing like frequent failure for teaching one caution. There is nothing I like so much as playing basketball
D)nobody,no one做主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。 它们通常用单数代词来替代： Nobody/No one likehisfriendsto take advantage ofim 袋桓是在反意疑苘句币用复数代词来花替： Nobody was working in the workshop,were they? 装用于简略回答时，常用于回答以who开头的句子： Who is knocking at the door?’“Nobody.” E)none既可指人，又可指物，做主语时其谓语动词 可视具体情况用单数或复数形式： I need some pencils badly but there is none at hand Twelve guests are expected,but none have arrived. 装Note:none用于简短回答时，一般用来回答以how many 或how much引起的问句： How many students are in the room?""None." How much water is left in the pool?""None
7 D) nobody, no one 做主语, 谓语动词要用单数形式。 它们通常用单数代词来替代： Nobody / No one likes his friends to take advantage of him. 但是在反意疑问句中用复数代词来代替： Nobody was working in the workshop, were they? 用于简略回答时, 常用于回答以who开头的句子： “Who is knocking at the door?” “Nobody.” E) none 既可指人, 又可指物, 做主语时其谓语动词 可视具体情况用单数或复数形式： I need some pencils badly but there is none at hand. Twelve guests are expected, but none have arrived. Note: none 用于简短回答时, 一般用来回答以how many 或 how much 引起的问句: “How many students are in the room?” “None.” “How much water is left in the pool?” “None
F)never用于强势句型 Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today 数在expect,.hope,intend,,plan,remember等劫词+不走式的 结构中，如用never否定，则将其置于不定式前： I expected never to hear from him. Jack intended never to behave himself in class G)neither作代词用时，在谈到两个人或物时，意思 是“哪个也不”，动词用单数。作限定词用时， 所修饰的名词也用单数： The first one was not easy,neither was the second one. Neither boy has won the 100 meter race H)neither...nor.是一组并列连词。连接两个主语 时，动词的数和靠近它的主语人称一致，用正 常语序： 8
8 F) never 用于强势句型: Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today. 在expect, hope, intend, plan, remember 等动词 + 不定式的 结构中, 如用never否定, 则将其置于不定式前: I expected never to hear from him. Jack intended never to behave himself in class. G) neither 作代词用时, 在谈到两个人或物时, 意思 是“哪个也不”, 动词用单数。作限定词用时， 所修饰的名词也用单数： The first one was not easy，neither was the second one. Neither boy has won the 100 meter race. H) neither…nor…是一组并列连词。连接两个主语 时，动词的数和靠近它的主语人称一致，用正 常语序：
Neither he nor we have any doubt of it. 米3、部分否定 装英语中部分否定的构成可，以用山，always,both,eac中， every,everybody,everything,many,much,often 词加not构成，请看下表： 句 all all 所有 型 both ..not not both.(并非..两者) 1 every every 每一 例 All men are not honest..人并非都是诚实的。 句 Both his parents are not living. 并非他的父母亲两者都健在。 This train doesn't stop at every station 这班火车并不是每站都停。 9
9 Neither he nor we have any doubt of it. 3、部分否定 英语中部分否定的构成可以用all, always, both, each, every, everybody, everything, many, much, often等一类 词加not 构成，请看下表： 句 型 1 all all 所有 both …not = not both…(并非… 两者…) every every 每一 例 句 All men are not honest. 人并非都是诚实的。 Both his parents are not living. 并非他的父母亲两者都健在。 This train doesn’t stop at every station. 这班火车并不是每站都停
效接上表 句 Not always (未必是) 2 Not necessarily The rich are not always happy 句 有钱的人未必是快乐的。 Leaves are not necessarily green. 树叶未必是绿的。 装4、转移否定 A)有些表示“主观臆测”的及物动词如assume, believe,expect,fancy,feel,guess,imagine,reckon, seem,suppose,.think等，用于复合句的主句中时， 其后面用that引导的宾语从句中的谓语若是否定意 10
10 接上表 4、转移否定 A) 有些表示“主观臆测”的及物动词如assume, believe, expect, fancy, feel, guess, imagine, reckon, seem, suppose, think 等, 用于复合句的主句中时, 其后面用that 引导的宾语从句中的谓语若是否定意 句 型 2 Not always (未必是) Not necessarily 例 句 The rich are not always happy. 有钱的人未必是快乐的。 Leaves are not necessarily green. 树叶未必是绿的