上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1896 1920 1987 2006 材料组织结构的表征 SHANGH 赵冰冰 材料科学与工程学院 A2019年 G
1896 1920 1987 2006 材料组织结构的表征 赵冰冰 材料科学与工程学院 2019年
X射线应力测定
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 1896 1935 1987 2006 X射线应力测定
© General stress/strain effects r 1p Chinese magic mirror in Han Dynasty(200 B.C.-200 A.D.) The first deliberate use of residual stresses and strains. 材料科学与工程学院 3 School of Materials Science and Engineering
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering General stress/strain effects 3 Chinese magic mirror in Han Dynasty (200 B.C. – 200 A.D.) The first deliberate use of residual stresses and strains
@ 透光铜镜 西汉“透光”古铜镜研究 上海交通大学西汉古铜镜研究组 摘 要 我们采用铸磨法成功地复制了西汉“透光”古铜镜、其“透光”效应和古镜一 致，反射图象，清晰明亮，可与古镜媲美。从历史唯物主义的观点来分析，我们认 为铸磨法可能是西汉“透光”古铜镜原来的制作工艺， 经采用真空复膜技术、激光干涉法等试验，证明西汉“透光”镜的“透光”汝 应，是由于镜面具有与镜背图文相对应的曲率差异，反射光发散不一所造成· 我们还对西汉古铜镜“透光”镜面成形的机理作了探讨，初步认为铜镜背面的 图文结构是“透光”镜面成形的根本原因，铸造残余应力和结构刚度的差异是“透 光”镜面成形的重要因素。镜面磨薄又是造成铸造残余应力弛豫、镜面形变、结构 刚度明显差异的必要条件。 4
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 透光铜镜 4
图 残余应力 Channel crack Low-k dielectric Copper (OSG) interconnect line KFAB 1.0kV 4.4mm x15.0k SE(U)5/19/2000 3.00um Channel cracking,a fracture mode in which through-film cracks propagate in the film due to a tensile residual stress The above picture is of a new pressure vessel that failed during its hydraulic test.The vessel had been stress relieved,but some OGS:organosilicate glass parts of it did not reach the required temperature and consequently did not experience adequate tempering.This 残余应力的起因和种类：生长 coupled with a small hydrogen crack,was sufficient to cause catastrophic failure under test conditions.It is therefore 应力；表面应力；焊接应力；相 important when considering PWHT or its avoidance,to ensure that all possible failure modes and their consequences are 变应力等 carefully considered before any action is taken 材料科学与工程学院 5 School of Materials Science and Engineering
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 残余应力 5 Channel cracking, a fracture mode in which through-film cracks propagate in the film due to a tensile residual stress OGS: organosilicate glass The above picture is of a new pressure vessel that failed during its hydraulic test. The vessel had been stress relieved, but some parts of it did not reach the required temperature and consequently did not experience adequate tempering. This coupled with a small hydrogen crack, was sufficient to cause catastrophic failure under test conditions. It is therefore important when considering PWHT or its avoidance, to ensure that all possible failure modes and their consequences are carefully considered before any action is taken 残余应力的起因和种类：生长 应力;表面应力;焊接应力;相 变应力等
图 X射线应力分析 应力-应变的基本特征 ·宏观应力 ·微观应变应力 材料科学与工程学院 6 School of Materials Science and Engineering
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering X射线应力分析 • 应力-应变的基本特征 • 宏观应力 • 微观应变/应力 6
图 应力应变 a 60.2 y 图 (b) (a) 0.2% strain (b)
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 应力-应变 7 Spannun Rp Rp0,2stress 0.2 y 0.2% strain (a) (b)
图 应力应变 应力o(stress)→应变&(strain)→晶面间距△d (change of lattice spacing) △d △d △2△0cos0 d d λ sinθ ·线单性假设下，Hook'slaW:o=EorG 通过测定物体中的应变从而确定其应力大小。 材料科学与工程学院 8 School of Materials Science and Engineering
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 应力-应变 • 应力 (stress) 应变 (strain) 晶面间距d (change of lattice spacing) • 线弹性假设下，Hook’s law: =E or =G • 通过测定物体中的应变从而确定其应力大小。 sin cos d d d d ~ 8
图 均匀应变对衍射峰的影响 No lattice strain Uniform lattice strain 精确测定峰位 材料科学与工程学院 9 School of Materials Science and Engineering
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 均匀应变对衍射峰的影响 精确测定峰位 9
图 不均匀应变对衍射峰的影响 No lattice strain tension compression : Non-uniform lattice strain 精确测定峰形 材料科学与工程学院 10 School of Materials Science and Engineering
材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 不均匀应变对衍射峰的影响 精确测定峰形 10