Chapter10 Acids(酸) and bases(碱)
Chapter 10 Acids (酸) and Bases （碱）
10.1 Acids donate protons, bases accept them Sulfuric acid is the number one manufactured chemical 85 billion pounds (40000,000tons annually in US. Acid has sour taste Bases have bitter" taste and slippery feel. In US, 25 billion pounds Exam ples of acides (10,000,000tons)of Naoh was manufactured
10.1 Acids donate protons, bases accept them • Sulfuric acid is the number one manufactured chemical, 85 billion pounds (40,000,000 tons) annually in US. Acid has “sour” taste. • Bases have “bitter” taste and slippery feel. In US, 25 billion pounds (10,000,000 tons) of NaOH was manufactured. Examples of acides
By definition, acids are chemicals that donate hydrogen ions, and bases are chemicals that accept them HCI H2oCI-+H3o*(hydronium ion) H+ donor H+ acceptor (acid) (base) 20+ NH3OH NH4 H+ donor H* acceptor H+ acceptor+ donor (acid)(base)(base)(acid)
By definition, acids are chemicals that donate hydrogen ions, and bases are chemicals that accept them. HCl + H2O Cl- +H3O+ (hydronium ion) H+ donor H+ acceptor (acid) (base) H2O + NH3 OH- + NH4 + H+ donor H+ acceptor H+ acceptorH+ donor (acid) (base) (base) (acid)
A salt is the product of an acid base reaction( neutralization中和) Base Salt Water HCN+NaOH→NaCN+H2O Hydr Hydroxide yanIc HNO3+KOH→KNO3+H,O Nitric Potassium Potassium Hvd nitrate Ca(ol 2H.O hydroger Calcium Calcium Chloride Hydroxide chiori de HF NaOH NaF ho Hy bydrogen odium Sodium fluoride Hydroxide fluoride able10,1 acid-base reactions and the salts formed
A salt is the product of an acidbase reaction (neutralization 中和) Acid Base Salt Water HCN + NaOH NaCN + H2O Hydrogen Sodium Sodium Cyanide Hydroxide Cyanide HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O Nitric Potassium Potassium acid Hydroxide nitrate 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O Hydrogen Calcium Calcium Chloride Hydroxide chloride HF + NaOH NaF + H2O Hydrogen Sodium Sodium fluoride Hydroxide fluoride Table10.1 acid-base reactions and the salts formed
10.2 Some acids and bases are stronger than others The stronger an acid, the more readily it donates hydrogen ions The stronger a base, the more readily it accepts bydrogen Ions Before Before At Equilbrium Equilibriun
10.2 Some acids and bases are stronger than others The stronger an acid, the more readily it donates hydrogen ions. The stronger a base, the more readily it accepts hydrogen ions
Nonelectrolyte B strong electrolyte C weak electrolyte (a) The pure water in this circuit is unable to conduct electricity because it contains practically no ions (b)Because HCl is a strong acid, nearly all of its molecules break apart in water, giving a high concentration of ions (c)Acetic acid, C2H4O2, is a weak acid and in water only a small portion of its molecules break up into ions
A nonelectrolyte B strong electrolyte C weak electrolyte (a) The pure water in this circuit is unable to conduct electricity because it contains practically no ions (b) Because HCl is a strong acid, nearly all of its molecules break apart in water, giving a high concentration of ions (c) Acetic acid, C2H4O2 , is a weak acid and in water only a small portion of its molecules break up into ions
10.3 Solutions can be acidic basic or neutral In water, equal amount of H3O+ and OH-(10-/M) (neutral solution In acidic solution, more Neutral water Acid added H2O+ than oh Hydronium and chloride ions from sodium ions adding HCI from adding NaoH In basic solution. more OH- than hao+ Equal numbers More H O" than OH More OH" o of HO and OH after HCI addition after NaOH addition
10.3 Solutions can be acidic, basic or neutral In water, equal amount of H3O+ and OH- (10-7M) (neutral solution) In acidic solution, more H3O+ than OHIn basic solution, more OHthan H3O+
Acidity酸性(and Ammonia solution m basicity碱性)can be scaled by pH value odium bicarbonate solution n ph=-log[H3O+ Pickled ume(Japanese apricot) Gastric juices Difficult living conditions Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid
Acidity 酸性 (and basicity 碱性) can be scaled by pH value pH = -log[H3O+ ]
10. 4 Rainwater is acidic and ocean water is basic The main sources 1. rain is acidified as it falls through the air of acidic 2. acid enters lake from rain rainwater are 3. hydronium ions are neutralized by calcium carbonate released CO2 and so2 CO. H from limestone The damage of 2H30+CaCO3+3H20+C0 2+Ca2+ acidic rainwater 1. Rain is acidified as it falls depends on the through the air 2. acid enters lake from rain local geology. 3. hydronium ions concentration increases, with potential harm to the ecosystem
10.4 Rainwater is acidic and ocean water is basic The main sources of acidic rainwater are CO2 and SO2 . The damage of acidic rainwater depends on the local geology. 1. rain is acidified as it falls through the air 2. acid enters lake from rain 3. hydronium ions are neutralized by calcium carbonate released from limestone 2H3O++CaCO3 3H2O+CO2+Ca2+ 1.Rain is acidified as it falls through the air 2. acid enters lake from rain 3. hydronium ions concentration increases, with potential harm to the ecosystem
Ocean can absorb cO2 Carbon dioxide is Carbon absorbed and CO dioxide released is absorbed Fresh-water lake PH<7 Ocean PH=8.2 CO,+ H,O 2 H2CO3 CO,+H,O H CO H2CO3+ CacO3 Ca(HCO32 Deposits on ocean fioo
Ocean can absorb CO2 Carbon dioxide is absorbed and released Carbon dioxide is absorbed Fresh-water lake PH<7 Ocean PH=8.2