ChapterⅦ The Eighteenth Century 1688-1798 2021/2/23
2021/2/23 1 Chapter Ⅶ The Eighteenth Century 1688-1798
1. Historical background; The Constitutional monarchy set up by parliament in 1688 was a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the aristocrats The cultural life had undergone remarkable changes Newton's scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke affected people's thinking of the world Reason rather than superstition dominated English literature was influenced by french enlighteners and ancient roman writers Neo-classicism was the leading literary trend in ear 18th century 2021/2/23 2
2021/2/23 2 1. Historical background: ◼ The Constitutional monarchy set up by parliament in 1688 was a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the aristocrats. ◼ The cultural life had undergone remarkable changes. ◼ Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke affected people’s thinking of the world. ◼ Reason rather than superstition dominated. ◼ English literature was influenced by French enlighteners and ancient Roman writers. ◼ Neo-classicism was the leading literary trend in early 18th century
Enlightenment a Originated in France: to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, authority oppression In religion: secular, Deism: the universe is set in motion by a god as a self-regulating mechanism; everything was operated according to natural laws, which could be understood by the human mind 2021/2/23 3
2021/2/23 3 Enlightenment ◼ Originated in France: to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, authority, oppression. ◼ In religion: secular; Deism: the universe is set in motion by a God as a self-regulating mechanism; everything was operated according to natural laws, which could be understood by the human mind
a In art and literature, neo-classicism great respect for the classical artists Harmony, proportion balance and restraint In economic thought: state inference did violate to the law of nature favored laissez-faire policies 2021/2/23
2021/2/23 4 ◼ In art and literature: neo-classicism great respect for the classical artists. Harmony, proportion, balance and restraint ◼ In economic thought: state inference did violate to the law of nature; favored laissez-faire policies
2. Three stages of the 18th Century English Literature: (1) 1688---the end of the 1730s neo-classicism in poetry of Alexander pope, a new prose literature in the essays of Addison and steele and in the first realistic fiction of defoe and swift (2). 1740s-1750s, the realistic novels of Richardson, Fielding and smollett of whom the last two made rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions but still maintained sufficient faith in the eventual triumph of virtue over vice and in the final attainment somehow of Soclal Justice BThe last decades, decline of the Enlightenment the appearance of new literary tendencies of sentimentalism and pre-romanticism 2021/2/23
2021/2/23 5 2． Three Stages of the 18th Century English Literature: ◼ (1) 1688---the end of the 1730s, neo-classicism in poetry of Alexander Pope, a new prose literature in the essays of Addison and Steele and in the first realistic fiction of Defoe and Swift. ◼ (2) 1740s-1750s, the realistic novels of Richardson, Fielding and Smollett, of whom the last two made rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions but still maintained sufficient faith in the eventual triumph of virtue over vice and in the final attainment somehow of social justice. ◼ (3) The last decades, decline of the Enlightenment, the appearance of new literary tendencies of sentimentalism and pre-romanticism
3. English Literature in Early 18th century: Alexander pope Joseph Addison and richard steele a Daniel defoe a Johathan Swift 2021/2/23
2021/2/23 6 3. English Literature in Early 18th century: ◼ Alexander Pope ◼ Joseph Addison and Richard Steele ◼ Daniel Defoe ◼ Johathan Swift
3.1 Alexander Pope(1688-1744 Essay on Criticism Pope asserts that the chief requirement of a good poet is natural genius coupled with a knowledge of the classics and an understanding of the rules of poetry (literature) a Couplet: consists of two lines of verse forming a discrete unit of meaning Heroic couplet consists of two lines of rhymed iambic pentameter. An appropriate form for the classical rhetoric and logical development of the ideas 2021/2/23
2021/2/23 7 3.1 Alexander Pope (1688-1744): Essay on Criticism Pope asserts that the chief requirement of a good poet is natural genius coupled with a knowledge of the classics and an understanding of the rules of poetry (literature). ◼ Couplet: consists of two lines of verse forming a discrete unit of meaning. ◼ Heroic couplet: consists of two lines of rhymed iambic pentameter. ◼ An appropriate form for the classical rhetoric and logical development of the ideas
3.2 Periodical Literature in Early 18th-Centruy England: Addison and Steele The Tat/er edited chiefly by steele, out of the total of 271 numbers published of the periodical, Steele wrote 188, and Addison only 42, while together they did 36 others The spectator a daily from Mar 1, 1711 to DeC. 6, 1712, not including the revival of it by Addison alone in 1714. It is a collaborative projects. The style is more mature than that of the jat/er 2021/2/23
2021/2/23 8 3.2 Periodical Literature in Early 18th-Centruy England: Addison and Steele ◼ The Tatler: edited chiefly by Steele; out of the total of 271 numbers published of the periodical, Steele wrote 188, and Addison only 42, while together they did 36 others. ◼ The Spectator: a daily from Mar. 1, 1711 to Dec. 6, 1712, not including the revival of it by Addison alone in 1714. It is a collaborative projects. The style is more mature than that of The Tatler. ◼
3.3 Daniel Defoe(1661-1731) A pioneer novelist of England, a prolific writer of books and pamphlets Defoe's versatility: a merchant, economist, politician, journalist, pamphleteer, and a novelist Robinson Crusoe, The hero is typical of the rising English bourgeois claSs practical and diligent. Defoe beautifies colonialism and Negro slavery Moll Flanders: It is written in an autobiographical form called memoir. Defoe introduces for the first time a lowly woman as the subject of literature 2021/2/23
2021/2/23 9 3.3 Daniel Defoe (1661-1731) ◼ A pioneer novelist of England, a prolific writer of books and pamphlets. ◼ Defoe’s versatility: a merchant, economist, politician, journalist, pamphleteer, and a novelist. ◼ Robinson Crusoe: The hero is typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical and diligent. Defoe beautifies colonialism and Negro slavery. ◼ Moll Flanders: It is written in an autobiographical form called memoir. Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowly woman as the subject of literature
3.4 Jonathan Swift(1667-1745) Forerunner of the modern sociologist social worker, economic planner: correct a social evil by means of a theoretically conceived plan Sift viewed human society with contempt and has been called a cynic and even a misanthrope A Modest Proposal: His pity for the oppressed, ignorant, populous, and hungry Catholic peasants of Ireland his anger at the rapacious english absentee landlords 2021/2/23 10
2021/2/23 10 3.4 Jonathan Swift (1667-1745): ◼ Forerunner of the modern sociologist, social worker, economic planner: correct a social evil by means of a theoretically conceived plan. ◼ Sift viewed human society with contempt and has been called a cynic and even a misanthrope. ◼ “ A Modest Proposal”: His pity for the oppressed, ignorant, populous, and hungry Catholic peasants of Ireland; his anger at the rapacious English absentee landlords