上海交通大学：《基因与人 Genes and Human》课程教学资源（2018课件）13认知生命运行规律-科学实践造福人类

Ch13.Discover Laws of Universe 认知自然运行规律：科学实践造福人类

1 1 Ch13. Discover Laws of Universe 认知自然运行规律：科学实践造福人类

1、生命运行规律符合宇宙运行规律 Laws of Life Follow Laws of Universe

1 2 1、生命运行规律符合宇宙运行规律 Laws of Life Follow Laws of Universe

2.生命的规律就是能量利用的规律 Laws of Life is Laws of Energy Consumption

3 2. 生命的规律就是能量利用的规律 Laws of Life is Laws of Energy Consumption

生命改造环境，成为环境的一部分 Life is Part of Environment 从无氧到有氧

4 生命改造环境，成为环境的一部分 Life is Part of Environment 从无氧到有氧

以碳原子氧化-还原为中心的生命动力体系 The life engine carbon reduction -oxidation CO2+H2O←→>CHO >生命：碳原子为介质的能量利用和循环体系 Life:carbon mediated energy utilization cycle CO2 in atmosphere Burning 2CHO→C02+H2O Cellular respiration CO2+H2O→2CHO Photosynthesis Plants,algae, 0D00000 06006650 cyanobacteria Higher-level Wood and consumers fossil fuels Primary CHO consumers CHO 生命活动 Detritivores 堂命活动 (soil microbes and others) Detritus

1 The life engine :carbon reduction –oxidation CO2+H2OCHO 以碳原子氧化-还原为中心的生命动力体系 生命：碳原子为介质的能量利用和循环体系 Life: carbon mediated energy utilization cycle C CHO CO2+H2O2CHO CHO CHO 2CHOCO2+H2O 生命活动 生命活动

有性生殖带来快速进化与发展 ◆有性生殖的“双倍代价” ◆有性生殖的收益：快速重组和适应 Two-fold cost of sex: ◆促进遗传多样化 ◆每个个体生殖数量减少 ◆传播有益性状 ◆每个个体生殖几率减少 形成具有新型基因组合的个体 增加抗病性（寄生虫、病菌） (Red Queen Theory) (a ◆消除有害突变 保持具有正常基因的个体 消除有害基因突变 ◆推动进化过程 AB 有性生殖 ab Ab ab→AB Time 有性生殖 无性生殖 aB 无性生殖 Ab AB 2018/6/14 ab→AB ab

2018/6/14 1 有性生殖带来快速进化与发展 有性生殖的“双倍代价” Two-fold cost of sex： 有性生殖 无性生殖 每个个体生殖数量减少 每个个体生殖几率减少 有性生殖的收益：快速重组和适应 促进遗传多样化 传播有益性状 形成具有新型基因组合的个体 增加抗病性 （寄生虫、病菌） (Red Queen Theory) 消除有害突变 保持具有正常基因的个体 消除有害基因突变 推动进化过程 有性生殖 abAB 无性生殖 abAB

a)Region of photosensitive cells b)Depressed/folded area allows 光的感知 limited directional sensitiv ity 感光点 有限感知光的方向 Photoreceptors Nerve 软体动物眼的进化与发育： fibres ◆获知更多事实是生存 竞争的需要 孔式精细感知光的 封闭增加折射率 ￥方向 Retina Area of Transparent photoreceptors/ humor retina 镜头晶体增加图像 角膜与可调镜头晶体 范围和精度 Lens Comea Aqueou humor Come Lens Optic nerve Retina Vitreous humor

光的感知 软体动物眼的进化与发育： 获知更多事实是生存 竞争的需要 感光点 有限感知光的方向 孔式精细感知光的 方向 封闭增加折射率 镜头晶体增加图像 范围和精度 角膜与可调镜头晶体

1.Sense the world:The only standard is the results Nature Laws Over Human Rules:The relation between the human interpretation and the facts 人类抽象思维不能代替和改变客观存在，人类可以不断认识客观世界 抽象思维-这是真实的吗--Is this abstract idea real? 想象不等于实际

1. Sense the world：The only standard is the results Nature Laws Over Human Rules：The relation between the human interpretation and the facts 人类抽象思维不能代替和改变客观存在，人类可以不断认识客观世界 抽象思维-这是真实的吗-Is this abstract idea real? 想象不等于实际

天上的启示：时间与位置（印度贾普洱天像台与皇宫） Clues From The Sky:Identify The Time and Location Influenced by the Islamic school of astronomy,between 1727 and 1734 Maharajah Jai Singh ll of Jaipur,India,constructed five astronomical observatories.He incorporated elements from early Greek and Persian observatories,but the instruments of the Jantar Mantar are more complex,or at a much greater scale than any that had come before,and some are completely unique. Jantar Mantar:Ancient Astronomical Observatories of Jaipur,India -A story of learning from others for a better understanding of nature

9 Jantar Mantar: Ancient Astronomical Observatories of Jaipur, India - A story of learning from others for a better understanding of nature Influenced by the Islamic school of astronomy, between 1727 and 1734 Maharajah Jai Singh II of Jaipur, India, constructed five astronomical observatories. He incorporated elements from early Greek and Persian observatories, but the instruments of the Jantar Mantar are more complex, or at a much greater scale than any that had come before, and some are completely unique. 天上的启示：时间与位置 （印度贾普洱天像台与皇宫） Clues From The Sky: Identify The Time and Location

神经元：合作与特化红利 对多信号的长距离综合反应 (c)对单一信号就近简单反应 bopcorgyyy00 低等动物 进化 无神经元 神经元 神经树突使生命对环境更全面地感知和更有效地反应 without axons with axons Figure 2.(a)Evolution of the first neurons to control ciliary locomotion from a sensory cell regulating its neighbouring cells by paracrine signals or(6)producing a cell-autonomous motor output with its cilia.(c)The evolution of long-range axonal contact of sensory cells to ciliated motor cells allowed the reduction of cells specialized in one input.This price reduction in sensing and behaviour allowed an increase in the number of senses

神经树突使生命对环境更全面地感知和更有效地反应 神经元：合作与特化红利 神经元 对单一信号就近简单反应 对多信号的长距离综合反应 无神经元 低等动物 进化