华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验九鞘翅目分科.pdf_大学文库

目的认识鞘翅目的常见科和掌握重要科的特征。材料虎甲，步甲，龙虱，豉甲，水龟虫，隐翅虫，萤火虫（♀♂），鳃金龟，丽金龟，花金龟，独角仙（♀♂），锹甲（♀♂），叩头虫，吉丁虫，天牛，叶甲，拟步甲，芫青，瓢虫，豆象，象甲，三锥象甲，小蠹虫，幼虫类型，以及本次实验各科示范标本。内容与方法一、分科特征主要包括头式，复眼形状和着生位置，触角形状，外咽片的有无，前胸背板的形状，前足基节窝类型，足的类型、跗节数和形状，前后翅类型，以及腹部节数等。二、分科检索表鞘翅目分科检索表 1 前胸背侧缝明显；腹部第1节腹板被后足基节窝完全分开················································································ 2 - 前胸很少有背侧缝；腹部第1节腹板不被后足基节窝完全分开········································································· 5 2 后足基节不达鞘翅边缘；第1腹节可见；触角丝状具毛；陆生········································································ 3 - 后足基节达鞘翅边缘；第1腹节不可见；触角多光滑；水生············································································· 4 3 前胸背板比头宽；触角间距大于上唇的宽·················································································· 步甲科Carabidae - 前胸背板比头窄；触角间距小于上唇的宽··············································································· 虎甲科Cicindelidae 4 前足长，中后足明显短于前足；每侧复眼分上下两部分························································· 豉甲科Gyrinidae - 前足最短，后足最长；复眼正常，不分成两部分····································································· 龙虱科Dytiscidae 5 头部延长呈喙状；外咽缝l条；无外咽片············································································································· 6 - 头部正常，不延长；外咽缝2条；有外咽片········································································································· 8 6 喙长又直，触角丝状·············································································································· 三锥象甲科Brentidae - 喙短，若较长即触角膝状 ········································································································································· 7 7 喙长又明显；前胸背板不包住头部；胫节外侧无齿列，端部也无弯距··························· 象甲科Curculionidae - 喙短，不明显；前胸背板包住头部一部分；胫节外侧具齿列或端部有弯距························· 小蠹科Scolytidae 8 下颚须长于或等于触角；中胸腹面有1个大纵刺·························································· 水龟虫科Hydrophilidae - 下颚须短于触角；中胸腹面无纵刺························································································································· 9 9 前足和中足跗节5节，后足跗节4节·················································································································· 10 - 各足跗节数相等 ······················································································································································· 11 10 前足基节窝后方封闭；爪不分裂······················································································· 拟步甲科Tenebrionidae - 前足基节窝后方开放；爪分裂为2叉状······················································································· 芫青科Meloidae 11 跗节隐5节 ······························································································································································ 12 跗节非隐5节 ·························································································································································· 14 12 头部短喙状；鞘翅短，腹末外露；前胸背板梯形；后足基节左右靠近································· 豆象科Bruchidae - 头部不呈喙状；鞘翅长，腹末多不外露；前胸背板长形；后足基节左右分开··············································· 13 13 复眼肾形，环绕触角；触角长于体长的一半······································································· 天牛科Cerambycidae - 复眼圆形，不环绕触角；触角短于体长的一半·································································· 叶甲科Chrysomelidae 14 鞘翅短，末端平截；腹末露出大部分··············································································· 隐翅虫科Staphylinidae - 鞘翅普通长形，末端不平截，盖住腹部大部分··································································································· 15 15 跗节隐4节；体半球形，背面隆起；多数种类有后基线···················································· 瓢虫科Coccinellidae - 跗节式5-5-5；无后基线 ········································································································································· 16 16 前胸腹板有1个楔形突 ·········································································································································· 17 - 前胸腹板无楔形突 ··················································································································································· 18 17 前胸背板与中胸连接紧密，不能动；前胸背板与鞘翅相接处不凹下······························ 吉丁虫科Buprestidae - 前胸背板与中胸连接不紧密，可动；前胸背板与鞘翅相接处凹下······································ 叩头虫科Elateridae 18 多有1个中单眼；后足基节有容纳腿节的槽；足极短，常缩于体下································· 皮蠹科Dermestidae - 无中单眼；后足基节无容纳腿节的槽，若有此槽，则足不短··········································································· 19 19 鞘翅柔软 ·································································································································································· 20 - 鞘翅坚硬 ··································································································································································· 21 20 有发光器；前胸背板多为半圆形；头常被前胸背板盖住·························································· 萤科Lampyridae - 无发光器；前胸背板多为方形；头不被前胸背板盖住··························································· 花萤科Cantharidae 21 触角鳃片状 ······························································································································································ 22 - 触角非鳃片状 ··························································································································································· 27 22 触角鳃片部各节不呈叶形，不能相互并合；雄虫上颚发达如鹿角状····································· 锹甲科Lucanidae - 触角鳃片部各节呈扁平叶形，能相互并合；雄虫上颚正常··············································································· 23 23 腹部气门全部为鞘翅所覆盖·································································································································· 24 - 腹部气门不全部为鞘翅所覆盖······························································································································· 25 24后足胫节1端距；小盾片常不可见；中足基节远离；触角8～9节································ 金龟甲科Scarabaeidae

- 后足胫节2端距；小盾片发达；中足基节十分接近；触角11节···································· 粪金龟科Geotrupidae 25 腹部气门多位于腹板侧端；每侧气门几乎成直线排列；色彩暗淡······························ 鳃金龟科Melolonthidae - 腹部前部数对气门常位于侧膜；每侧气门成折线排列；色彩艳丽，有金属光泽··········································· 26 26后足端跗节2爪长度不等，1爪末端常分叉；鞘翅缘折于肩后不内弯································ 丽金龟科Rutelidae - 后足端跗节2爪长度相等，末端不分叉；鞘翅缘折于肩后向内弯····································· 花金龟科Cetoniidae 27 体形似蜘蛛；触角线状或念珠状；前胸背板前缘不凹入；第1跗节正常································ 蛛甲科Ptinidae - 体形正常；触角端1～3节膨大；前胸背板前缘凹入；第1跗节细小······························ 谷盗科Trogossitidae 三、常见科的主要特征和代表种类（一）肉食亚目Adephaga 1．虎甲科Cicindelidae（图42A）触角11节；头部有外咽片，常宽于前胸，下口式；跗节式5-5-5。幼虫蛃式，第5腹节背面突起上有逆钩。常见种类：中华虎甲Cicindela chinensis DeGeer。 2．步甲科Carabidae（图42B）触角11节；头部有外咽片，常狭于前胸，前口式；跗节式5-5-5。幼虫蛃式，第9腹节有伪足状突起。常见种类：中华步甲Carabus maderae chinensis Kirby。图42 步甲科 A.虎甲科；B.步甲科；C.龙虱科 3．龙虱科Dytiscidae（图42C）触角11节；体背弧形；头部有外咽片；后足最长，远离前中足；雄虫前足抱握足；跗节式5-5-5。幼虫蛃式，腹末有尾突。常见种类：黄边龙虱 Cybister japonicus Sharp。 4．豉甲科Gyrinidae（图43A，B）触角粗短；头部有外咽片；复眼分为上下两个；前足最长，远离中后足；跗节式5-5-5。幼虫蛃式，腹节两侧有气管鳃，端部有尾钩。常见种类：大豉甲Dineulus orientalis Moodeer。图43 鞘翅目分科 A～B.豉甲科；C～D.水龟甲科（二）多食亚目Polyphaga 5．水龟甲科Hydrophilidae（图43C，D）体背弧形；触角短棍棒状；下颚须丝状，长于或等于触角长；头部有外咽片；多数种类中胸腹面有1个刺突；跗节式5-5-5。常见种类：长须水龟甲Hydrophilus acuminatus Motsch.。 6．隐翅虫科Staphylinidae（图44A）触角10节；头部有外咽片；鞘翅常极短，末端平截；后翅折叠于鞘翅之下；腹节露出3节以上；跗节式5-5-5，2-2-2或3-3-3。常见种类：青翅蚁形隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes Curtis

图44 鞘翅目分科 A.隐翅虫科；B～C.金龟科；D.鳃金龟科；E.花金龟科；F.犀金龟科 7．萤科Lampyridae 触角11节；前胸背板盖住头部；鞘翅柔软；跗节式5-5-5。雌虫常无翅，发光器位于腹末端1节腹面；雄虫有翅，发光器位于腹末2节腹面。常见种类：中华黄萤Luciola chinensis L.。 8．金龟甲科Scarabaeidae（图44B，C）触角8～9节，鳃片部3节；中胸腹板侧片达足之基节，小盾片不可见；后足胫节有1枚端距；腹部有6个可见腹板；跗节式5-5-5。著名种类：神农洁蜣螂Catharsius molossus（L.）。 9．粪金龟科Geotrupidae 触角11节，鳃片部3节；前足拟开掘足；中胸小盾片发达；鞘翅常有纵沟线；后足胫节有2枚端距；有6个可见腹板。常见种类：戴锤角粪金龟 Bolbotrypes davidis Fairmaire。 10．丽金龟科Rutelidae 触角多9节，少数10节，鳃片部3节；小盾片三角形；鞘翅缘折于肩后不内弯；中后足有2枚端距；前中足2爪之大爪常分叉。常见种类：铜绿异丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Mots.。 11．鳃金龟科Melolonthidae（图44D）触角8～10节，鳃片部3～8节，以3节最多；小盾片三角形；前胸背板通常宽大于长，基部等于或窄于鞘翅基部；鞘翅常有4条纵肋可见；中后足有2枚端距。常见种类：东北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia diomphalia (Bates)。 12．花金龟科Cetoniidae（图44E）触角10节，鳃片部3节；小盾片三角形；鞘翅缘折于肩后向内弯；中后足有2枚端距；前中足的爪不分叉。常见种类：雅静花金龟Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders。 13．犀金龟科Dynastidae（图44F）触角10节，鳃片部3节；头和前胸背板有角突，在雄虫中尤其显著；前胸腹板有柱形、三角形、舌形等突起；小盾片三角形。常见种类：双叉犀金龟Allomyrina dichotoma (L.)。 14．锹甲科Lucanidae（图45C）触角膝状，10节，鳃片部3～6节；头大，前口式，上颚发达，尤以雄虫明显；前胸背板很宽，方形；可见腹板5个。大型种类：福运锹甲 Lucanus fortunei Saunders。图45 鞘翅目分科 A.锹甲科；B.叩甲科；C.吉丁虫科科 15．叩甲科Elateridae（图45B，46A，B）触角11～12节；前胸背板与鞘翅相接处凹下；前胸腹板有1个楔突插入中胸腹板沟内，作为弹跳工具；跗节式5-5-5。幼虫蛃型，表皮黄褐色且坚硬，又称金针虫。重要种类：沟叩甲Pleonomus canaliculatus (Faldermann)。 16．吉丁虫科Buprestidae（图45C）触角11节；前胸背板与鞘翅相接处同在同一弧线上；前胸与中胸密接，不可动；跗节式5-5-5；幼虫无足型，前胸背板两面呈盾状，宽于头部。常见种类：柑橘吉丁甲Agrilus auriventris Saunders。 17．负泥虫科Crioceridae 触角11节，丝状、棒状、锯齿状或栉状；前胸背板长大于宽；足胫节端部常有距；后足腿节粗大，内侧具齿，胫节弯曲；腹部腹面可见5节，部分种类第1可见腹节很长，为其余各节长度之和。幼虫头小，胸部各节较腹部小，无腹足及尾突。常见种类：绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)。 18．天牛科Cerambycidae（图46C～D）触角丝状，11节，长于体长之半；复眼内缘内凹；跗节隐5节。幼虫无足型，头部多缩入前胸内，胸腹背面多隆突。重要种类：松褐天牛 Monochamus alternatus Hope

图46 鞘翅目分科 A～B.叩甲科；C～D.天牛科 stn1前胸腹板；stn2中胸腹板；stn3后胸腹板；cx1前足基节；cx2中足基节；cx3后足基节； sp前胸腹板刺；cxc基节窝 19．叶甲科Chrysomelidae（图47A～E）体常有金属光泽；触角丝状或锯齿状，11节，少数9～10节，不及体长之半；复眼卵圆；跗节隐5节。幼虫蛃型。重要种类：黄曲条跳甲 Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius)。图47 叶甲科 A.头；B.跗节；C.幼虫；D.蛹；E.成虫 20．拟步甲科Tenebrionidae （图48D）外形似步甲。前唇明显；鞘翅有发达假缘折；前足基节窝闭式；跗节式5-5-4。幼虫似金针虫，但腹末无金针虫那样的骨质突起和伪足。重要饲料昆虫：黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.。 21．芫青科Meloidae（图48E）头与前胸等宽；下口式；鞘翅较软；前足基节窝开放式；跗节式5-5-4；爪二分裂。幼虫复变态，捕食蝗虫卵等。药用种类：大斑芫青Mylabris phalerata (Pallas)。图48 鞘翅目分科 A.瓢虫科成虫；B.瓢虫科蛹；C.瓢虫科幼虫；D,拟步甲科；E.芫青科 22．瓢虫科Coccinellidae（图48A～C）体半球形；鞘翅有缘折；第1腹板上有后基线；跗节隐4节。多为肉食性，少数为植食性。肉食性瓢虫成虫体背无毛，有光泽，触角着生于两复眼之前，上颚具基齿；幼虫行动活泼，体前端阔，后方狭，体上有软的肉刺及瘤粒。著名种类：澳洲瓢虫Rodolia cardinalis（Mulsant）。植食性瓢虫成虫体被细毛，无光泽，触角着生于复眼之间，上颚不具基齿；幼虫爬动缓慢，体背多具硬而分叉状枝刺。重要种类：马铃薯瓢虫Epilachna vigintiomaculata Motschulsky。 23．三锥象甲科Brentidae（图49A）触角9～11节，非膝状；喙细长，直，约与前胸等长；前足基节半圆形；后胸腹板约与腹部等长；可见腹板5节；跗节隐5节。常见种类：甘薯小象甲Cylas formicarius (Fabricius)。图49 鞘翅目分科 A.三锥象甲科；B.象甲科C.小蠹科 24．象甲科Curculionidae（图49B）触角11节，膝状；喙弯曲；跗节隐5节。本科为鞘翅目最大科。重要种类：谷象Sitophilus granarius (L.)

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验九 鞘翅目分科

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验九鞘翅目分科