Basic Electronics Introductory Lecture Course for Technology and Instrumentation in Particle Physics 2011 Chicago,Illinois June9-14,2011 Presented By Gary Drake Argonne National Laboratory drake@anl.gov
Basic Electronics Introductory Lecture Course for Technology and Instrumentation in Particle Physics 2011 Chicago, Illinois June 9-14, 2011 Presented By Gary Drake Argonne National Laboratory drake@anl.gov
Outline Session 1 Preliminary Concepts,Passive Devices ·Basic Concepts Passive Components that Dissipate Energy(R's) Basic Network Analysis Techniques Passive Components that Store Energy(L's C's) Introduction to RL&RC Circuits Session 2-Time-Varying Signals Circuits Time-Varying Signal Sources Introduction to Fourier Laplace Transforms Principles of Frequency Domain Analysis Session 3-Semiconductor Devices Fundamentals of Semiconductors ·Diodes ·MOSFETs Bipolar Junction Transistors Semiconductor Circuits Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 2 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 2 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 Outline Session 1 – Preliminary Concepts, Passive Devices • Basic Concepts • Passive Components that Dissipate Energy (R’s) • Basic Network Analysis Techniques • Passive Components that Store Energy (L’s & C’s) • Introduction to RL & RC Circuits Session 2 – Time-Varying Signals & Circuits • Time-Varying Signal Sources • Introduction to Fourier & Laplace Transforms • Principles of Frequency Domain Analysis Session 3 – Semiconductor Devices • Fundamentals of Semiconductors • Diodes • MOSFETs • Bipolar Junction Transistors • Semiconductor Circuits
A Definition The field of electronics is both the science and the art of controlling the motion of charged particles through the precise manipulation of electric and magnetic fields,frequently through the use of very high levels of abstraction,to achieve the execution of work in a highly organized way,so as to realize physical functions at a level of structure and order not normally found in nature. -G.Drake (Disclaimer:Not from Webster's Dictionary...) Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 3 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 3 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 A Definition The field of electronics is both the science and the art of controlling the motion of charged particles through the precise manipulation of electric and magnetic fields, frequently through the use of very high levels of abstraction, to achieve the execution of work in a highly organized way, so as to realize physical functions at a level of structure and order not normally found in nature. -G. Drake (Disclaimer: Not from Webster’s Dictionary…)
Session 1 Preliminary Concepts, Passive Devices Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 4 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 4 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 Session 1 Preliminary Concepts, Passive Devices
Preliminary Concepts The Electric Field ."A point charge in an electric field will experience a force that is proportional to the strength of the electric field">Coulomb Force F=qoE=ma→a=q0E/m F E 90 Electrostatic Potential:Voltage If a particle under the influence of a conservative force F is displaced by a distance dL,then there is a change in potential energy expressed by: F dU=-F·dL E >⊕① go =-qoE·dL HaL The voltage potential V is defined as the change in potential energy divided by value of the test charge dV=dU/qo=-E·dL V=-/E.dL ·Units are in Volts 1 Volt 1 Newton-Meter/Coulomb 1 Joule/Coulomb Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 5 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 5 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 Preliminary Concepts The Electric Field • “A point charge in an electric field will experience a force that is proportional to the strength of the electric field” Coulomb Force Electrostatic Potential: Voltage • If a particle under the influence of a conservative force F is displaced by a distance dL, then there is a change in potential energy expressed by: • The voltage potential V is defined as the change in potential energy divided by value of the test charge • Units are in Volts F = q0 E = m a a = q0 E / m E F dU = F . dL = q0 E . dL E F dV = dU / q0 = E . dL V = f E . dL a b q0 q0 a b dL 1 Volt = 1 Newton-Meter/Coulomb = 1 Joule/Coulomb
Preliminary Concepts Electrical Current Defined Electrical current I is defined as the flow of charge carriers (rate) across an imaginary plane that is perpendicular to the flow I=dQ/dt=△Q/△t三Ne/△t In electronics,charge carriers are generally electrons (e =-1.6E-19 Coulombs per electron) Units are in Coulombs/sec,or Amperes 1 Coulomb/second =1 Ampere Thanks to Benjamin Franklin,(remember the kite in the thunderstorm?),electronics uses "conventional current flow," The direction of conventional current is the opposite of the direction that electrons are actually flowing Are they equivalent?... -I Amps +I Amps (actual) (conventional) Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 6 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 6 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 Preliminary Concepts Electrical Current Defined • Electrical current I is defined as the flow of charge carriers (rate) across an imaginary plane that is perpendicular to the flow In electronics, charge carriers are generally electrons (e = -1.6E-19 Coulombs per electron) Units are in Coulombs/sec, or Amperes Thanks to Benjamin Franklin, (remember the kite in the thunderstorm?), electronics uses “conventional current flow,” – The direction of conventional current is the opposite of the direction that electrons are actually flowing Are they equivalent? … 1 Coulomb/second = 1 Ampere +I Amps (conventional) I Amps (actual) I = dQ / dt Q / t N e / t
Preliminary Concepts Current Density Defined 。 Consider charge carriers g in a volume V moving with drift velocity va: .If the density of charge carriers is n [#/unit volume],in a time At,the charge AQ that passes through area A is given by: △Q=n q va A△t —vaAt So that Area A a I=△Q/At=n a va 。 Current density J is defined as the density of charge carriers flowing through a unit area,infinitely thin J=I/A=△Q/(A△t)=nqva N or,in vector form: J=n q va where the direction of J is in the direction of va Then,current I is given by: I=J.n dA where n is the unit normal to A Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 7 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 7 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 Preliminary Concepts Current Density Defined • Consider charge carriers q in a volume V moving with drift velocity vd: If the density of charge carriers is n [#/unit volume], in a time t, the charge Q that passes through area A is given by: So that • Current density J is defined as the density of charge carriers flowing through a unit area, infinitely thin or, in vector form: Then, current I is given by: Q = n q vd A t I = Q / t = n q vd A vd vd t Area A J = I / A = Q / (A t) = n q vd J = n q vd where the direction of J is in the direction of vd I = f J . ň dA where ň is the unit normal to A vd
Preliminary Concepts Relationship Between J and E What determines drift velocity in a conductor,i.e.why not va =c? Answer:scattering off atoms ·For each segment,. va△t assume that charged particle starts from rest,and accelerates E to a final velocity vr F=qoE=ma→a=qoE/m vd(t)=/a dt goE tr/m The average velocity for a given path is v/2 On average,the charged particle spends a certain time accelerating in the electric field before it is captured or scattered Called the mean-free time t The mean velocity,va,it given by va=qET/(2m)>J=nqvd=nq Et/(2m) Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 8 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 8 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 Preliminary Concepts Relationship Between J and • What determines drift velocity in a conductor, i.e. why not vd = c? Answer: scattering off atoms For each segment, assume that charged particle starts from rest, and accelerates to a final velocity vf The average velocity for a given path is vf / 2 On average, the charged particle spends a certain time accelerating in the electric field before it is captured or scattered – Called the mean-free time The mean velocity, vd, it given by vd = q E / (2 m) J = n q vd = n q E / (2 m) vd t E F = q0 E = m a a = q0 E / m vf(tf) = f a dt = q0 E tf / m
Preliminary Concepts Define Conductivity o J=nq Et/(2 m) o=ng t/(2 m)>property of the material:n t J=0E >Units:Coulomb-sec/Kg-meter3 Siemens/meter Define Resistivity p =1/0=2 m /(n q t)Units:Kg-meter3/Coulomb-sec Ohm-meter ■Ohm'sLaw (or often,Ohm-cm) J=OE I/A≥GdV/dL≥G△V/L △V=IL/(A)=I(pL/A) Define Resistance Area A ⊕→⊕→ R=PL/A ⊕→ Only depends on physical properties n,va T,p Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 9 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 9 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 Preliminary Concepts Define Conductivity Define Resistivity Ohm’s Law Define Resistance J = n q E / (2 m) = n q / (2 m) property of the material: n & J = E = 1 / = 2 m / (n q ) J = E I / A dV / dL V / L V = I L / ( A) = I ( L / A) R = L / A n, vd, , L Area A Units: Coulomb-sec/Kg-meter3 = Siemens/meter Units: Kg-meter3 / Coulomb-sec = Ohm-meter (or often, Ohm-cm) Only depends on physical properties
Basic Circuit Concepts Ohm's Law △V=I(pL/A) V=IR DC sources,resistive loads V(t)=I(t)R AC sources,resistive loads V(t)=I(t)Z(t) Time-dependent impedance Z(t) V(jo)=I(jo)Z(jo)-Frequency domain Define Conductance,Admittance G=1/R Conductance I=VG DC sources,resistive loads I(t)=V(t)G -AC sources,resistive loads Y(t)=1/Z(t) Admittance Y(t) I(t)=V(t)Y(t)-Time-dependent impedance I(jo)=V(j@)Y(jo)-Frequency domain Basic Electronics-Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 10 Gary Drake,Argonne National Lab-Session 1
Basic Electronics – Special Lecture for TIPP 2011 10 Gary Drake, Argonne National Lab – Session 1 Basic Circuit Concepts Ohm’s Law Define Conductance, Admittance V = I R - DC sources, resistive loads V(t) = I(t) R - AC sources, resistive loads V(t) = I(t) Z(t) - Time-dependent impedance Z(t) V(j) = I(j) Z(j) - Frequency domain G = 1 / R - Conductance I = V G - DC sources, resistive loads I(t) = V(t) G - AC sources, resistive loads Y(t) = 1 / Z(t) - Admittance Y(t) I(t) = V(t) Y(t) - Time-dependent impedance I(j) = V(j) Y(j) - Frequency domain V = I ( L / A)