十一、介词(preposition) Prepositions are a class of structural words that indicate various semantic relations between words or expressions.Prepositions are usually divided into the following three types: 1)简单介词(Simple Prepositions) about,across,after,against,among,around,at, before,behind,below,beside,besides,between beyond,but,by,down,during,except,for,from, in,like,of,off,on,over,near,past,round,since, through,till,to,towards,under,until,up,with,per, via;
1 十一、介词（preposition) ◼ Prepositions are a class of structural words that indicate various semantic relations between words or expressions. Prepositions are usually divided into the following three types: 1)简单介词(Simple Prepositions) ◼ about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, of, off, on, over, near, past, round, since, through, till, to, towards, under, until, up, with, per, via;
2)合成介词(Compound Prepositions)) inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout, upon,within,without; 3)成语介词(Phrasal Prepositions) according to,along with,apart from,as for,as to, because of,by means of,in front of,in spite of, instead of,in accordance with,on account of,on behalf of,owing to,due to,together with,up to, with regard to next to,prior to,etc. >1.Collocation of prepositions with adjectives,verbs and nouns A)Prepositions after adjectives
2 2)合成介词（Compound Prepositions) ◼ inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without; 3)成语介词( Phrasal Prepositions) ◼ according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to next to, prior to,etc. ➢ 1、Collocation of prepositions with adjectives, verbs and nouns A）Prepositions after adjectives
Adjectives can collocate with prepositions to form adjective phrases.Some adjectives can only be followed by specific prepositions (eg: rich in,intent on(一心想)，indifferent to,etc),but there are other adjectives that can collocate with different prepositions to express different meanings[eg:“alive to”means“having full knowledge of'(敏感)；“alive with”means “covered with(living things)"(充满)，etc]. There are also adjectives that can be followed by different prepositions without change in meaning,the choice of prepositions being
3 ◼ Adjectives can collocate with prepositions to form adjective phrases. Some adjectives can only be followed by specific prepositions（eg： rich in, intent on(一心想), indifferent to, etc), but there are other adjectives that can collocate with different prepositions to express different meanings [eg: “alive to” means “having full knowledge of”(敏感); “alive with” means “covered with (living things)”(充满), etc]. ◼ There are also adjectives that can be followed by different prepositions without change in meaning, the choice of prepositions being
determined by the noun or pronoun that follows, eg: Joe was very disappointed at not finding her at home. His parents will be disappointed with her if she fails the exam. B)Prepositions after verbs Combinations of prepositions with verbs fall into the following types: a)Verb preposition,eg: I shall prevail on(说服)him to make the attempt,. You can appeal to a higher court and apply for a fresh trial
4 determined by the noun or pronoun that follows, eg: Joe was very disappointed at not finding her at home. His parents will be disappointed with her if she fails the exam. B) Prepositions after verbs ◼ Combinations of prepositions with verbs fall into the following types: a) Verb + preposition, eg: I shall prevail on(说服) him to make the attempt. You can appeal to a higher court and apply for a fresh trial
He fell into()the habit of not attending to other people's advice. b)Verb object preposition,eg: They excluded him from the club. They took me into their confidence.他们信任我。 These men took me for a swindler(骗子). 。上述搭配中的宾语可按语义意图加以改变。但在 词组动词结构中的名词不能随意改变： The old widow always takes pity on some stray cat or dog. The report lays great emphasis on the development of nursery schools(幼儿园)in the area
5 He fell into(养成) the habit of not attending to other people’s advice. b) Verb + object + preposition, eg: They excluded him from the club. They took me into their confidence. 他们信任我。 These men took me for a swindler(骗子). ◼ 上述搭配中的宾语可按语义意图加以改变。但在 词组动词结构中的名词不能随意改变： The old widow always takes pity on some stray cat or dog. The report lays great emphasis on the development of nursery schools(幼儿园) in the area
c)Verb adverb preposition,eg: Idon't wish to break in on(打断)your thoughts The family came up against (fresh problems. She got off with()him soon after she began to work at the institution. d)verb object adverb preposition,eg: You shouldn't take your resentment out on()me You must watch that guy,or he'll put something over on(捉弄)you before you know it. C)Collocation of preposition with nouns These collocations may be described in two ways:
6 c) Verb + adverb + preposition, eg: I don’t wish to break in on (打断)your thoughts. The family came up against（碰到） fresh problems. She got off with (结识) him soon after she began to work at the institution. d) verb + object + adverb + preposition, eg: You shouldn’t take your resentment out on(怨恨)me. You must watch that guy, or he’ll put something over on(捉弄)you before you know it. C) Collocation of preposition with nouns ◼ These collocations may be described in two ways:
a)Noun preposition There are nouns that are usually followed by certain prepositions: There seems to be a solution to this problem. A glance at this letter will convince you by its contents that Mike is grasping at(攫取；掠夺)your money. Is there any need for all this hurry? b)Preposition noun There are also nouns that are usually preceded by certain prepositions: A young man should be on his guard against bad company. In all probability,the mail will arrive tomorrow
7 a) Noun + preposition ◼ There are nouns that are usually followed by certain prepositions: There seems to be a solution to this problem. A glance at this letter will convince you by its contents that Mike is grasping at(攫取;掠夺) your money. Is there any need for all this hurry? b) Preposition + noun ◼ There are also nouns that are usually preceded by certain prepositions: ◼ A young man should be on his guard against bad company. ◼ In all probability, the mail will arrive tomorrow
2.The usage of some commonly- used prepositions A)表示“地点”的介词 介词 图解 说明 例 句 There are five books on the desk 1 on 在.上面 桌上有五本书。 2 beneath 在.下面 The ship sank beneath the waves. 海浪把船淹没了。 3 在.正上 There is a bridge over the river. over 方 上游一座桥。 4 under 在.正下 There is a cat under the table. 方 桌子下面有只猫。 A plane flew above our heads. 5 above 在.之上 架飞机飞过我们头上
8 ➢ 2、 The usage of some commonlyused prepositions: A) 表示“地点”的介词 介 词 图 解 说 明 例 句 1 on 在…上面 There are five books on the desk. 桌上有五本书。 2 beneath 在…下面 The ship sank beneath the waves. 海浪把船淹没了。 3 over 在…正上 方 There is a bridge over the river. 河 上游一座桥。 4 under 在…正下 方 There is a cat under the table. 在 桌子下面有只猫。 5 above 在…之上 A plane flew above our heads. 有 一架飞机飞过我们头上
介词 图解 说明 例 句 The sun has just sunk below the 6 below 在..之下 horizon.太阳刚沉没在地平线下。 up 向上 I ran up the hill.我跑上山。 8 down 向下 The ship sailed down the river. 向下游行驶 9 through 穿过 The train went through a tunnel 火车穿过山洞。 10 横过、越 The boy went across the street. across 过 男孩越过马路。 at:表示较小的地方， 如家、村、乡村等： He lives at a small village.他住在 at 11 一个小乡村。 in in:表示较大的地方，如 大城市、国家、洲等。 He lives in Beijing.他住在北京
9 介 词 图 解 说 明 例 句 6 below 在…之下 The sun has just sunk below the horizon. 太阳刚沉没在地平线下。 7 up 向上 I ran up the hill. 我跑上山。 8 down 向下 The ship sailed down the river. 船 向下游行驶。 9 through 穿过 The train went through a tunnel. 火车穿过山洞。 10 across 横过、越 过 The boy went across the street. 这 男孩越过马路。 11 at in at: 表示较小的地方， 如家、村、乡村等； in: 表示较大的地方，如 大城市、国家、洲等。 He lives at a small village. 他住在 一个小乡村。 He lives in Beijing. 他住在北京
介词 说明 例 句 He lives at No.200,Nanjing at+门牌号码 Road.他住在南京路200号。 12 at on on+路名 He lives on Nanjing Road. 住在南京路。 in ①~部（包含）→in Beijing is in the north of China. 北京在中国的北部。 on ②-边（紧邻）一on Canada lies on the north of the U.S.加拿大位于美国北边。 13 to ③~方（没接触）一to France lies to the south of England.法国位于英国南方
10 介词 说 明 例 句 12 at on at + 门牌号码 on + 路名 He lives at No.200, Nanjing Road. 他住在南京路200号。 He lives on Nanjing Road. 他 住在南京路。 13 in on to ①~部(包含) in ②~边(紧邻) on ③~方(没接触) to Beijing is in the north of China. 北京在中国的北部。 Canada lies on the north of the U.S. 加拿大位于美国北边。 France lies to the south of England. 法国位于英国南方