Tourist Attractions ●●●● Task Seven Ancient Tombs
Tourist Attractions Task Seven Ancient Tombs
00 Ancient Tombs Task Lead-in Ancient Tombs in profile The most famous Ancient Tombs in China The Mausoleum of South Yue Kingdom ● Simulated Practice for tour guides Related Materials Sum-up Simulated course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Ancient Tombs Task Lead-in Ancient Tombs in profile The most famous Ancient Tombs in China The Mausoleum of South Yue Kingdom Simulated Practice for tour guides Related Materials Sum-up
00 Task Lead-in Task 1:Please introduce what you have seen from pictures in English as a tour guide. Task 2:What information and expression do you think are needed when you introduce ancient tombs?You can present your questions in Chinese and give a question list1. Task 3:Please discuss what questions the tourists may ask to a tour guide and give a question list2. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Task Lead-in Task 2: What information and expression do you think are needed when you introduce ancient tombs? You can present your questions in Chinese and give a question list1. Task 3: Please discuss what questions the tourists may ask to a tour guide and give a question list2. Task 1: Please introduce what you have seen from pictures in English as a tour guide
8SAncient Tombs in profile .Introduction ·Difficult ·Related of ancient Words and information tombs in Expressions Profile A Simulated Course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Ancient Tombs in profile •Introduction of ancient tombs in Profile •Difficult Words and Expressions •Related information
00 Ancient Tombs inprofile(1) The construction of tombs occupies an important place in traditional Chinese architecture.Chinese archaeologists are uncovered and invested various tombs and have come to conclusions that offer new insights and unforeseen details of millennia-old tomb architecture. Imperial funerary buildings played an important role in court ceremony.As early as the 16th century B.C.in the Shang dynasty there was a cult of ancestor worship within the Chinese upper class.According to the concept of that time,the ancestors lived together with descendants,they protected the living;if they were dissatisfied,and there would be disasters in the family or clan.Therefore the sprit of the departed had to be provided with all he possessed or would have lived to possess in his earthly life.So emperors frequently returned to the last resting places of their ancestors,not only to make sacrifices to them and to commemorate them,but to ask for protection and the continuation of them,but to ask for protection and the continuation of their power,since they were the guardians of the dynasty. A Simulated Course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Ancient Tombs inprofile(1) ❖ The construction of tombs occupies an important place in traditional Chinese architecture. Chinese archaeologists are uncovered and invested various tombs and have come to conclusions that offer new insights and unforeseen details of millennia-old tomb architecture. ❖ Imperial funerary buildings played an important role in court ceremony. As early as the 16th century B.C. in the Shang Dynasty there was a cult of ancestor worship within the Chinese upper class. According to the concept of that time, the ancestors lived together with descendants, they protected the living; if they were dissatisfied, and there would be disasters in the family or clan. Therefore the sprit of the departed had to be provided with all he possessed or would have lived to possess in his earthly life. So emperors frequently returned to the last resting places of their ancestors, not only to make sacrifices to them and to commemorate them, but to ask for protection and the continuation of them, but to ask for protection and the continuation of their power, since they were the guardians of the dynasty
Ancient Tombs inprofile(2) The millennia-old cross-shaped underground pit tombs from the Shang Dynasty in Anyang,Henan province are among the oldest graves to have been found,The Shang tombs had no mounds on top A single or double coffin containing the body was placed in a wooden burial chamber decorated with carvings.With time the caskets were also richly decorated.Underneath the coffin there was usually a small pit containing the body of a sacrificed person or dog that was supposed to protect the deceased.At that time a funeral was an occasion that evoked fear and dread. ated Course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides Ancient Tombs inprofile(2) ❖ The millennia-old cross-shaped underground pit tombs from the Shang Dynasty in Anyang, Henan province are among the oldest graves to have been found, The Shang tombs had no mounds on top .A single or double coffin containing the body was placed in a wooden burial chamber decorated with carvings. With time the caskets were also richly decorated. Underneath the coffin there was usually a small pit containing the body of a sacrificed person or dog that was supposed to protect the deceased. At that time a funeral was an occasion that evoked fear and dread
。O 。Ancient Tombs inprofile(③) The Shag tombs throw a lurid light upon early Chinese civilization.Some of them were of enormous size and furnished with bronze vessels,jade objects and pottery.In a number of tombs,archaeologists have found the remains of many dozens of people.In some cases,the bodies show no signs of violence-the result perhaps of voluntary self- immolation by relations or retainers of the dead man-- -while in others decapitation suggests the victims may have been slaves, A Simulated Course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides ❖ The Shag tombs throw a lurid light upon early Chinese civilization. Some of them were of enormous size and furnished with bronze vessels, jade objects and pottery. In a number of tombs, archaeologists have found the remains of many dozens of people. In some cases, the bodies show no signs of violence—the result, perhaps of voluntary selfimmolation by relations or retainers of the dead man-- -while in others, decapitation suggests the victims may have been slaves, Ancient Tombs inprofile(3)
。O Ancient Tombs inprofile(4) criminals or prisoners of war. It was not until the second half of the Zhou dynasty that offerings made of wood metal,clay,jade and later, ceramics,replaced human sacrifices.Valuable bronze instruments were found in tombs from the Zhou period Clay and wood reproductions of people and animals have been found chiefly in tombs from Han period (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) As early as the Warring States Periods (476B.C.- 221B.C.),there were mounds on top of all rulers burial places,and the size of the mound became the symbol of a ruler's status A Simulated Course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides ❖ criminals or prisoners of war. It was not until the second half of the Zhou dynasty that offerings made of wood, metal, clay, jade and later, ceramics, replaced human sacrifices. Valuable bronze instruments were found in tombs from the Zhou period. Clay and wood reproductions of people and animals have been found chiefly in tombs from Han period (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). As early as the Warring States Periods (476B.C.- 221B.C.), there were mounds on top of all rulers burial places, and the size of the mound became the symbol of a ruler’s status. Ancient Tombs inprofile(4)
Ancient Tombs inprofile(5) From the third to the second century B.C.,a change was made in the techniques of tombs construction.What had been the most icks were used, bas-relief or geometric patterns.Later the bricks were more wieldy and produced as a kind of fired brick.This new construction material allowed architects to create underground tombs in which the magnificence of the earthly structure of the deceased could be reproduced. In the first half of the Western Han Dynasty(206 B.C.-25A.D.), the East Han complexes made of bricks or cut stone superseded them in importance.Bricks,became handier in shape, well suited for use in the construction of domes and vaults. Underground burial complexes consisted of several main and secondary rooms. Not only were the underground burial chambers magnificently upped,but the outside of the tomb complex was also festively ed A path,known as the sac red way.Usually led from the south to the grave mound and was bordered by que,stone figures of animals and humans.At the end of this path stood stone tablets and a Sacrificial Shrine or a Memorial Hall.The steep shaft that led Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). nge significantly A Simulated Course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides ❖ From the third to the second century B.C., a change was made in the techniques of tombs construction. What had been the most important building material-wood –was widely replaced by brick. At the beginning, hollow bricks were used, which were decorated with bas-relief or geometric patterns .Later the bricks were more wieldy and produced as a kind of fired brick. This new construction material allowed architects to create underground tombs in which the magnificence of the earthly structure of the deceased could be reproduced. ❖ In the first half of the Western Han Dynasty(206 B.C.—25A.D.), underground pit tombs still dominated; During the East Han Dynasty(25-220), funerary complexes made of bricks or cut stone superseded them in importance. Bricks, became handier in shape, well suited for use in the construction of domes and vaults. Underground burial complexes consisted of several main and secondary rooms. ❖ Not only were the underground burial chambers magnificently equipped, but the outside of the tomb complex was also festively designed. A path, known as the sacred way. Usually led from the south to the grave mound and was bordered by que, stone figures of animals and humans. At the end of this path stood stone tablets and a Sacrificial Shrine or a Memorial Hall. The steep shaft that led to the underground palace was filled in after the burial .This type of tomb complex did not change significantly in structure until the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Ancient Tombs inprofile(5)
OO Ancient Tombs inprofile (6) During the time of the Wei, Jin,Southern and Northern dynasties,North China was in great chaos.The economy of the country was on the verge of collapse.As a result,extravagant burial was forbidden by he rulers Imperial mausoleum were usually built halfway up into the mountains and there marks at all left on the burial ground including tombstones,funera buildings,or sacred ways During the Tang dynasty, it was a regular practice to erect memorial tablets and stone statues before tombs. ted Course for Tour Guides
A Simulated Course for Tour Guides ❖ During the time of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, North China was in great chaos. The economy of the country was on the verge of collapse. As a result, extravagant burial was forbidden by he rulers. Imperial mausoleum were usually built halfway up into the mountains and there marks at all left on the burial ground including tombstones, funeral buildings, or sacred ways. ❖ During the Tang Dynasty, it was a regular practice to erect memorial tablets and stone statues before tombs. Ancient Tombs inprofile(6)