Chapter 5:Factor Endowment and the Heckscher- Ohlin Theory（要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论) From this chapter,we will learn: factor intensity,factor abundance(endowment) (要素密集度，要素丰裕度) ■Heckscher-Ohlin theorem(赫克歇尔-俄林定理) factor-price equalization (H-0-S)theorem 要素价格均等（赫-俄-萨）定理 the Leontief paradox and it's explanations 里昂惕夫之谜及其解释
1 Chapter 5：Factor Endowment and the HeckscherOhlin Theory （要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论） From this chapter,we will learn: factor intensity, factor abundance(endowment) （要素密集度，要素丰裕度） Heckscher-Ohlin theorem（赫克歇尔-俄林定理） factor-price equalization (H-O-S) theorem 要素价格均等（赫-俄-萨）定理 the Leontief paradox and it’s explanations 里昂惕夫之谜及其解释
the difference in relative commodity price (comparative advantage) mutually beneficial trade 2
2 ? the difference in relative commodity price (comparative advantage) mutually beneficial trade
5.2 Assumptions of the Theory(理论的假设) 1.two nations,two commodities (X and Y),two factors L and K) 2.both nations use the same technology 3.commodity X is labor intensive,Y is capital intensive 4.constant returns to scale 5.incomplete specialization 6.taste are equal in both nations 7.perfect competition in both commodities and factor markets 8.perfect internal factor mobility,no international factor mobility 9.no transportation costs,tariffs,or other obstructions 10.resources are fully employed 11.international trade is balanced 3
3 5.2 Assumptions of the Theory （理论的假设 ） 1. two nations, two commodities （X and Y ）, two factors （ L and K ） 2. both nations use the same technology 3. commodity X is labor intensive, Y is capital intensive 4. constant returns to scale 5. incomplete specialization 6. taste are equal in both nations 7. perfect competition in both commodities and factor markets 8. perfect internal factor mobility, no international factor mobility 9. no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions 10. resources are fully employed 11. international trade is balanced
5.3 factor intensity,factor abundance, and the shape of the production frontier (要素密集度、要素充裕度和生产可能性 曲线的形状) 4
4 5.3 factor intensity, factor abundance, and the shape of the production frontier （要素密集度、要素充裕度和生产可能性 曲线的形状）
5.3A factor intensity factor intensity the ratio of labor and capital used in the production of a commodity. 要素密集度：指生产某种产品所投入的两种生产要素的比例。 (KLx:the capital-labor ratio of commodity X, KLy:the capital-labor ratio of commodity Y, If (K/L)x<(K/L)y we say that X is L-intensive Y is K-intensive. 5
5 5.3A factor intensity factor intensity :the ratio of labor and capital used in the production of a commodity. 要素密集度:指生产某种产品所投入的两种生产要素的比例。 (K/L)X ：the capital-labor ratio of commodity X, (K/L)Y ：the capital-labor ratio of commodity Y, If (K/L) X< (K/L) Y we say that X is L-intensive ，Y is K-intensive
B国 10 /空nr=4 A国 8 ny=1 K 6 行inX= 11Y 2Y 2X Y 2X 1X 681012立 0 12 图5-1A国和B国商品X和商品Y的要素密集度 在A国，商品Y的资本/劳动比率(K/九)为1，商品X的这一比率为1/4。从原点出发的射 的斜率反映了这个值。在B国，Y的K/L=4,X的K/九=1。两国Y都是资本密集型，X都是劳动密 型。 B国两种产品的资本/劳动比率都高于A国，因为B国资本相对价格(r/m)低。 6
6 in in in in 在A国，商品Y的资本/劳动比率（K/L）为1，商品X的这一比率为1/4。从原点出发的射 的斜率反映了这个值。在B国，Y的K/L=4，X的K/L=1。两国Y都是资本密集型，X都是劳动密 型。 B国两种产品的资本/劳动比率都高于A国，因为B国资本相对价格（r/w）低
5.3B factor abundance (endowments) factor abundance:要素丰裕度也称要素禀赋， 是指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。 Two ways to define factor abundance: definition in terms of physical units 实物单位定义法 definition in terms of relative factor prices 相对要素价格定义法 7
7 5.3B factor abundance (endowments ) factor abundance ：要素丰裕度也称要素禀赋， 是指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。 Two ways to define factor abundance： • definition in terms of physical units 实物单位定义法 • definition in terms of relative factor prices 相对要素价格定义法
Definition in terms of physical units 实物单位定义法 the total amount of capital is TK,the total amount of labor is TL,factor abundance is TK/TL. factor abundance of nation 1 is (TK TL)1, factor abundance of nation 2 is (TK TL)2, if (TK/TL)I<(TK/TL2 we say that nation 1 is labor abundant. nation 2 is capital abundant. 8
8 Definition in terms of physical units 实物单位定义法 the total amount of capital is TK， the total amount of labor is TL，factor abundance is TK/TL. factor abundance of nation 1 is (TK/TL ) 1， factor abundance of nation 2 is (TK/TL ) 2 ， if (TK/TL ) 1< (TK/TL ) 2 we say that nation 1 is labor abundant, nation 2 is capital abundant
理解要点： 要素禀赋是一个相对的概念，通常用人均资本存量来估算。 单位：美元/人 80000 口美国 70000 ■瑞士 60000 口墨西哥 50000 ▣德国 40000 ■日本 30000 口台湾 20000 口法国 10000 口韩国 0 人均资本量 9
9 理解要点： 要素禀赋是一个相对的概念，通常用人均资本存量来估算。 单位：美元/人 人均资本量 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 美国 瑞士 墨西哥 德国 日本 台湾 法国 韩国
Definition in terms of factor prices 要素价格定义法 the price of labor time is the wage rate (w),the price of capital is the interest rate (r),factor abundance can be described as r/. factor abundance of nation 1 is (r/)1, factor abundance of nation 2 is (r/w)2, if (r/)1>(r/w)2, we say that nation 1 is labor abundant, nation 2 is capital abundant 10
10 Definition in terms of factor prices 要素价格定义法 the price of labor time is the wage rate (w)， the price of capital is the interest rate (r) ， factor abundance can be described as r/w. factor abundance of nation 1 is (r/w ) 1， factor abundance of nation 2 is (r/w ) 2, if (r/w ) 1> (r/w ) 2, we say that nation 1 is labor abundant, nation 2 is capital abundant