Revision Altogether twenty-two lectures are discussed in this course.Now let's roughly review what we have learned this term: Introduction Grammatical hierarchy(语法层次) Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks:the sentence,the clause, the phrase,the word,and the morpheme.Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank
1 Revision Altogether twenty-two lectures are discussed in this course. Now let’s roughly review what we have learned this term: Introduction Grammatical hierarchy(语法层次) • Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks:the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word, and the morpheme. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank
Thus the sentence is a grammatical unit that consists of one or more than one clause;the clause,one or more than one phrase;the phrase,one or more than one ●● word;and the word,one or more than one morpheme. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or the lowest rank.A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents--- the morphemes. 2
2 • Thus the sentence is a grammatical unit that consists of one or more than one clause; the clause, one or more than one phrase; the phrase, one or more than one word; and the word, one or more than one morpheme. • The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or the lowest rank. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents--- the morphemes
动词的时态(Tense) In this lecture we discussed the features of tense and we talked about uses of the present tense,the future tense,the progressive tense,the perfective tense,the contrast between the simple past and the present perfective and the sequence of tenses. 二、 动词的语态Voice) As has been pointed out,a sentence/clause whose predicator (predicate verb)is active is called an“active sentence”,and a sentence/ clause whose predicator (predicate verb)is passive is called a "passive sentence".The
3 一、动词的时态(Tense) • In this lecture we discussed the features of tense and we talked about uses of the present tense, the future tense, the progressive tense, the perfective tense, the contrast between the simple past and the present perfective and the sequence of tenses. 二、动词的语态(Voice) • As has been pointed out, a sentence/ clause whose predicator (predicate verb) is active is called an “active sentence”, and a sentence/ clause whose predicator (predicate verb) is passive is called a “passive sentence”. The
subject in the active sentence is the agent or doer of an action,and in the passive the recipient of the action. In this lecture we discussed the use of active voice and passive voice and some special points that we should pay much attention to verb voices. 三、非谓语动词Non-finite forms) English verb have three non-finite forms: infinitive,participles and gerund.In this lecture we talked about the uses of different non-finite forms or types,their tense and their voices,some non-finite patterns and exceptions
4 • subject in the active sentence is the agent or doer of an action, and in the passive the recipient of the action. • In this lecture we discussed the use of active voice and passive voice and some special points that we should pay much attention to verb voices. 三、非谓语动词(Non-finite forms) • English verb have three non-finite forms: infinitive, participles and gerund. In this lecture we talked about the uses of different non-finite forms or types, their tense and their voices, some non-finite patterns and exceptions
四、虚拟语气(Subjunctive mood) In English,when we express hypothetical and non-factual meanings,we need to use subjective mood of verbs.There two forms of the subjunctive:be-subjective and were-subjective In this lecture the uses of the subjunctive mood are dwelt on and we also discussed its forms and some special subjunctive sentence constructions. 五、情态动词(Modal auxiliary) As has been pointed out before,English verbs,in terms of their functions in forming verb phrases, fall into two major categories:main verbs and auxiliaries.Auxiliaries can again be divided into primary auxiliaries(基本助动词)，modal
5 四、虚拟语气（Subjunctive mood） • In English, when we express hypothetical and non-factual meanings, we need to use subjective mood of verbs. There two forms of the subjunctive: be –subjective and were-subjective. In this lecture the uses of the subjunctive mood are dwelt on and we also discussed its forms and some special subjunctive sentence constructions. 五、情态动词（Modal auxiliary） • As has been pointed out before, English verbs, in terms of their functions in forming verb phrases, fall into two major categories: main verbs and auxiliaries. Auxiliaries can again be divided into primary auxiliaries (基本助动词), modal
auxiliaries,and semi-auxiliaries.The function of oO primary auxiliaries (do,have,be )is to combine with main verbs to form complex verb phrases And this lecture concentrated on the uses of modal auxiliaries and the next on semi-auxiliaries. 六、名词(Noun) This lecture covered three aspects of noun, including "the classification of nouns","the number forms of nouns",and "the case of nouns". 七、形容词和副词(Adj.&Adv.) This lecture falls into two parts:the place of adj adv.and the comparative and superlative form of adj.adv.As we know most adjectives and
6 • auxiliaries, and semi-auxiliaries. The function of primary auxiliaries (do, have, be ) is to combine with main verbs to form complex verb phrases. And this lecture concentrated on the uses of modal auxiliaries and the next on semi-auxiliaries. 六、名词（Noun) • This lecture covered three aspects of noun, including “the classification of nouns”, “the number forms of nouns”, and “the case of nouns”. 七、形容词和副词(Adj.& Adv.) • This lecture falls into two parts: the place of adj. & adv. and the comparative and superlative form of adj. & adv. As we know most adjectives and
adverbs are gradable and can be used in comparative clauses. When appearing n comparative constructions,adjectives and adverbs take special grammatical forms which are called“forms of comparison”.So in the second part of this lecture,regular irregular comparison of adj.adv.some comparative constructions and the way to express "How many times is A more than B?"were dwelt on. 八、冠词(Articles) English has two kinds of articles:the definite article (the)and the indefinite article (a/an). In this lecture,the classification of articles and their usage were discussed
7 adverbs are gradable and can be used in comparative clauses. When appearing in comparative constructions, adjectives and adverbs take special grammatical forms which are called “forms of comparison”. So in the second part of this lecture, regular & irregular comparison of adj. & adv. , some comparative constructions and the way to express “How many times is A more than B?” were dwelt on. 八、冠词(Articles) • English has two kinds of articles: the definite article (the) and the indefinite article (a/an). In this lecture, the classification of articles and their usage were discussed
九、限定词(Determiners) Words that precede any pre-modifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings(所指意义)as specific reference(特指)， genetic reference(类指)，definite quantity(确定数 or indefinite quantity are referred to as determiners. In this lecture,determiners are briefly discussed, including the classification of determiners and a comparative study of some determiners about which students easily get confused 十、数词Numera) Words that precede any pre-modifying
8 九、限定词(Determiners) • Words that precede any pre-modifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings(所指意义) as specific reference(特指), genetic reference(类指), definite quantity(确定数 量) or indefinite quantity are referred to as determiners. • In this lecture, determiners are briefly discussed, including the classification of determiners and a comparative study of some determiners about which students easily get confused. 十、数词(Numeral) • Words that precede any pre-modifying
adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings((所指意义)as definite quantity(确定数量)or indefinite quantity are referred to as numeral. There are two kinds of numerals:cardinal numeral(one,two,fifty-two etc.)and ordinal numeral(first,tenth,fiftieth etc.).Uses of different numerals in this lecture were discussed 十一、介词(Preposition) Prepositions are a class of structural words that indicate various semantic relations between words or expressions.Prepositions are usually divided into the following three types:simple prepositions,compound
9 adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings(所指意义) as definite quantity(确定数量) or indefinite quantity are referred to as numeral. There are two kinds of numerals: cardinal numeral(one, two, fifty-two etc.) and ordinal numeral( first, tenth, fiftieth etc.). Uses of different numerals in this lecture were discussed. 十一、介词（Preposition) • Prepositions are a class of structural words that indicate various semantic relations between words or expressions. Prepositions are usually divided into the following three types: simple prepositions, compound
prepositions,phrasal prepositions.In this lecture, classification of prepositions,collocation of prepositions with adjectives,verbs and nouns were discussed,and then the usage of some commonly-used prepositions were dealt with. 十二、状语从句(Adverbial Clause) Adverbial clauses are those that perform the function of adverbial in a complex sentence. Semantically,this kind of clause can be subdivided into adverbial clauses of time,place, manner,cause,result,purpose,condition,and concession.In this lecture usage of different adverbial clauses were discussed and the contrast 10
10 prepositions, phrasal prepositions. In this lecture, classification of prepositions, collocation of prepositions with adjectives, verbs and nouns were discussed, and then the usage of some commonly-used prepositions were dealt with. 十二、状语从句(Adverbial Clause) • Adverbial clauses are those that perform the function of adverbial in a complex sentence. Semantically, this kind of clause can be subdivided into adverbial clauses of time, place, manner, cause, result, purpose, condition, and concession. In this lecture usage of different adverbial clauses were discussed and the contrast