2013-2-27 Overview:Laws of Thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics an expression of conservation of energy principle >En-Eout=△Esystem >for closed system: Q=△U+W 6Q=dU+6W(differential form) (conservation of energy principle:energy can neither be created,nor be destroyed;it can change from one form to another,but the total amount of energy remains constant) The first kind of perpetual motion machine is impossible! Overview:Laws of Thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics >Kelvin-Planck statement:It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work >Clausius statement:It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher- temperature body. The second kind of perpetual motion machine is impossible 6
2013-2-27 6 First law of thermodynamics an expression of conservation of energy principle ¾Ein – Eout = △Esystem ¾for closed system： Q=△U+W δQ=dU+δW (differential form) (conservation of energy principle: energy can neither be created, nor be destroyed; it can change from one form to another, but the total amount of energy remains constant) 11 The first kind of perpetual motion machine is impossible! Overview: Laws of Thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics ¾Kelvin-Planck statement: It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work ¾Clausius statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a highertemperature body. 12 Overview: Laws of Thermodynamics The second kind of perpetual motion machine is impossible!
2013-2-27 Overview:Laws of Thermodynamics Third law of thermodynamics >The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero >The impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature (在绝对零度，任何完美晶体的熵为零：绝对零度 不可能达到) Overview:Laws of Thermodynamics ·Zeroth law of thermodynamics(热力学第零定律) ·First law of thermodynamics(热力学第一定律) ·Second law of thermodynamics(热力学第二定律) ·Third law of thermodynamics(热力学第三定律) ·Camnot Principles(卡诺定理；孤立系统熵(entropy) 增原理 Carnot cycle,Rankine cycle 7
2013-2-27 7 Third law of thermodynamics ¾The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero ¾The impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature （在绝对零度，任何完美晶体的熵为零；绝对零度 不可能达到 ） 13 Overview: Laws of Thermodynamics • Zeroth law of thermodynamics (热力学第零定律) • First law of thermodynamics (热力学第一定律) • Second law of thermodynamics (热力学第二定律) • Third law of thermodynamics (热力学第三定律) • Carnot Principles (卡诺定理); 孤立系统熵(entropy) 增原理 • Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle 14 Overview: Laws of Thermodynamics
2013-2-27 Overview:History of Thermodynamics First successful steam engine build by Watt? Overview:History of Thermodynamics First successful steam engine designed by Thomas saver y11697 patented a steam-powered pump he called the MnFrid) 1as Newcomen created the first practical steam eng James Watt improved in 1763 to 1784 (75%less coal) 8
2013-2-27 8 First successful steam engine build by ? Watt? ??? 15 Overview: History of Thermodynamics • First successful steam engine designed by Thomas Savery (1697 patented a steam-powered pump he called the Miner's Friend ) • Thomas Newcomen created the first practical steam engine in 1712. • James Watt improved in 1763 to 1784 (75% less coal) 16 Animation of a schematic Newcomen steam engine. – Steam is shown pink and water is blue. – Valves move from open (green) to closed (red) 汽缸/活塞 水箱 Overview: History of Thermodynamics
2013-2-27 Overview:History of Thermodynamics in1849. William Rankine/朝情（1820-1872： -Rudolph Clausius/克劳体新(1822.1888 3 adiCamo-卡话(1796-1832 James Prescott Joule焦耳(1818-1889) Overview:History of Thermodynamics 。andseondlasahemonmes6megan19ss.tomvoe Rudolph C1 ausius/克劳修斯(1822-1888 Sadi Camot-咔诸(1796-1832 James Prescott Joule/焦耳(1818-1889 18 9
2013-2-27 9 First and second laws of thermodynamics emerged in 1850s, from works of – Lord Kelvin/开尔文 (1824-1907): developed the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature measurement; firstly use thermodynamics in 1849. – William Rankine /朗肯 (1820-1872) : – Rudolph Clausius/克劳修斯 (1822-1888): Sadi Carnot/卡诺 (1796 –1832) James Prescott Joule /焦耳 (1818-1889) 17 Overview: History of Thermodynamics First and second laws of thermodynamics emerged in 1950s, from works of – Lord Kelvin/开尔文 (1824-1907): developed the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature measurement; firstly use thermodynamics in 1849. – William Rankine /朗肯 (1820-1872) : developed a complete theory of the steam engine and indeed of all heat engines. Write first thermodynamic textbook in 1859. – Rudolph Clausius/克劳修斯 (1822-1888): Sadi Carnot/卡诺 (1796 –1832) James Prescott Joule /焦耳 (1818-1889) 18 Overview: History of Thermodynamics
2013-2-27 Overview:History of Thermodynamics 。andceondlas6Mhemodnsmeemegen19s0a.tomote ord K cduced the concept of entropy. adi Camot卡话(1796-1832 James Prescott Joule/焦耳(1818-1889) Overview:History of Thermodynamics standeandlashemodnamesemergen195a.tiomvoe ot of entropy retica nea James Prescott Joule/焦耳(1818-1889) 10
2013-2-27 10 First and second laws of thermodynamics emerged in 1950s, from works of – Lord Kelvin/开尔文 (1824-1907): developed the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature measurement; firstly use thermodynamics in 1849. – William Rankine /朗肯 (1820-1872) : developed a complete theory of the steam engine and indeed of all heat engines. Write first thermodynamic textbook in 1859. – Rudolph Clausius/克劳修斯 (1822-1888): in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. Sadi Carnot/卡诺 (1796 –1832) James Prescott Joule /焦耳 (1818-1889) 19 Overview: History of Thermodynamics First and second laws of thermodynamics emerged in 1950s, from works of – Lord Kelvin/开尔文 (1824-1907): developed the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature measurement; firstly use thermodynamics in 1849. – William Rankine /朗肯 (1820-1872) : developed a complete theory of the steam engine and indeed of all heat engines. Write first thermodynamic textbook in 1859. – Rudolph Clausius/克劳修斯 (1822-1888): in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. Sadi Carnot/卡诺 (1796 –1832) gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics. Others like: Carnot efficiency, Carnot heat engine. James Prescott Joule /焦耳 (1818-1889) 20 Overview: History of Thermodynamics
2013-2-27 Overview:History of Thermodynamics in1849. 6-18329 ntropy ics).SI unit of energy.the 21 Overview:History of Thermodynamics ouofond awof hormodynamicr ed 11
2013-2-27 11 First and second laws of thermodynamics emerged in 1950s, from works of – Lord Kelvin/开尔文 (1824-1907): developed the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature measurement; firstly use thermodynamics in 1849. – William Rankine /朗肯 (1820-1872) : developed a complete theory of the steam engine and indeed of all heat engines. Write first thermodynamic textbook in 1859. – Rudolph Clausius/克劳修斯 (1822-1888): in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. Sadi Carnot/卡诺 (1796 –1832) gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics. Others like: Carnot efficiency, Carnot heat engine. James Prescott Joule /焦耳 (1818-1889) discovered relationship of heat to mechanical work ,which led to the theory of conservation of energy(first law of thermodynamics). SI unit of energy, the joule, is named after him. 21 Overview: History of Thermodynamics First and second laws of thermodynamics emerged in 1950s, from works of – Lord Kelvin/开尔文 (1824-1907): developed the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature measurement; firstly use thermodynamics in 1849. – William Rankine /朗肯 (1820-1872) : developed a complete theory of the steam engine and indeed of all heat engines. Write first thermodynamic textbook in 1859. – Rudolph Clausius/克劳修斯 (1822-1888): in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. Sadi Carnot/卡诺 (1796 –1832) gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics. Others like: Carnot efficiency, Carnot heat engine. James Prescott Joule /焦耳 (1818-1889) discovered relationship of heat to mechanical work ,which led to the theory of conservation of energy(first law of thermodynamics). SI unit of energy, the joule, is named after him. 22 Overview: History of Thermodynamics
2013-2-27 Course Overview and Policy(2) Student companion website http://bcs.wiley.com/h bcs/Books?action=index&bcsld=6607&itemld=0470918012 WILEY 1-23 Course Overview and Policy(3) Grades Weight Factors Midterm Exam #2-20% Final Exam-40% Dishonesty be reported to the Office of Student Rights and Responsibilities. which may impose for further penalty.NO EXCEPTIONS 1-24 12
2013-2-27 12 Course Overview and Policy (2) Student companion website http://bcs.wiley.com/hebcs/Books?action=index&bcsId=6607&itemId=0470918012 1-23 Course Overview and Policy (3) Grades Weight Factors Homework - 20% Midterm Exam #1 - 20% Midterm Exam #2 - 20% Final Exam – 40% Dishonesty Students caught cheating or plagiarizing will receive a "0" for that particular assignment or exam. Additionally, the incident will be reported to the Office of Student Rights and Responsibilities, which may impose for further penalty. NO EXCEPTIONS. 1-24
2013-2-27 Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts and Definitions Learning Outcomes Demonstrate understanding of several fundamental concepts used throughout this book...Including closed system,control volume,boundary and surroundings,property state,process,the distinction between extensive and intensive properties,and equilibrium. 1-26 6
2013-2-27 13 Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts and Definitions Learning Outcomes ►Demonstrate understanding of several fundamental concepts used throughout this book . . . Including closed system, control volume, boundary and surroundings, property, state, process, the distinction between extensive and intensive properties, and equilibrium. 1-26
2013-2-27 Learning Outcomes,cont. Apply SI and English Engineering units, including units for specific volume,pressure, and temperature. Work with the Kelvin,Rankine,Celsius,and Fahrenheit temperature scales. Apply the problem-solving methodology used in this book. 1-27 What is Thermodynamics? Greek:therme(@pun)=heat and dynamis (ouvauis)=power (The science of energy N.L.Sadi Carnot(1796-1832)>Father of Thermodynamics Lord Kelvin>used for the first time the word thermodynamics in 1849 Macroscopic Approach Classical Thermodynamics(State and Process) Microscopical Approach Statistical thermodynamics Application areas...are many 1-28 14
2013-2-27 14 Learning Outcomes, cont. ►Apply SI and English Engineering units, including units for specific volume, pressure, and temperature. ►Work with the Kelvin, Rankine, Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperature scales. ►Apply the problem-solving methodology used in this book. 1-27 What is Thermodynamics? • Greek: therme (θέρμη) = heat and dynamis (δύναμις) = power (The science of energy) • N. L. Sadi Carnot (1796 – 1832) Æ Father of Thermodynamics • Lord Kelvin Æ used for the first time the word thermodynamics in 1849 • Macroscopic Approach = Classical Thermodynamics (State and Process) • Microscopical Approach = Statistical thermodynamics • Application areas … are many. 1-28
2013-2-27 Application areas of Thermodynamics Defining Systems System:whatever we want to study (Quantity of mass or region in space) Surroundings:everything external to the system. Boundary:separates system from its surroundings.Can be fixed or movable. Surroundings Boundary Surroundings Surroundings System Surroundings 1-30 15
2013-2-27 15 Application areas of Thermodynamics 1-29 Defining Systems ►System: whatever we want to study; (Quantity of mass or region in space) ►Surroundings: everything external to the system. ►Boundary: separates system from its surroundings. Can be fixed or movable. System Boundary 1-30 Surroundings Surroundings Surroundings Surroundings