16.422 Human Supervisory Control Memory attention Massachusetts Institute of Technology
16.422 Human Supervisory Control Memory & Attention
A Model of human Information Processing 16.422 Attention Resources Long-term memory Selection 1 Working Memory Sensory Cognition Processing Response esponse Perception (STSS) selection execution System Environment (Feedback) Wickens hollands 2000 STSS=short term sensory storage Perception drives bottoms-up processing while long term memory drives top-down processing
A Model of Human Information Processing 16.422 Perception Working Memory & Cognition Response selection Response execution Sensory Processing (STSS) Long-term memory System Environment (Feedback) Attention Resources Selection Wickens & Hollands, 2000 • STSS = short term sensory storage • Perception drives bottoms-up processing while long term memory drives top-down processing
Working memory 16.422 Also known as short term memory Three components Verbal(phonological store articulatory loop) Visuospatial sketchpad Central executive Temporary buffer Short-Term Store Sensory Temporary Working Registers Memory Long-Term Visual ore Environmental Control Processes Input Auditory Rehearsal Coding Permanent Decision Memory Store Haptic Retreival Strategies A Human factors Response Output http://www.hf.faagov/webtraiNing/cognition/memory/memoryl.hTm
Working Memory • Also known as short term memory • Three components – Verbal (phonological store & articulatory loop) – Visuospatial sketchpad – Central executive • Temporary buffer 16.422 FAA Human F actors http://www.hf.faa.gov/Webtraining/Cognition/Memory/memory1.htm
Working Memory limitations 16.422 Limited capacity Miller' s magIc7+/-2” Chunking parsing Skill expertise Information will decay unless maintained in working memory through the articulatory loop (rehearsal)or stored in long term memory A fundamental component of learning Memory lost within 30 seconds unless rehearse
Working Memory Limitations • Limited capacity – Miller’s magic “7 +/- 2” • Chunking & parsing – Skill & expertise • Information will decay unless maintained in working memory through the articulatory loop (rehearsal) or stored in long term memory. – A fundamental component of learning • Memory lost within 30 seconds unless rehearsed. 16.422
Long Term Memory 16.422 Semantic network of knowledge Knowledge is procedural, declarative, and general Encoded in terms of meaning and events Not a random process a loosely structured“ database” Unlimited capacity Development of mental models An abstract mental structure that allows understanding and insight into an event, problem, etc How knowledge was encoded influences recall Perception vs. Long Term memory Recognition is much easier than recall Declarative -knowledge of facts We can identify thousands of different colors but in general can only name-17
Long Term Memory • Semantic network of knowledge – Knowledge is procedural, declarative, and general – Encoded in terms of meaning and events • Not a random process • A loosely structured “database” • Unlimited capacity • Development of mental models – An abstract mental structure that allows understanding and insight into an event, problem, etc. • How knowledge was encoded influences recall • Perception vs. Long Term Memory – Recognition is much easier than recall 16.422 • Declarative – knowledge of facts • We can identify thousands of different colors but in general can only name ~ 17
Problems with memory 16.422 Unreliable Recognition vs. recall Do we forget or does information decay? Maintenance Rehearsal Short-Term Memory Working Memory Long-Term Sensory Memory Sensory Registers Encoding Stimuli Retrieval Information lost in 0.5 to 3 seconds Unrehearsed in formation In formation lost in 10 to 30 seconds retrieval failures FAA Human factors http://www.hf.faagov/webtraiNing/cognition/memory/memoryl.htm
Problems with Memory 16.422 • U n r e l i ab l e • Recognition vs. recall • Do we forget or does information decay? FAA Human F actors http://www.hf.faa.gov/Webtraining/Cognition/Memory/memory1.htm
More Problems with Memory 16.422 Retrieval and Inference False memories Effect of Prior Knowledge Memory reconstruction often uses general knowledge and expectations to fill in the gaps Memory can distort perception in systematic ways Tendency to overestimate colors, slow speeds(but underestimate high ones! ) distances, etc Eyewitness testimony Framing effect Subjects shown film of automobile accident subjects asked: Did you see a broken headlight? or Did you see the broken headlight? (There was actually none. Results: Subjects more likely to respond yes to the broken headlight
More Problems with Memory 16.422 • Retrieval and Inference – False memories • Effect of Prior Knowledge – Memory reconstruction often uses general knowledge and expectations to fill in the gaps • Memory can distort perception in systematic ways. – Tendency to overestimate colors, slow speeds (but underestimate high ones!), distances, etc. • Eyewitness testimony – Framing effect – Subjects shown film of automobile accident. Subjects asked: Did you see a broken headlight? or Did you see the broken headlight? (There was actually none.) • Results: Subjects more likely to respond yes to the broken headlight
Memory automated System Design 16.422 Calculations, comparisons and workspace navigation tasks which require extensive use of working memory increases the mental workload for that task Also increases likelihood of error Can increase working memory capacity by using two senses instead of one Promote consistent mapping Negative transfer · Mental model support Training strategies Part task When Two Sensory Modes are Better than One, Tindall-Ford, S, Chandler, P and Sweller, J, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3(4), 257-287(1997)
Memory & Automated System Design 16.422 • Calculations, comparisons, and workspace navigation tasks which require extensive use of working memory increases the mental workload for that task. – Also increases likelihood of error. • Can increase working memory capacity by using two senses instead of one • Promote consistent mapping – Negative transfer • Mental model support – Training strategies • Part task • When Two Sensory Modes are Better than One, Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P. and Sweller, J., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3(4), 257-287 (1997)
A Model of human Information Processing 16.422 Attention Resources Long-term memory Selection Working V Memory Sensory cognition Processing Response esponse Perception (STSS) selection execution System Environment (Feedback) Wickens hollands. 2000 STSS=short term sensory storage
A Model of Human Information Processing 16.422 Working Memory & Cognition Sensory Processing (STSS) Response selection Response execution Perception Long-term memory System Environment (Feedback) Attention Resources Selection Wickens & Hollands, 2000 • STSS = short term sensory storage
Attention 16.422 Three general categories Selective Cognitive tunneling F case d Environmental distractions Divided Time-sharing attention is perceptually driven We tend to notice significant changes in light motion, temperature, sound, color, novelty, or information complexity Cocktail Party Phenomenon
Attention 16.422 • Three general categories • Selective • Cognitive tunneling • Focused • Environmental distractions • Divided • Time-sharing • Attention is perceptually driven • We tend to notice significant changes in light, motion, temperature, sound, color, novelty, or information complexity • Cocktail Party Phenomenon
