Lettuce is one of several hydroponic crops now grown commercially. The white boards support the plants, which are not anchored in soil. a chemically defined liquid solution of nutrient minerals trickles over their roots, which also have access to atmospheric oxygen. (Hank Morgan/Photo Researchers, Inc) Figure 2-0
Figure 2-0
TABLE 5.1 Adequate tissue levels of elements that may be required by plants Concentration Relative number of chemical in dry matte atoms with respect Element symbol (% or ppn)° to molybdenum Obtained from water or carbon dioxide Hydrogen 6 60000000 Carbon C 45 40,000,000 Oxygen 45 30,000,000 Obtained from the soil Macronutrients Nitrogen N 1,000000 Potassium K 250.000 Calcium Ca 0.5 125,000 Magnesium g 0.2 80.000 Phosphorus P 0.2 60000 Sulfur 0.1 30.000 Silicon 0.1 30,000 Micronutrients Chlorine 100 3.000 Iron Fe 100 2,000 Boron B 20 2,000 Manganese Mn 50 1.000 Sodium Na 10 400 Zinc Zn 300 Copper L 100 Nickel 0.1 2 Table 2-1 Molybdenum Mo 0.1 1 Source: Epstein 1972, 1999. The values for the nonmineral elements(H, C, O) and the macronutrients are percentages. The values for micronutrients are expressed in parts per million
Table 2-1
TABLE 5.3 Composition of a modified Hoagland nutrient solution for growing plants Table 2-2 Concentration Concentration Volume of stock Final Molecular of stock of stock solution per liter concentration compoun weight solution solution of final solution Element g mol-1 mM gL-1 mL LM ppm Macronutrients KNO 101.10 1000 101.10 6.0 16000 224 Ca(NO, 4H2O 236.16 1000 236.16 4.0 6000 235 NHAH2 POA 11508 1000 115.08 2.0 4,000 60 MaSo.7H,O 246.48 1,000 246.49 1.0 2,000 62 1,00 32 Mg 1.000 Micronutrients KCI 74.55 1.864 H.BO 6183 12.5 0.773 B 0.27 MnSo HO 169.01 10 0.169 Mn 2.0 0.11 Znso 2.0 287.54 1.0 0.288 2.0 CuSo 5H-o 249.68 0.062 0.5 0.03 H2MoO4(85%MoO2)161.97 0.25 0.040 0.5 0.05 NaFeDTPA (10% Fe)468. 20 300 0.3-1.0 16.1-53.71.00-3.00 Optiona° NiSO. 6H 0.25 2.0 N 0.5 0.03 Na25039H2O 284.20 1000 84.20 1.0 1.000 28 Source: After Epstein 1972. Note The macronutrients are added separately from stock solutions to prevent precipitation during preparation of the nutrient solution, A com bined stock solution is made up containing all micronutrients except iron. Iron is added as sodium ferric diethylenetriaminepentaacetate NaFeDTPA, trade name Ciba-Geigy Sequestrene 330 Fe; see Figure 5.2); some plants, such as maize, require the higher level of iron shown in the Nickel is usually present as a contaminant of the other chemicals, so it may not need to be added explicitly, Silicon, if included, should be added first and the pH adjusted with HCI to prevent precipitation of the other nutrients
Table 2-2
TABLE 5.2 Classification of plant mineral nutrients according to biochemical function Table 2-3 Mineral nutrient Functions Group 1 Nutrients that are part of carbon compounds Constituent of amino acids, amides, proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, coenzymes, hexoamines, etc. Component of cysteine, cystine, methionine, and proteins. Constituent of lipoic acid, coenzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate, glutathione, biotin, adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, and 3-phosphoadenosine Group 2 Nutrients that are important in energy storage or structural integrity P Component of sugar phosphates, nucleic acids, nucleotides, coenzymes, phospholipids, phytic acid, etc. Has a key role in reactions that involve ATP. Deposited as amorphous silica in cell walls. Contributes to cell wall mechanical properties, including rigidity and elasticity. Complexes with mannitol, mannan, polymannuronic acid, and other constituents of cell walls. Involved in cell elongation and nucleic acid metabolism Group 3 Nutrients that remain in ionic form Required as a cofactor for more than 40 enzymes. Principal cation in establishing cell turgor and maintaining cell electroneutrality. Constituent of the middle lamella of cell walls. Required as a cofactor by some enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of ATP and phospholipids. Acts as a second messenger in metabolic regulation Required by many enzymes involved in phosphate transfer, Constituent of the chlorophyll molecule C Required for the photosynthetic reactions involved in O, evolution Mn Required for activity of some dehydrogenases, decarboxylases, kinases, oxidases, and peroxidases, Involved with other cation-activated enzymes and photosynthetic O, evolution Involved with the regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in Ca and CAM plants. Substitutes for potassium in some functions Group 4 Nutrients that are involved in redox reactions re Constituent of cytochromes and nonheme iron proteins involved in photosynthesis, N, fixation, and respiration. Z Constituent of alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, etc. Component of ascorbic acid oxidase, tyrosinase, monoamine oxidase, uricase, cytochrome oxidase, phenolase laccase, and plastocyanin. Ni Constituent of urease In N, -fixing bacteria, constituent of hydrogenases. Constituent of nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, and xanthine dehydrogenase
Table 2-3
Gelled lipid domai Fluid lipid domain with devoid of protein aggregated membrane proteins Glycoprotein olig side chains Central plane of Outside cell lipid bilayer Lipid bilayer Inside cell (cytoplasm) Figure 1.9 Lipid-anchored A modern version of the Peripheral protein membrane fluid-mosaic membrane model, depicting inte membrane protein gral, peripheral, and oteins lipid-anchored mem- membrane brane proteins. Not protein drawn to scale Figure 2-1-0
Figure 2-1-0
Phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein igure 2-1-1 △ Ethanolamine Galactose Outside cell HO OH Ceramide Fatty acid-anchored proteins Prenyl lipid-anchored protein Lipid hila Myristic pAlmitic F Geranylgeranyl Amide bond CH. CHa CH2 H一 C-O-CH H-C -O-CH 曾8 Figure 1.10 Fatty acid-anchored prenyl lipid-anchored phatidylinositol (GPI)- anchored proteins
Figure 2-1-1
OUTSIDE OF CELL D Glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)- anchored protein 人 Ethanolamine Galacto DOOOGlucosamine Mannose Inositol Lipid bilayer HO H yristic acid(Cta) Palmitic acid (C1s) Farnesyl(C15) Geranylgeranyl(Czo) Ceramide Amide-o bond 2 CH o- CH3 NO Fatty acid-anchored proteins Prenyl lipid-anchored proteins CYTOPLASM FIGURE 1.6 Different types of anchored membrane proteins that are attached to the membrane via fatty acids, prenyl groups, or phosphatidylinositol( From Buchanan etal.2000.) Figure 2-1-2
Figure 2-1-2
c》 Hvdr Cell wall - Glycerol ar bohydrates Outside of cell *** hydrophobic cytoplasm phosphatidylcholine Peripheral cholin Galactose membra Adjoining- prmary FIGURE 1.5 (A) The plasma membrane, endoplasmic retie- 计出Fmye(6hm phosphatidylcholine Galactosylglyceride cells from the meristematic a root tip of cress m), TH G phosphatidylcholine ing models of s nm.<c)Chemical structures ancl Figure 2-1 glyceride.(B trom Gunning and steer i9)o)
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2 Ion channel transport solutes processes Outside of cell High CI Ca 2+ KK KK CI CI Ca Cat ctr chemical potential K CI Ca 2+ Inside of cell Simple diffusion(passive transport
Figure 2-2 Ion channel transport solutes processes
High solute concentration 0 o Electrochemical potential 00 Plasma membrane o 0 oo low solute concentration Fig 2-3 Uniport carrier transport solutes processes
Fig. 2-3 Uniport carrier transport solutes processes