三.非谓语动词Non-finite forms) English verb have three non-finite forms: infinitive,participles and gerund.In this lecture we are going to talk about the uses of the non- finite forms. 1)Forms of the infinitive There are different types of infinitive based on different criterion such as"to-infinitive"and "bare infinitive",simple infinitive and perfective infinitive,and passive infinitive,etc.In the following part,we'll discussed them respectively
1 三.非谓语动词(Non-finite forms) ❖ English verb have three non-finite forms: infinitive, participles and gerund. In this lecture we are going to talk about the uses of the nonfinite forms. ❖ 1)Forms of the infinitive ❖ There are different types of infinitive based on different criterion such as “ to-infinitive”and “bare infinitive”,simple infinitive and perfective infinitive,and passive infinitive,etc. In the following part, we’ll discussed them respectively
A)Grammatical forms The infinitive has no tense distinctions,nor person or number contrasts.But they can be passive and take the simple,progressive,perfective and perfective progressive forms.Now let's take verb do”for example: 主动形式 被动形式 般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 To be doing 完成进行式 To have been doing
2 ❖ A)Grammatical forms ❖ The infinitive has no tense distinctions, nor person or number contrasts. But they can be passive and take the simple, progressive, perfective and perfective progressive forms.Now let’s take verb “do”for example: 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 To be doing —— 完成进行式 To have been doing ——
B)to-infinitive and bare infinitive Infinitives commonly occur with to,but in some contexts itit necessary to use the bare infinitive, (the bare infinitive is just the infinitive without "to",which is identical in form with the base of the verb)and in some other cases the infinitive sign is optional.Following is a summing up of the situations in which the bare infinitive is used: a)the bare infinitive is generally used to follow the modals including“need'and“dare',eg You must do as you are told. Who should come in but the mayor himself! In case of"need",it should be followed by a bare
3 ❖ B) to-infinitive and bare infinitive ❖ Infinitives commonly occur with to, but in some contexts it it necessary to use the bare infinitive, (the bare infinitive is just the infinitive without “to”, which is identical in form with the base of the verb)and in some other cases the infinitive sign is optional. Following is a summing up of the situations in which the bare infinitive is used: ❖ a) the bare infinitive is generally used to follow the modals including “need”and “dare”, eg: ❖ You must do as you are told. ❖ Who should come in but the mayor himself! ❖ In case of “need”, it should be followed by a bare
infinitive when it acts as a modal,but by a to-infinitive when it is used as a main verb,eg: We needn't stay here this evening. Do we need to stay here? In the case of"dare",it is followed by a bare infinitive when it is used as a modal,but the infinitive sign is optional when dare functions as a main verb,eg: She dare not go there alone. Does she dare (to go there alone b)the bare infinitive is used to combine with such modal idioms as would rather would sooner would (ust) as soon(宁愿，may/might(just)as well(不妨、可以
4 infinitive when it acts as a modal, but by a to-infinitive when it is used as a main verb, eg: ❖ We needn’t stay here this evening. ❖ Do we need to stay here? ❖ In the case of “dare”, it is followed by a bare infinitive when it is used as a modal, but the infinitive sign is optional when dare functions as a main verb, eg: ❖ She dare not go there alone. ❖ Does she dare ( to ) go there alone. ❖ b) the bare infinitive is used to combine with such modal idioms as would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon(宁愿), may/might ( just ) as well(不妨、可以)
cannot but,.cannot help but(不能不、不由得不)，etc.eg We could not but weep at the sad news. I would rather stay at home. Since it's a fine day,we might as well walk Likewise,the bare infinitive is also used to follow “would rather..than”and“would as soon ..as (宁愿..而不愿)，eg He would rather listen to others than talk himself. I'djust as soon go by train as drive. I would sooner play than work. c)The bare infinitive is commonly used to follow rather than/sooner than(宁可.而不，especially when rather sooner than takes the initial position
5 cannot but, cannot help but（不能不、不由得不）, etc. eg: ❖ We could not but weep at the sad news. ❖ I would rather stay at home. ❖ Since it’s a fine day, we might as well walk. ❖ Likewise, the bare infinitive is also used to follow “would rather … than” and “would as soon …as” （宁愿……而不愿）, eg: ❖ He would rather listen to others than talk himself. ❖ I’d just as soon go by train as drive. ❖ I would sooner play than work. ❖ c) The bare infinitive is commonly used to follow rather than /sooner than(宁可…而不), especially when rather / sooner than takes the initial position
÷For example: Rather than cause trouble,he left. Sooner than marry that man,she would earn her living as a waitress. But when rather than takes other positions in the sentence,the following infinitive may be with or without to,eg: He decided to go fishing rather than stay in the dormitory. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. d)The bare infinitive is often combined with a- main verb to form some fixed combinations such as:
6 ❖ For example: ❖ Rather than cause trouble, he left. ❖ Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress. ❖ But when rather than takes other positions in the sentence, the following infinitive may be with or without to, eg: ❖ He decided to go fishing rather than stay in the dormitory. ❖ The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. ❖ d)The bare infinitive is often combined with a main verb to form some fixed combinations such as:
无意说出，错 make believe 假装 let slip 过机会 凑合，将就， make do (with/on) 靠.维持 let go (of) 放开，放手 let drop leave go (of) 有意无意说出 let fall hear tell (of) 听说 let fly (at) 发出，射出 (let...)go 见鬼去吧才 hang 不在乎小。 .For example: He did all that just to make believe. We hadn't time for luncheon,but we made do with sandwiches
7 make believe 假装 let slip 无意说出，错 过机会 make do (with/on) 凑合，将就， 靠…维持 let go (of) 放开，放手 let drop 有意无意说出 leave go (of) let fall hear tell (of) 听说 let fly (at) 发出，射出 (let …) go hang 见鬼去吧，才 不在乎 •For example: He did all that just to make believe. We hadn’t time for luncheon, but we made do with sandwiches
Don't let go (of)the handle. He let fall a hint of his intentions. e)The bare infinitive usually appears after "causative verb(let,have,make)+object",eg: We can't let this go on. Abbey made him stay to tea. He won't have us criticize his work But when the causative verb occurs in the passive, the bare infinitive should be turned into a to- infinitive,eg: Jim made her tell him everything. =She was made to tell him everything
8 ❖ Don’t let go (of ) the handle. ❖ He let fall a hint of his intentions. ❖ e) The bare infinitive usually appears after “causative verb (let, have, make) + object”, eg： ❖ We can’t let this go on. ❖ Abbey made him stay to tea. ❖ He won’t have us criticize his work. ❖ But when the causative verb occurs in the passive, the bare infinitive should be turned into a toinfinitive, eg: ❖ Jim made her tell him everything. ❖ =She was made to tell him everything
f)The bare infinitive usually occurs after "sense verb object".The sense verbs include see,hear observe,notice,feel,watch,look at and listen to, eg: I didn't hear you say that We felt the house shake. He doesn't like listening to other people talk. But when the sense verb occurs in the passive, should be followed by a to-infinitive,eg: They saw him enter the building. =He was seen to enter the building. g)the bare infinitive is used after "have known+
9 ❖ f ) The bare infinitive usually occurs after “sense verb + object”. The sense verbs include see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch, look at and listen to, eg: ❖ I didn’t hear you say that. ❖ We felt the house shake. ❖ He doesn’t like listening to other people talk. ❖ But when the sense verb occurs in the passive, it should be followed by a to-infinitive, eg: ❖ They saw him enter the building. ❖ =He was seen to enter the building. ❖ g) the bare infinitive is used after “have known +
÷object(看过、听过)，eg Have you ever known (=heard)him tell a lie? I have never known (=seen that man smile. h)The bare infinitive often appears after help or "help object",but to-infinitive is also possible eg: Can I help (to)lifi that box? I'll help you (to)solve the problem. i)The bare infinitive usually appears after the preposition except/but when there is a form of the main verb do before the preposition,which is otherwise followed by a to-infinitive,eg: 10
10 ❖ object”(看过、听过), eg: ❖ Have you ever known（=heard） him tell a lie? ❖ I have never known（=seen）that man smile. ❖ h) The bare infinitive often appears after help or “help + object”, but to-infinitive is also possible, eg: ❖ Can I help (to) lift that box? ❖ I’ll help you (to) solve the problem. ❖ i) The bare infinitive usually appears after the preposition except /but when there is a form of the main verb do before the preposition, which is otherwise followed by a to-infinitive, eg: