上充通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Lecture 1 Microorganisms Microbiology Chapter 1 in BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS Chen Feng School of Life Science and Technology Shanghai Jiao Tong University http://micro.sjtu.edu.cn
Lecture 1 Microorganisms & Microbiology Chen Feng School of Life Science and Technology Shanghai Jiao Tong University http://micro.sjtu.edu.cn Chapter 1 in BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS
上游充通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.1 Microbiology As a basic biological science,microbiology provides tools for probing the processes of life. As an applied biological science,microbiology deals with many important practical problems in medicine,agriculture,and industry. Chen Feng,Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.1 Microbiology As a basic biological science, microbiology provides tools for probing the processes of life. As an applied biological science, microbiology deals with many important practical problems in medicine, agriculture, and industry
上游充通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.Compartmentalization and metabolism Cells take up nutrients from the environment,transform them, and release wastes into the environment.The cell is thus an open system. 1.2 Microorganisms as Cells Cel 1.2.1 Characteristics of living Environment 2.Reproduction(growth) systems Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the genetic direction of preexisting cells. ●→● Hallmarks /characteristics 3.Differentiation Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore,usually as part of a cellular life cycle Spore 1.Metabolism代谢 4.Communication 2.Growth生长 Cells communicate or interact by means of chemicals that are released or taken up. 3.Differentiation.分化 4. Communication交流 5.Movement Some cells are capable of self-propulsion. 5. Movement运动 6. Evolution进化 6.Evolution Cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties.Phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary relationships between cells. heredity and mutation-information Distinct Ancestral species flow Distinct species Chen Fens Education,Inc.,publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.2 Microorganisms as Cells 1.2.1 Characteristics of living systems Hallmarks / characteristics 1. Metabolism代谢 2. Growth生长 3. Differentiation分化 4. Communication交流 5. Movement运动 6. Evolution进化 heredity and mutation-information flow
上游充通大￥ Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.2.2 Cells as chemical machines and as coding devices Cells are self-replicating entities可自我复制的主体， they can be viewed in two ways: 圈As chemical machines作为化学机器的细胞 carrying out chemical transformations of non-living materials to living materials to provide energy and precursors for cell reproduction As coding devices作为编码装置的细胞 serving as storehouses and processors of genetic information(DNA)to give the cell instructions to make new copies of itself Chen Feng,Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.2.2 Cells as chemical machines and as coding devices Cells are self-replicating entities可自我复制的主体, they can be viewed in two ways: As chemical machines作为化学机器的细胞 • carrying out chemical transformations of non-living materials to living materials to provide energy and precursors for cell reproduction As coding devices作为编码装置的细胞 • serving as storehouses and processors of genetic information (DNA) to give the cell instructions to make new copies of itself
上游充通大￥ Shanghai Jiao Tong University Cells are both machines and coding devices The link between these two cellular attributes is growth. Coding Machine functions functions Machine and coding functions DNA NOTOTIT Energy conservation: ADP+PA◆ATP Metabolism:generation work together to reproduce cells. of precursors of macro- molecules (sugars,amino Replication Gene expression acids,fatty acids,etc.) 生长将这两项功能合二为一， 0T0000 Transcription Enzymes:metabolic catalysts 000形网mA RNA 共同繁殖新细胞 Translation Coordination and regulation are Proteins highly needed between these two functions.需要协调（与调 节) Cher Reproduction(growth) Coyt200 Pearson Education ine.pubishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Cells are both machines and coding devices The link between these two cellular attributes is growth. Machine and coding functions work together to reproduce cells. 生长将这两项功能合二为一, 共同繁殖新细胞 Coordination and regulation are highly needed between these two functions.需要协调（与调 节）
上游充通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Coding Machine functions functions DNA YITUTOT Energy conservation: ADP+P ATP Metabolism:generation of precursors of macro- molecules(sugars,amino Replication Gene expression acids,fatty acids,etc.) 000 Transcription Enzymes:metabolic catalysts 000w%w The machine and RNA coding functions of Translation the cell 00g Proteins Reproduction(growth) Copyrigh2009 Pearson Education.Inc.,publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University The machine and coding functions of the cell
上降充通大睾 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.3 Microorganisms A large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters,it also include non-cellular life forms such as viruses and prions.微生物：微小的细胞或非细胞生物 Chen Feng,Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.3 Microorganisms A large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters, it also include non-cellular life forms such as viruses and prions.微生物：微小的细胞或非细胞生物
上游充通大￥ Shanghai Jiao Tong University Compared with plant and animal cells, microorganisms are: ·Very small-bacteria0.5-5m,微小 ·Highly diverse-all kinds of morphology,形态多 样 ·leading an independent living独立生活 Chen Feng,Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Compared with plant and animal cells, microorganisms are: • Very small-bacteria 0.5-5μm,微小 • Highly diverse-all kinds of morphology，形态多 样 • leading an independent living独立生活
h 上海充通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.4 The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans 生物对人类的影响 圈Disease agents病原物 Human,animal,plants ©Agriculture农业 ·Nitrogen fixation-root nodule:根瘤 ·Animal digestion-rumen:膪胃 ©Food industry食品工业 ·Spoilage ·Fermented food ©Energy能源 Biomass ·Biofuels 圈Environment:环境 。 Bioremediation生物修复 Chen Feng,Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1.4 The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans 微 生物对人类的影响 Disease agents病原物 • Human, animal, plants Agriculture农业 • Nitrogen fixation-root nodule根瘤 • Animal digestion-rumen瘤胃 Food industry食品工业 • Spoilage • Fermented food Energy能源 • Biomass • Biofuels Environment环境 • Bioremediation生物修复
上游充通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Pathogens-harmful microorganisms Time:1350 A.D.Place:the European continent. "In less than two years'time,the Bubonic Plague wiped out half the population of Europe.Fleas bit rats and then bit man, but no one knew it.An estimated 25 million people died in 14 months.Some individual cities had a mortality as high as 90%. Bodies were piled into carts and dragged away to be burned in common graves.It was a most grotesque way to die:bleeding and screaming and having one's organs literally liquefy.From infection to death took perhaps one week. 1350年黑死病流行于欧洲，2500万人在14个月内死亡。 Bubonic Plague.黑死病，淋巴腺鼠疫 Chen Feng,Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Pathogens-harmful microorganisms Time: 1350 A.D. Place: the European continent. “In less than two years' time, the Bubonic Plague wiped out half the population of Europe. Fleas bit rats and then bit man, but no one knew it. An estimated 25 million people died in 14 months. Some individual cities had a mortality as high as 90%. Bodies were piled into carts and dragged away to be burned in common graves. It was a most grotesque way to die: bleeding and screaming and having one's organs literally liquefy. From infection to death took perhaps one week. ” 1350年黑死病流行于欧洲，2500万人在14个月内死亡。 Bubonic Plague黑死病, 淋巴腺鼠疫