励Nd Dept, of Plant breeding and Seed Engineering
CHAPTER 13 BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS 抗病虫育种 BY Niu Yingze （牛应泽） Dept. of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
8 I The Significance of Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Insect pests抗病虫育种的意义 1. Resistance of Crops to Diseases and Insect Pests (1) Disease and pest damages are popular in Crop Production Maior diseases in the main crops: Rice blast 稻瘟病 Maize leaf blight 玉米叶班病 Wheat rusts 小麦锈病 Rape stem rot 油菜茎腐病(菌核病)
§1 The Significance of Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Insect Pests 抗病虫育种的意义 1. Resistance of Crops to Diseases and Insect Pests (1) Disease and pest damages are popular in Crop Production Major Diseases in the main crops: Rice blast 稻瘟病 Maize leaf blight 玉米叶班病 Wheat rusts 小麦锈病 Rape stem rot 油菜茎腐病（菌核病）
Important Insect Pests Rice straw borer稻螟 Maize straw borer玉米螟 Wheat aphids 麦蚜 Cotton ball borer棉铃虫
Important Insect Pests: Rice straw borer 稻螟 Maize straw borer 玉米螟 Wheat aphids 麦蚜 Cotton ball borer 棉铃虫
(2)Main kinds of pathogens in crops Fungi真菌; bacteria细菌; viruses病毒; viroids类病毒; nematodes线虫 large numbers of insect pests害虫 They are generally called biotic stresses or pests of plants
(2)Main kinds of pathogens in crops Fungi 真菌； bacteria 细菌； viruses 病毒； viroids 类病毒； nematodes 线虫 large numbers of insect pests 害虫 They are generally called biotic stresses or pests of plants
3) The Huge Loss of Yield in Crops due to Diseases and pests 1840-1845: Potato late blight in ireland 1970: E pidemic of maize leaf blight in USA 1950: Wheat yellow rust in China Whole World: 28-36billion USD in total 23-30 billion USD in Disease loss Leistinger, 1998, Loss per year in rice: 40mil Tons by fungal diseases; 26mil Tons by insects; 10mil. Tons by vIruses In China: 10-20% of the total yield of production
(3) The Huge Loss of Yield in Crops Due to Diseases and Pests • 1840-1845: Potato late blight in Ireland • 1970: Epidemic of maize leaf blight in USA • 1950: Wheat yellow rust in China • Whole World: 28-36billion USD in total 23-30 billion USD in Disease loss • Leistinger, 1998, Loss per year in rice: 40mil. Tons by fungal diseases; 26mil. Tons by insects; 10mil. Tons by viruses) • In China: 10-20% of the total yield of production
(4) Breeding for resistant varieties is the Safest Most efficient Most economical measure to control plant diseases and pests
(4) Breeding for resistant varieties is the: Safest Most efficient Most economical measure to control plant diseases and pests
82 The Pathogenecity of Pathogens and the Resist- ance of plants病原物的致病性和植物的抗 病性 1. The variation of Pathogenecity in Pathogens (1) Pathogenecity致病性 Ⅴ irulence毒性十 Agressiveness浸袭力 Specific pathogenecit!y专化致病性(寄生性病原物) Non- specific pathogenecity非专化致病性(腐生物)
§2 The Pathogenecity of Pathogens and the Resist-ance of Plants 病原物的致病性和植物的抗 病性 1. The Variation of Pathogenecity in Pathogens （1）Pathogenecity 致病性 = Virulence 毒性 ＋ Agressiveness 浸袭力 • Specific pathogenecity 专化致病性（寄生性病原物） • Non-specific pathogenecity 非专化致病性（腐生物）
(2) Physiological races( biotypes):生理小种 (型) The pathogens differentiated from the same disease. with the same morphology, but different virulence to different varieties of the host plants. Physiological races are: Variety-specific( Cultivar- specific)):品种专化性 Differentiations of highly parasitic pathogens高度专性 寄生物具有的分化 Genetically controlled in pathogenecity Frequently changing in composition(with prevalent races 优势小种
（2） Physiological races （biotypes)：生理小种 （型） The pathogens differentiated from the same disease, with the same morphology, but different virulence to different varieties of the host plants. Physiological races are: • Variety-specific (Cultivar-specific)：品种专化性 • Differentiations of highly parasitic pathogens 高度专性 寄生物具有的分化 • Genetically controlled in pathogenecity • Frequently changing in composition (with prevalent races 优势小种)
2 The resistance of host plants植物的抗病性 (1)Phenotypic Types of resistance Escape Tolerance Resistance Immune 免疫性 Hypersensitive过敏性( Necrotic spot坏死斑点) - Susceptible感病性 Mechanism of resistance Resistance to penetration Resistance to expanding
2 The Resistance of Host Plants 植物的抗病性 (1) Phenotypic Types of resistance • Escape •Tolerance • Resistance - Immune 免疫性 - Hypersensitive 过敏性（ Necrotic spot 坏死斑点） - Susceptible 感病性 Mechanism of resistance: • Resistance to penetration • Resistance to expanding
(2) Genotypic types of resistance A. Vertical resistance垂直抗病性 a variety is particularly resistant to one or some specific races of pathogens while it is highly susceptible to other races. Race specific resistance: single genes, oligo-genes Small environmental Influence: Non-durable resistance Incidence Race a e
(2) Genotypic types of Resistance A. Vertical Resistance 垂直抗病性 A variety is particularly resistant to one or some specific races of pathogens while it is highly susceptible to other races. Race specific resistance: single genes, oligo-genes Small environmental Influence; Non-durable resistance Race a b c d e f Incidence %