目的 口亭翅日、直翅目和缨翅目的常见科和堂聚重受科的特征。 内容与方法 一、等日 主要包括图的有无,兵蚁的青陶背板的形状和长翅型繁殖蚁的前翅与后翅鳞的大小. (二)分科检索表 等翅日分科检索表 木白蚁 。头部有肉 .2 ,鼻白蚁科Rhi面 (有翻成蚁) 头部无肉 木白蚁科 有售 .2 2前翅碱大,与后翅锈重叠 白蚁科Rhinotermitidae ·白蚁科Termitidac 和代表种类 ,与头部宽度相同或宽于头部:前翅鳞大。盖住后鳞。常见种类:铲头珍白蚁Cryptoterme 图27白蚁头部示肉(fan》 有前板直不起于头前超大于后超并与后短直重种类台乳自Cpoo0S 有陶:前胸背核前部降起,是马装形,其宽度我于头部:前后违鳞大小相似,不重叠。重要种类:黑翅士白蚁Odom10 ermes 上包箱新市数。听器的有无及所在位置。前足后足的关,节式和产卵的形等。 《二)分科检索表 剑状或退化 :触角较租短,常短于体长,常少于30节:若具听器,则位于腹部第1节两侧:若具发音器,则由后足般节内侧与前翅或腹部摩擦发音:雄虫产卵 整状成迅化 :经意是和中足轻节有听器对型:后足整节背面有内外:第和第调其 螽新科Tettigoniidae .3 4附式33 .附节式2-2-1或2-2. 角丝状:前震板在两前足有形、柱形或片状突起:翅上无西纹 ,斑制蝗科 Catantopidae
目 的 认识等翅目、直翅目和缨翅目的常见科和掌握重要科的特征。 材 料 家白蚁,土白蚁,黄翅大白蚁,蝗虫,菱蝗,蟋蟀,螽斯,蝼蛄,管蓟马,纹蓟马,蓟马,以及本次实验各科的示范标本。 内容与方法 一、等翅目 (一)分科特征 主要包括囱的有无,兵蚁的背胸背板的形状和长翅型繁殖蚁的前翅与后翅鳞的大小。 (二)分科检索表 等翅目分科检索表 (兵蚁) 1 头部无囱······························································································································ 木白蚁科 Kalotermitidae - 头部有囱 ····································································································································································· 2 2 前胸背板扁平,无前叶···································································································· 鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae - 前胸背板马鞍形,有前叶············································································································· 白蚁科Termitidae (有翅成蚁) 1 头部无囱······························································································································ 木白蚁科 Kalotermitidae - 头部有囱 ····································································································································································· 2 2 前翅鳞大,与后翅鳞重叠································································································ 鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae - 前翅鳞小,不与后翅鳞重叠········································································································· 白蚁科Termitidae (三)常见科的主要特征和代表种类 1.木白蚁科Kalotermitidae 缺囱;前胸背板扁平,与头部宽度相同或宽于头部;前翅鳞很大,盖住后翅鳞。常见种类:铲头堆砂白蚁Cryptotermes declivis Tsai et Chen。 图27 白蚁头部示囱(fan) 2.鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae 有囱;前胸背板平,前部不隆起,狭于头部;前翅鳞大于后翅鳞,并与后翅鳞重叠。重要种类:台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki。 3.白蚁科Termitidae 有囱;前胸背板前部隆起,呈马鞍形,其宽度狭于头部;前后翅鳞大小相似,不重叠。重要种类:黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)。 二、直翅目 (一)分科特征 主要包括触角的节数,听器的有无及所在位置,前足或后足的类型,跗节式和产卵器的形状等。 (二)分科检索表 直翅目分科检索表 1 触角细长,常长于体长;若短于体长,则触角30节以上;若具听器,则位于前足胫节基部;若具发音器,则位于前翅基部;雌虫产卵器矛状、 剑状或退化 ······················································································································································· 2 - 触角较粗短,常短于体长,常少于30节;若具听器,则位于腹部第1节两侧;若具发音器,则由后足股节内侧与前翅或腹部摩擦发音;雌虫产卵 器凿状或退化 ··················································································································································· 4 2 跗节4节;产卵器剑状;前足和中足胫节有背距,听器封闭型;后足胫节背面有内外端距;第1和第2跗节具侧沟 螽斯科Tettigoniidae - 跗节3节;产卵器矛状或退化 ································································································································· 3 3 前足开掘足;前足的基距源于腿节;前足的胫节有3~4个趾状突;后足步行足;产卵器退化 蝼蛄科Gryllotalpidae - 前足步行足;后足跳跃足;后足胫节背面两侧缘有距,距粗短光滑,缺刺,后足第1跗节背面有刺;产卵器矛状 蟋蟀科Gryllidae 4 跗节式3-3- 3······························································································································································· 5 - 跗节式2-2-1或2-2- 3················································································································································· 6 5 触角丝状;前胸腹板在两前足间有锥形、柱形或片状突起;翅上无斑纹·························································· ······················································································································································ 斑腿蝗科 Catantopidae
角纹状:前腹板在两前足间无突起:翅上常有暗色斑纹 .翅娘科Dedipodidae 老 测缘有较粗短和光滑的距:附节式333:后足第1谢节膏面具刺:雌虫产卵器为矛状。重婴种类:花生大蟋 家角丝软,的细中器具程造上密其道色这:后足腿节外侧其别状平行隆线:霜节式33重要种类,飞装 缨超目 )分科特征 .皮到马科 游空被部来紧密纯:炸虫酸部末缩圆能形、酸有纸裂,有黑状产卵器:常有超,短面有夜毛,具超账 (三)常见科的主要特征和代表种类 触角作化着有T度来管软。后将生有较长的料毛,前后想无林,表面光滑无毛。帝见种英:格管有号0aohp:E8Zmm 2.纹蓟马科Acolothripidae(图30B,E)
- 触角丝状;前胸腹板在两前足间无突起;翅上常有暗色斑纹·········································· 斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae 6 触角丝状;跗节式2-2-3;前足步行足···························································································· 蚱科Tetrigidae - 触角念珠状;跗节式2-2-1;前足开掘足··············································································· 蚤蝼科Tridactylidae (三)常见科的主要特征和代表种类 A.剑尾亚目Ensifera 1.螽斯科Tettigoniidae(图28A,29A) 触角丝状;前足胫节听器封闭型;3对足的胫节背面具端距;跗节式4-4-4;雌虫产卵器剑状。代表种类:中华螽斯Tettigonia chinensis Willemse。 2.蟋蟀科Gryllidae(图28B) 触角丝状;后足胫节背面两侧缘有较粗短和光滑的距;跗节式3-3-3;后足第1跗节背面具剌;雌虫产卵器为矛状。重要种类:花生大蟋 Tarbinskiellus portentosus (Lichtenstein)。 图28 直翅目分科 A.螽斯科;B.蟋蟀科;C.蝼蛄科 3.蝼蛄科Gryllotalpidae(图28C) 前足为开掘式;前足的基距源于腿节;前足胫节具3~4个趾状突;跗节式3-3-3;雌产卵器不明显。重要种类:华北蝼蛄Gryllotalpa unispina Saussure。 B.锥尾亚目Caelifera 4.斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae(图29B) 触角丝状;前翅中闰脉常具音齿;翅上常具暗色斑纹;后足腿节外侧具羽状平行隆线;跗节式3-3-3。重要种类:飞蝗Locusta migratoria L.。 5.斑腿蝗科Catantopidae 触角丝状;前胸腹板有锥形、柱形或片状突起;后足腿节外侧具羽状平行隆线;跗节式3-3-3。重要种类:中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis (Thunberg)。 6.蚱科Tetrigidae 过去称菱蝗科。触角丝状;前胸背板特别发达,向后延伸至腹末,其侧叶后角向下,端部近圆形;后足跗节基节长于端节;跗节式2-2-3。 常见种类:突眼蚱Ergatettix dorsiferus (Walker)。 图29 直翅目分科 A.螽斯科;B.蝗科 三、缨翅目 (一)分科特征 主要包括触角的节数,翅面上是否有横脉和被毛,腹部末端形状,产卵器的弯向等。 (二)分科检索表 缨翅目分科检索表 1 两性腹部末端都呈管状,腹面不纵裂;雌虫无锯状产卵器;有翅者翅面光滑无毛,无翅脉·························· ·················································································································································· 皮蓟马科 Phloeothripidae - 雄虫腹部末端常钝圆;雌虫腹部末端圆锥形,腹面纵裂,有锯状产卵器;常有翅,翅面有微毛,具翅脉· 2 2 产卵器背向弯曲;翅宽且端部圆,有横脉;触角9节················································· 纹蓟马科Aeolothripidae - 产卵器腹向弯曲;翅狭长且端部尖;触角6~8节···································································· 蓟马科Thripidae (三)常见科的主要特征和代表种类 A.管尾亚目Tubulifera 1.管蓟马科Phlaeothripidae(图30C,D) 触角8节,稀有7节;腹末管状,后端生有较长的刺毛;前后翅无脉,表面光滑无毛。常见种类:榕管蓟马Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimm.。 B.锥尾亚目Terebrantia 2.纹蓟马科Aeolothripidae(图30B,E)
触角9节:翅较阔,端部圆形,翅面上有纵脉和横脉和暗色斑纹:雌虫腹末纵裂,锯状产卵器背上弯。常见种类:横纹蓟马Aeolo1hrps fasciatus(L.)。 3.蓟马科Thripidae(图30A,F) 触角6~8节,末端1~2节形成端刺:翅狭,端部尖,翅面上无横脉和斑纹:雌虫腹末纵裂,锯状产卵器腹向下弯。重要种类:节瓜蓟马 Thrips palmi Karny。 图30缨翅目的腹部末端和触角 A.蓟马科:B纹蓟马科:C.管蓟马科:D.管蓟马科:E.纹蓟马科:F蓟马科 ovp产卵器:scn感觉锥:sa感觉区 作业与思考题 1.请利用以上检索表,查出老师指定编号的昆虫所属的科。 2.如何区别鼻白蚁科与白蚁科,斑腿蝗科与斑翅蝗科,管蓟马科与蓟马科
触角9节;翅较阔,端部圆形,翅面上有纵脉和横脉和暗色斑纹;雌虫腹末纵裂,锯状产卵器背上弯。常见种类:横纹蓟马Aeolothrips fasciatus (L.)。 3.蓟马科Thripidae(图30A,F) 触角6~8节,末端1~2节形成端刺;翅狭,端部尖,翅面上无横脉和斑纹;雌虫腹末纵裂,锯状产卵器腹向下弯。重要种类:节瓜蓟马 Thrips palmi Karny。 图30 缨翅目的腹部末端和触角 A.蓟马科;B.纹蓟马科;C.管蓟马科;D.管蓟马科;E.纹蓟马科;F.蓟马科 ovp产卵器;scn感觉锥;sa感觉区 作业与思考题 1.请利用以上检索表,查出老师指定编号的昆虫所属的科。 2.如何区别鼻白蚁科与白蚁科,斑腿蝗科与斑翅蝗科,管蓟马科与蓟马科