华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验十鳞翅目分科（成虫）.pdf_大学文库

目的认识鳞翅目成虫的常见科和掌握重要科的特征。材料蝙蝠蛾（示范），麦蛾，细蛾（示范），柑橘潜叶蛾，小菜蛾，袋蛾，刺蛾，卷蛾，螟蛾，羽蛾，枯叶蛾，大蚕蛾，蚕蛾，尺蛾，天蛾，灯蛾，夜蛾，毒蛾，弄蝶，凤蝶，粉蝶，蛱蝶，斑蝶，眼蝶，灰蝶，以及本次实验各科的示范标本。内容与方法一、分科特征主要包括触角的形状，翅的色彩和斑纹、连锁方式、脉序，外生殖器等。二、分科检索表鳞翅目成虫分科检索表 1 前后翅脉序相似；前后翅为翅轭连锁；翅中室内有M脉中干；雌产卵孔与交配孔在体内由1沟或封闭管相连蝙蝠蛾科Hepialidae - 前后翅脉序不同；前后翅为翅缰或翅抱连锁········································································································· 2 2 触角棒状 ···································································································································································· 3 - 触角其它形状··························································································································································· 12 3 触角基部远离，末端有弯钩；头比前胸宽；前翅R脉与M脉各分支独立························ 弄蝶科Hesperiidae - 触角基部接近，末端无弯钩；前翅R脉1或多支共柄························································································ 4 4 前足有前胫突；后翅A脉1条······························································································································· 5 - 前足无前胫突；后翅A脉2条································································································································ 6 5 前翅R脉5分支，Cu脉与A脉间有1横脉；翅三角形；后翅常有尾突·························· 凤蝶科Papilionidae - 前翅R脉4分支，Cu脉与A脉间无横脉；翅卵形；后翅无尾突······································· 绢蝶科Parnassiidae 6 雄前足发育正常；爪2分叉或有齿································································································· 粉蝶科Pieridae - 雄前足较退化；爪完整，不分叉····························································································································· 7 7 雌前足正常，爪发达；复眼在触角基部凹陷，或至少复眼与触角窝的边缘相接············································ 8 - 雌前足退化，无爪；复眼在触角基部无缺凹，复眼与触角窝的边缘不相接····················································· 9 8 后翅肩角不加厚，常无肩脉；常有尾突···················································································· 灰蝶科Lycaenidae - 后翅肩角加厚，有肩脉；常无尾突····························································································· 蚬蝶科Riodinidae 9 前翅通常有1～3条脉的基部膨大；至少后翅后面有2个眼状斑············································ 眼蝶科Satyridae - 前翅各脉基部不膨大··············································································································································· 10 10 后翅中室封闭；前翅A脉基部分叉······························································································ 斑蝶科Danaidae - 后翅中室开放，或闭有很细的横脉；前翅A脉基部不分叉·············································································· 11 11 触角端部棒状；翅上有大型环状纹······················································································· 环蝶科Amathusiidae - 触角端部近球状；翅上常无大型环状纹················································································ 蛱蝶科Nymphalidae 12 翅通常裂为2至多片·············································································································································· 13 - 翅完整或退化··························································································································································· 14 13 前翅深裂为2～3片；后翅分为3片或完整········································································· 羽蛾科Pterophoridae - 前翅分为6片；后翅分为6～7片································································································ 翼蛾科Alucitidae 14 后翅Sc+R1脉与Rs脉在中室外靠近或部分愈合；后翅A脉3条··········································· 螟蛾科Pyralidae - 后翅Sc+R1脉与Rs脉在中室外分离····················································································································· 15 15 有鼓膜听器······························································································································································ 16 无鼓膜听器······························································································································································ 23 16 鼓膜听器在腹部第1或第2腹节·························································································································· 17 - 鼓膜听器在后胸······················································································································································· 19 17 前翅R5脉与R2－4脉或R3-4脉共柄；雌雄蛾听器均在第1腹板两侧·································· 尺蛾科Geometridae - 前翅R5脉远离R2－4脉，常与M1脉共柄；雌蛾听器在第1腹节上，雄蛾听器在第2腹节背板上············· 18 18 前翅M1脉与R5远离················································································································ 凤蛾科Epicopeiidae - 前翅M1脉与R5共柄或中室端极接近·························································································· 燕蛾科Uraniidae 19 前翅M2脉居M1脉与M3脉中央，或M2脉与M1脉接近················································ 舟蛾科Notodontidae - 前翅M2脉接近M3脉············································································································································· 20 20 翅面常缺鳞片，形成透明窗状；后翅Sc+R1脉与Rs脉合并················································ 鹿蛾科Ctenuchidae - 翅面布满鳞片，不形成透明窗状；后翅Sc+R1脉与Rs脉分开········································································· 21 21 后翅Sc+R1脉在中室上缘中部或中部以外并接；有单眼··························································· 灯蛾科Arctiidae - 后翅Sc+R1脉在中室基部并接或接近··················································································································· 22 22 无单眼；喙退化；触角双栉状；后翅基室大········································································ 毒蛾科Lymantriidae - 有单眼；喙发达；触角线状或锯齿状；后翅基室小·································································· 夜蛾科Noctuidae 23 喙基部有鳞片；翅窄，中室内常无M脉干，翅端尖；后翅外缘凹入································· 麦蛾科Gelechiidae - 喙基部无鳞片··························································································································································· 24 24 似蜂；前后翅的翅面大部分或局部透明，无鳞片····································································· 透翅蛾科Sesiidae - 同蛾；翅面布满鳞片，无透明区··························································································································· 25 25 前、后翅中室内M脉干中等或发达；如在1对翅或2对翅中弱或消失，则下颚须十分发达···················· 26 - 前、后翅中室内M脉干在1对翅或2对翅中弱或消失；下颚须极小，退化或消失····································· 30 26 下唇须第3节短小；前翅R5脉常达翅前缘········································································································· 27 - 下唇须第3节细长；前翅R5脉常达翅外缘········································································································· 28 27 触角多线状；头顶光滑；喙发达；下唇须常上举；雌雄均有翅，翅狭长，后缘有长缨毛······························ ···················································································································································· 细蛾科Gracillariidae - 触角多栉状；头顶具鳞毛；喙消失；下唇须常前伸；雌雄异型；雌虫幼虫型，终生居于袋中；雄虫有翅，翅较宽阔，后缘无长缨毛蓑蛾科Psychidae 28 后足胫节具浓密的刺，跗节各节在顶端有成群的刺毛；静息时，中、后足常展开或上举······························ ················································································································································· 举肢蛾科Heliodinidae - 后足胫节、跗节各节在顶端无成群的刺毛；静息时，中、后足不展开也不上举··········································· 29

29 有眼罩；下唇须小而下垂；静息时，触角侧后伸；后翅线形··············································· 潜蛾科Lyonetiidae - 无眼罩；下唇须发达，上举；静息时，触角前伸；后翅M1脉与M2脉靠近或共柄········································· ······························································································································································· 菜蛾科 Plutellidae 30 有毛隆；有单眼；触角多线状，偶有栉状；翅缰发达；前翅外缘较平直···························· 卷蛾科Tortricidae - 无毛隆；缺单眼；触角多双栉状或栉状；无翅缰或翅缰退化；如触角为线状（锯齿状）和翅缰发达，则触角末端弯曲呈小钩状；前翅外缘倾斜 ············································································································································································· 31 31 触角末端弯曲成小钩状；喙发达；有翅缰；前翅狭长，外缘很倾斜···································· 天蛾科Sphingidae - 触角双栉状；喙退化或缺；无翅缰；前翅宽阔··································································································· 32 32 体大型；翅中室区常有透明斑································································································ 天蚕蛾科Saturniidae - 体中型；翅中室区无透明斑··································································································································· 33 33 前、后翅的M2脉与M3脉基部接近或共柄，后翅有1或多条肩横脉························ 枯叶蛾科Lasiocampidae - 前、后翅的M2脉居中或基部与M1脉接近；前翅外缘近顶角处常有弯月形凹陷············································· ··························································································································································· 蚕蛾科Bombycidae 三、常见科的主要特征和代表种类（一）外孔次目Exoporia 1．蝙蝠蛾科Hepialidae（图50A～B）触角短，雌虫为念珠状，雄虫为栉齿状；单眼缺；口器退化；翅轭指状；中室内M脉主干2分叉；胫节无距。药用种类：虫草蝙蝠蛾Hepialus armoricans Oberthur。图50 鳞翅目分科 A.蝙蝠蛾雄虫；B.蝙蝠蛾雌虫（二）双孔次目Ditrysia 2．麦蛾科Gelechiidae（图51A～B）触角线状；前翅广披针形，A脉1支，基部分叉，R4脉与R5脉共柄，R5脉达顶角前缘；后翅外缘常向内凹入，顶角尖突，后缘有长缘毛，Rs脉与M1脉基部共柄或很接近。幼虫苍白或粉红色，气门圆形；肛门上常具臀栉；趾钩双序缺环或二横带。重要种类：马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)。图51 麦蛾科 A.头；B.前后翅脉序图 lp下唇须；prb喙 3．细蛾科Gracillariidae 触角等于或长于前翅；下唇须3节，常向前伸或上举；翅极狭，端部尖锐，有长缘毛；前翅常有白斑和指向外的V形横带，中室直长，占翅长度2/3～ 3/4；后翅无中室。幼虫体扁平，胸足和腹足一般退化，如有腹足则只有4对，第6腹节的腹足退化。重要种类：荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley。 4．潜蛾科Phyllocnistidae（图65B）触角丝状，第1节很宽，下面凹入，能盖住部分复眼，叫做眼罩；前翅披针形，脉序不完全，中室细长，顶端有几条脉合并；后翅线形，有长缘毛，Rs脉达翅顶。幼虫体扁，无单眼，胸足和腹足退化。重要种类：柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Staint。 5．菜蛾科Plutellidae（图52A～B）触角柄节有栉毛，静息时向前伸；翅较狭长，前翅后外缘的毛长，休息时突出如鸡尾状；后翅M1脉和M2脉常共柄。幼虫细长，常绿色，腹足细。重要种类：小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.。图52 菜蛾科 A.成虫；B.幼虫 6．蓑蛾科Psychidae（图53A～B）雌雄异形。雌虫无翅幼虫型，终生匿居在袋中。雄虫具翅，翅中室内有M脉主干存在；前翅3条A脉在端部合并为1条；触角栉齿状。幼虫肥胖，胸足发达，腹足趾钩单序环形，负袋而走。常见种类：大蓑蛾Clania variegata Snellen

图53 蓑蛾科 A.雌成虫；B.雄成虫 7．刺蛾科Eucleidae（图54A，65A）体短、粗壮多毛；翅短而阔，翅中室内有M脉主干存在；前翅A脉3条，2A脉与3A脉在基部相接；后翅A脉3条，Sc+R1脉从中室中部分出。幼虫蛞蝓型，体上多枝刺，触及皮肤红肿疼痛。老熟幼虫化蛹前可结坚硬的石灰质的茧，茧呈鸟蛋形附着在树干或浅土中。常见种类：黄刺蛾Cnidocampa flavescens Walker。图54 鳞翅目分科 A.刺蛾科幼虫；B.卷蛾科前后翅脉序图 8．卷蛾科Tortricidae（图54B，65I）前翅略呈长方形，肩区发达，前缘弯曲；两前翅平叠在背上合成吊钟形；前翅翅脉均从基部或中室直接伸出，不合并成叉状；后翅Sc+R1脉与R2脉不接近，Cu脉基部有时有肘栉。幼虫前胸气门前骨片或疣上有3毛，肛门上方常有臀栉，趾钩单序、2序或3序环形。重要种类：苹果黄卷蛾Choristoneura longicellana (Walsingham)。 9．螟蛾科Pyralidae（图56A～B）体瘦长；触角多丝状；前翅长三角形，R3脉与R4脉常共柄；后翅臀区发达，A脉3条，Sc+R1脉有一段在中室外与Rs脉愈合或接近，M1脉与M2脉基部分离。幼虫体细长光滑，毛稀少，前胸气门前的1个毛片上有2毛，趾钩为单序、双序或三序，排列成环状、缺环或横带。重要种类：三化螟Tryporyza incertulas (Walker)。 10．羽蛾科Pterophoridae（图55）前翅裂为2～3片；后翅裂为3片；足细长；后足胫节第1对距位于中后方。幼虫多有毛疣和次生毛；前胸侧毛3根；趾钩单序中列。常见种类：甘薯白羽蛾 Pterophorus monodactylus L.。图55 羽蛾科 11．枯叶蛾科Lasiocampidae（图56C，65G）体粗壮多毛；触角双栉状；喙退化；前翅R5脉与M1脉共柄，M2脉与M3脉共柄或至少基部接近；后翅无翅缰，肩角扩大，肩横脉2条以上。幼虫粗壮多毛，上唇具浅缺切口，前胸在足的上方有1或2对突起，其上毛簇特别长，趾钩双序中列。重要种类：马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker)。图56 鳞翅目分科 A～B.螟蛾科前后翅脉序图；C.枯叶蛾科前后翅脉序图

12．大蚕蛾科Saturniidae（图57A～F，61E，65H）体特大形；触角短，双栉状；喙退化；翅中室常有透明斑；前翅只有3～4条R脉；后翅无翅缰，肩角发达，但无肩横脉，A脉1条，有些种类有尾状突。幼虫体大，有枝刺或带刺的瘤突，上唇有极深的倒V字形缺切，趾钩双序中列式。著名绢丝昆虫：天蚕Antheraea yamamai Guerin-Meneille。图57 大蚕蛾科 A～E.幼虫类型；F.前后翅脉序图 13．蚕蛾科Bombycidae（图58C，65E）体中形；触角双栉状；喙退化；前翅外缘近顶角处常有弯月形凹陷，5条R脉常基部共柄，至少R3脉、R4脉与R5脉常共柄；后翅翅缰很小，Sc+R1脉与Rs 脉间近基部常有1条横脉相连，A脉3条。幼虫第8腹节背面有1尾角，体节不分环或只分2～3环，腹足左右离开。著名绢丝昆虫：家蚕Bombyx mori L.。图58 鳞翅目分科 A～B.尺蛾科前后翅脉序图；C.蚕蛾科前后翅脉序图 14．尺蛾科Geometridae（图58A～B，59A～C，65D）体细弱，四翅平展；翅宽大而薄，鳞片细密，A脉1条。前翅R5脉与R3脉、R4脉共柄；后翅Sc+R1脉在基部弯曲；少数雌虫无翅。幼虫细长，体平滑无毛，腹部只有1对腹足和1对臀足，又称尺蠖。重要种类：棉大造桥虫Bormia selenaria Hübner。图59 鳞翅目分科 A～C.尺蠖幼虫；D.灯蛾科前后翅脉序图 15．天蛾科Sphingidae（图61C）体纺锤形；喙发达；触角栉齿状，末端弯成细钩状；前翅狭长，后缘近顶角处常内凹，M1脉与Rs脉共柄；后翅较小，Sc+R1脉与中室有1横脉相连。幼虫粗大，无毛，每腹节有8～9个小环，第8腹节背面有尾角，腹足左右靠近。常见种类：甘薯天蛾Herse convolvuli (L.)。 16．灯蛾科Arctiidae（图59D）腹背常有暗或黑色斑点或条纹；喙退化；后翅A脉2条，Sc+R1脉与Rs脉在基部愈合几达中室之半，但不超过中室末端，M2脉靠近M3脉。幼虫密生长短较一致的红褐色或黑色毛丛，且毛丛均长在毛瘤上，前胸气门以上有2～3个毛瘤，胸足端部有刀片状毛。重要种类：美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea (Drury)。图60 夜蛾科

A～B.幼虫；C.前后翅脉序图 17．夜蛾科Noctuidae（图60A～C，61D）体多色暗，多鳞片和毛；复眼大；喙发达；前翅Cu脉4叉型，一般有副室；后翅Sc+R1脉与Rs脉在中室基部短距离相接，不超过中室之半，Cu脉4叉型或 3叉型。幼虫无毛，色暗，或有各种斑纹或条纹，中后胸足上毛片仅有1毛，趾钩单序或双序。有些种类的第1对或第1～2对腹足退化。本科是鳞翅目最大科。重要种类：甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)。 18．毒蛾科Lymantriidae 体粗壮多毛；触角双栉齿状；喙与下唇须退化；后翅Sc+R1脉与Rs脉在中室约1/3处相接或接近，M2脉非常靠近M3脉；雌虫腹末有成簇的毛。幼虫体多毛，毛内有毒液，胸部背面有毛簇，腹部第6和第7节或仅第7腹节背中央有翻缩腺开口。重要种类：舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar (L.)。 19．弄蝶科Hesperiidae（图61B，62A）触角基部远离；触角末端呈钩状；前翅三角形，R脉5分支，不共柄，直接从中室伸出。幼虫头大，前胸小，有明显的颈部，体末较尖，呈纺锤形，肛门上方有臀梳。常见种类：香蕉弄蝶Erionota thorax L.。图61 鳞翅目触角 A.粉蝶科；B.弄蝶科；C.天蛾科；D.夜蛾科；E.大蚕蛾科 20．凤蝶科Papilionidae（图62B，65F）前翅R脉5条，A脉2条，中室与A脉基部有1横脉相连接；后翅Sc脉与R脉在基部形成1个小室，在M3脉处有尾状突或外缘呈波纹状，A脉1条。幼虫肥大，平滑无毛，前胸背部前缘有臭丫腺，后胸隆起最高。我国I级重点保护野生动物种类：金斑喙凤蝶Teinopalpus aureus Mell。图62 鳞翅目分科 A.弄蝶科；B.凤蝶科；C.斑蝶科 21．绢蝶科Parnassiidae 多数中等大小；白色或蜡黄色；翅近圆形，翅面鳞片稀少，半透明，有黑色、红色或黄色斑点。前翅径脉4支，无臀横脉；后翅无尾突或后缘无波纹状。我国II级重点保护野生动物种类：阿波罗绢蝶Parnassius apollo (L.)。 22．粉蝶科Pieridae（图63A）体多为白色或黄色；翅上常有黑斑；前足正常；爪分裂；前翅R脉3～4条，A脉1条；后翅A脉2条。幼虫多为暗绿色或黄色，有小黑颗粒点，每体节分为4 ～6个小环节。常见种类：菜粉蝶Pieris rapae L.。图63 鳞翅目分科 A.粉蝶科；B.蛱蝶科 23．蛱蝶科Nymphalidae（图63B）

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验十 鳞翅目分科（成虫）

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验十鳞翅目分科（成虫）