华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验六等翅目、直翅目和缨翅目分科.pdf_大学文库

目的认识等翅目、直翅目和缨翅目的常见科和掌握重要科的特征。材料家白蚁，土白蚁，黄翅大白蚁，蝗虫，菱蝗，蟋蟀，螽斯，蝼蛄，管蓟马，纹蓟马，蓟马，以及本次实验各科的示范标本。内容与方法一、等翅目（一）分科特征主要包括囱的有无，兵蚁的背胸背板的形状和长翅型繁殖蚁的前翅与后翅鳞的大小。（二）分科检索表等翅目分科检索表（兵蚁） 1 头部无囱······························································································································ 木白蚁科 Kalotermitidae - 头部有囱 ····································································································································································· 2 2 前胸背板扁平，无前叶···································································································· 鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae - 前胸背板马鞍形，有前叶············································································································· 白蚁科Termitidae （有翅成蚁） 1 头部无囱······························································································································ 木白蚁科 Kalotermitidae - 头部有囱 ····································································································································································· 2 2 前翅鳞大，与后翅鳞重叠································································································ 鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae - 前翅鳞小，不与后翅鳞重叠········································································································· 白蚁科Termitidae （三）常见科的主要特征和代表种类 1．木白蚁科Kalotermitidae 缺囱；前胸背板扁平，与头部宽度相同或宽于头部；前翅鳞很大，盖住后翅鳞。常见种类：铲头堆砂白蚁Cryptotermes declivis Tsai et Chen。图27 白蚁头部示囱（fan） 2．鼻白蚁科Rhinotermitidae 有囱；前胸背板平，前部不隆起，狭于头部；前翅鳞大于后翅鳞，并与后翅鳞重叠。重要种类：台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki。 3．白蚁科Termitidae 有囱；前胸背板前部隆起，呈马鞍形，其宽度狭于头部；前后翅鳞大小相似，不重叠。重要种类：黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)。二、直翅目（一）分科特征主要包括触角的节数，听器的有无及所在位置，前足或后足的类型，跗节式和产卵器的形状等。（二）分科检索表直翅目分科检索表 1 触角细长，常长于体长；若短于体长，则触角30节以上；若具听器，则位于前足胫节基部；若具发音器，则位于前翅基部；雌虫产卵器矛状、剑状或退化 ······················································································································································· 2 - 触角较粗短，常短于体长，常少于30节；若具听器，则位于腹部第1节两侧；若具发音器，则由后足股节内侧与前翅或腹部摩擦发音；雌虫产卵器凿状或退化 ··················································································································································· 4 2 跗节4节；产卵器剑状；前足和中足胫节有背距，听器封闭型；后足胫节背面有内外端距；第1和第2跗节具侧沟螽斯科Tettigoniidae - 跗节3节；产卵器矛状或退化 ································································································································· 3 3 前足开掘足；前足的基距源于腿节；前足的胫节有3～4个趾状突；后足步行足；产卵器退化蝼蛄科Gryllotalpidae - 前足步行足；后足跳跃足；后足胫节背面两侧缘有距，距粗短光滑，缺刺，后足第1跗节背面有刺；产卵器矛状蟋蟀科Gryllidae 4 跗节式3-3- 3······························································································································································· 5 - 跗节式2-2-1或2-2- 3················································································································································· 6 5 触角丝状；前胸腹板在两前足间有锥形、柱形或片状突起；翅上无斑纹·························································· ······················································································································································ 斑腿蝗科 Catantopidae

- 触角丝状；前胸腹板在两前足间无突起；翅上常有暗色斑纹·········································· 斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae 6 触角丝状；跗节式2-2-3；前足步行足···························································································· 蚱科Tetrigidae - 触角念珠状；跗节式2-2-1；前足开掘足··············································································· 蚤蝼科Tridactylidae （三）常见科的主要特征和代表种类 A．剑尾亚目Ensifera 1．螽斯科Tettigoniidae（图28A，29A）触角丝状；前足胫节听器封闭型；3对足的胫节背面具端距；跗节式4-4-4；雌虫产卵器剑状。代表种类：中华螽斯Tettigonia chinensis Willemse。 2．蟋蟀科Gryllidae（图28B）触角丝状；后足胫节背面两侧缘有较粗短和光滑的距；跗节式3-3-3；后足第1跗节背面具剌；雌虫产卵器为矛状。重要种类：花生大蟋 Tarbinskiellus portentosus (Lichtenstein)。图28 直翅目分科 A.螽斯科；B.蟋蟀科；C.蝼蛄科 3．蝼蛄科Gryllotalpidae（图28C）前足为开掘式；前足的基距源于腿节；前足胫节具3～4个趾状突；跗节式3-3-3；雌产卵器不明显。重要种类：华北蝼蛄Gryllotalpa unispina Saussure。 B．锥尾亚目Caelifera 4．斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae（图29B）触角丝状；前翅中闰脉常具音齿；翅上常具暗色斑纹；后足腿节外侧具羽状平行隆线；跗节式3-3-3。重要种类：飞蝗Locusta migratoria L.。 5．斑腿蝗科Catantopidae 触角丝状；前胸腹板有锥形、柱形或片状突起；后足腿节外侧具羽状平行隆线；跗节式3-3-3。重要种类：中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis (Thunberg)。 6．蚱科Tetrigidae 过去称菱蝗科。触角丝状；前胸背板特别发达，向后延伸至腹末，其侧叶后角向下，端部近圆形；后足跗节基节长于端节；跗节式2-2-3。常见种类：突眼蚱Ergatettix dorsiferus (Walker)。图29 直翅目分科 A.螽斯科；B.蝗科三、缨翅目（一）分科特征主要包括触角的节数，翅面上是否有横脉和被毛，腹部末端形状，产卵器的弯向等。（二）分科检索表缨翅目分科检索表 1 两性腹部末端都呈管状，腹面不纵裂；雌虫无锯状产卵器；有翅者翅面光滑无毛，无翅脉·························· ·················································································································································· 皮蓟马科 Phloeothripidae - 雄虫腹部末端常钝圆；雌虫腹部末端圆锥形，腹面纵裂，有锯状产卵器；常有翅，翅面有微毛，具翅脉· 2 2 产卵器背向弯曲；翅宽且端部圆，有横脉；触角9节················································· 纹蓟马科Aeolothripidae - 产卵器腹向弯曲；翅狭长且端部尖；触角6～8节···································································· 蓟马科Thripidae （三）常见科的主要特征和代表种类 A．管尾亚目Tubulifera 1．管蓟马科Phlaeothripidae（图30C，D）触角8节，稀有7节；腹末管状，后端生有较长的刺毛；前后翅无脉，表面光滑无毛。常见种类：榕管蓟马Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimm.。 B．锥尾亚目Terebrantia 2．纹蓟马科Aeolothripidae（图30B，E）

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验六 等翅目、直翅目和缨翅目分科

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验六等翅目、直翅目和缨翅目分科