华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验八同翅目分科.pdf_大学文库

目的认识同翅目的常见科和掌握重要科的特征。材料蝉，角蝉，沫蝉，叶蝉，飞虱，蜡蝉，蛾蜡蝉，木虱，粉虱，吹绵蚧，粉蚧，蚧，盾蚧，蚜虫，紫胶蚧（示范），以及本次实验各科的示范标本。内容与方法一、分科特征主要包括触角类型和着生位置，单眼数，前胸背板的形状，前翅有无肩片、爪片、围脉和翅脉数，后足胫节有无距或刺突，跗节式，有无腹管、皿状孔、肛环或臀板等。二、分科检索表同翅目分科检索表 1 喙着生点在前足基节之前；触角刚毛状；跗节3节···························································································· 2 - 喙着生点在前足基节间或之后；触角线状或退化为小突起；跗节1～2节······················································· 9 2 触角着生在复眼下方；前翅基部常有肩板············································································································ 3 - 触角着生在复眼间；前翅基部无肩板 ····················································································································· 5 3 后翅臀区多横脉，脉纹网状；唇基有侧脊；头多向前延伸····················································· 蜡蝉科Fulgoridae - 后翅臀区脉纹非网状 ················································································································································· 4 4 体小形；前翅爪片无颗粒；后足胫节端部有1个大距·························································· 飞虱科Delphacidae - 体大形，似蛾；前翅爪片有颗粒；后足胫节端部无距····························································· 蛾蜡蝉科Flatidae 5 单眼3个；前足腿节变粗，下方多刺；跗节无中垫；雄虫腹基有发音器·································· 蝉科Cicadidae - 单眼2个；前足腿节正常；跗节有中垫；雄虫腹基部无明显发音器································································· 6 6 前胸背板向后延伸，盖住小盾片一部分或全部，并突出成角状········································ 角蝉科Membracidae - 前胸背板正常，不向后延伸；小盾片比前胸背板短····························································································· 7 7 后足胫节有几纵列小刺·············································································································· 叶蝉科Cicadellidae - 后足胫节有l～2个侧刺，在端部有1～2横列小刺······························································································ 8 8 前胸背板前缘直或稍向前突；复眼近圆形，长宽略等··························································· 沫蝉科Cercopidae - 前胸背板前缘向前突出或呈角状；复眼长卵圆形，长大于宽································· 尖胸沫蝉科Aphrophoridae 9 跗节2节；雌雄两性均有翅 ·································································································································· 10 - 跗节多为l节，如为2节，则第1节很小；雌虫无翅，或有无翅世代···························································· 11 10 触角多为10节，末端有2毛刺；复眼不分群；前翅翅脉先3分支，每支再2分支········································ ································································································································································· 木虱科Psyllidae - 触角7节，末端正常；复眼分上、下两群；前翅3条翅脉基部共柄·································· 粉虱科Aleyrodidae 11 触角3～6节，有明显的感觉孔；爪2个；如有翅则2对；腹部常有腹管···················································· 12 - 触角节数不定，无明显的感觉孔；爪1个；如有翅则仅有1对；腹部无腹管··············································· 15 12 触角4～6节，如为3节，则尾片为烧瓶状；头部与胸部之和不大于腹部；前翅有4条斜脉；尾片有各种形状；腹部常有腹管 13 - 触角3节或退化；头部与胸部之和大于腹部；前翅有3条斜脉；尾片半月形；腹部无腹管······················· 14 13 腹管明显突出；触角上的感觉器为圆孔状而不呈条状································································· 蚜科Aphididae - 腹管不明显，或不突出；触角上的感觉器多呈环状或断续的条状·································· 瘿绵蚜科Pemphigidae 14 无翅蚜和若蚜触角上有2个感觉圈；有翅蚜触角5节，有3～4个宽横带状感觉圈；中胸盾片分为左右两片；前翅Cu1与Cu2分离；后翅只有1斜脉；栖息时翅呈屋脊状 ······································································································································ ······················································································································································· 球蚜科Adelgidae - 无翅蚜和若蚜触角上只有1个感觉圈；有翅蚜触角3节，有2个纵长感觉圈；中胸盾片不分为两片；前翅Cu1与Cu2共柄；后翅缺斜脉；栖息时翅平放背面······················································································································· 瘤蚜科Phylloxeridae 15 雌虫腹部有气门；雄虫有复眼，触角10节········································································································ 16 - 雌虫腹部无气门；雄虫无复眼 ······························································································································· 17 16 雌成虫有口器························································································································ 绵蚧科 Monophlebidae - 雌成虫无口器···························································································································· 珠蚧科 Margarodidae 17 雌虫腹部末端深裂；肛门上有2个三角形肛板；体常隆起，坚硬或被蜡··································· 蚧科Coccidae - 雌虫腹部末端无深裂；肛门上无肛板 ··················································································································· 18 18 雌虫被有盾形介壳；肛门周围无肛环或肛环刺毛；腹部末端数节完全愈合成臀板；雌成虫无触角，无足盾蚧科Diaspididae - 雌虫不被盾形介壳；肛门周围有肛环和肛环刺毛；腹部末节不形成臀板······················································· 19 19 腹部末端有管状的肛突；体包在树脂状蜡质内；雌成虫无足···················································· 胶蚧科Kerridae - 腹部末端无管状的肛突；体包在蜡粉内；雌成虫触角和足发达····································· 粉蚧科Pseudococcidae 三、常见科的主要特征和代表种类（一）蝉亚目Cicadomorpha

1．蝉科Cicadidae（图38A）单眼3个；前足似开掘足；前后翅膜质，围脉发达；雄虫第1腹节腹面有发达的发音器。常见种类：蚱蝉Cryptotympana atrata (Fabricius)。图38 同翅目分科 A.蝉科前后翅；B.木虱科前后翅；C.叶蝉科后足；D.沫蝉科后足；E.飞虱科后足胫节端部示距 2．角蝉科Membracidae（图39A）单眼2个；前胸背板常向两侧、向后延伸，呈角状或奇特状突起，盖住小盾片；中胸背板无盾侧沟。珍稀种类：周氏角蝉Choucentrus sinensis Yuan。图39 同翅目分科 A.角蝉科；B.沫蝉科；C.叶蝉科；D.飞虱科 3．沫蝉科Cercopidae（图38D，39B）单眼2个；复眼圆形；小盾片正常，比前胸背板短；后足胫节有1～2个侧刺，末端有1～2圈端刺。常见种类：赤斑黑沫蝉Callitettix versicolor (Fabricius)。 4．叶蝉科Cicadellidae（图38C，39C）单眼2个；后翅围脉发达；后足胫节侧缘有2列以上小刺。本科能传播多种植物病毒病。重要种类：黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler)。 5．飞虱科Delphacidae（图38E，39D）单眼2个；触角着生于复眼下方；前翅基部有肩片；后足胫节常有2个侧刺，端部有1个大距。重要种类：褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stål。 6．蜡蝉科Fulgoridae 单眼2个；触角着生于复眼下方；前翅基部有肩片；头部额与颊间有延伸的隆堤；后翅臀区有网状脉。常见种类：龙眼鸡Fulgora candelaria (L.)。 7．蛾蜡蝉科Flatidae 形似蛾；单眼2个；头部不延伸；前翅基部有肩片；前翅前缘膨大且有很多横脉，臀区脉纹上有颗粒。常见种类：碧蛾蜡蝉Geisha distinctissima (Walker)。（二）木虱亚目Psyllomorpha 8．木虱科Psyllidae（图38B，40A）触角10节，末节端部有2根刺毛；前翅R、M、Cu脉在基部共柄，端部各2分叉；跗节式2-2-2。重要种类：柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是柑橘黄龙病的重要传播媒介昆虫。图40 同翅目分科 A.木虱科；B～D.蚜科（三）粉虱亚目Aleyrodomorpha

9.粉虱科Aleyrodidae 体和翅上被有白蜡粉：触角7节：翅上纵脉1~2条：腹末背面有管状孔：跗节式2-2-2。重要种类：温室粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. (四)蚜亚目Aphidomorpha 10.蚜科Aphididae(图40B~D) 触角6节，少有5或4节，末节端半常变细：前翅中脉分叉1~2次：腹管长管状：尾片形状多样，但不成瘤状：跗节式222。重要害虫种类：玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch). (五)蚧亚目Coccomorpha 11.绵蚧科Monophlebidae 雌虫体肥大，分节明显，体背有白色的卵囊：触角11节：足发达。雄虫触角10节：前翅膜质，后翅棒翅：腹末有成对突起。著名种类：吹绵蚧Icerya purchasi Maskell。 12.粉蚧科Pseudococcidae(图41A) 雌虫分节明显：触角5~9节：足发达：腹末有臀瓣及臀瓣刺毛，有肛环和肛环刺毛。雄虫常有翅，腹末有1对长蜡丝。重要种类：湿地松粉蚧Oracella acuta(Lobdell)。 l3.紫胶蚧科Kerridae 雌虫体略呈卵形，隆起：头小：胸部发达，占虫体的大部分：有肛环和肛环刺毛。雄虫触角10节：腹末有2条长蜡丝。世界著名资源昆虫：紫胶虫Laccifer lacca(Kerr). 14.蚧科Coccidae(图41B) 雌虫体分节不明显：触角6~8节：足短小：腹末有臀裂，臀裂基部有1对三角形的肛板。雄虫触角10节：腹末有1对长蜡丝。我国特有且著名的资源昆虫：白蜡虫Ericerus pela(Chavannes)。图41同翅目分科 A.粉蚧科：B.蚧科 do背腺：vc腹环腺：anp肛板：anc臀裂 l5.盾蚧科Diaspididae 雌虫介壳是由第1和第2龄若虫的两层蜕和一层丝质分泌物叠成：腹部第4~8节或5~8节愈合成臀板。雄虫介壳由第1龄若虫的蜕和一层分泌物组成：触角l0节。重要种类：松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi。作业与思考题 1.请比较稻叶蝉、稻飞虱、菜蚜、柑橘木虱和桑粉虱的形态特征的异同。 2.请简述同翅目中有哪些重要的资源昆虫及其产品。 3.何谓爬虫？

9．粉虱科Aleyrodidae 体和翅上被有白蜡粉；触角7节；翅上纵脉1～2条；腹末背面有管状孔；跗节式2-2-2。重要种类：温室粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood。（四）蚜亚目Aphidomorpha 10．蚜科Aphididae（图40B～D）触角6节，少有5或4节，末节端半常变细；前翅中脉分叉1～2次；腹管长管状；尾片形状多样，但不成瘤状；跗节式2-2-2。重要害虫种类：玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)。（五）蚧亚目Coccomorpha 11．绵蚧科Monophlebidae 雌虫体肥大，分节明显，体背有白色的卵囊；触角11节；足发达。雄虫触角10节；前翅膜质，后翅棒翅；腹末有成对突起。著名种类：吹绵蚧Icerya purchasi Maskell。 12．粉蚧科Pseudococcidae（图41A）雌虫分节明显；触角5～9节；足发达；腹末有臀瓣及臀瓣刺毛，有肛环和肛环刺毛。雄虫常有翅，腹末有1对长蜡丝。重要种类：湿地松粉蚧Oracella acuta (Lobdell)。 13．紫胶蚧科Kerridae 雌虫体略呈卵形，隆起；头小；胸部发达，占虫体的大部分；有肛环和肛环刺毛。雄虫触角10节；腹末有2条长蜡丝。世界著名资源昆虫：紫胶虫Laccifer lacca (Kerr)。 14．蚧科Coccidae（图41B）雌虫体分节不明显；触角6～8节；足短小；腹末有臀裂，臀裂基部有1对三角形的肛板。雄虫触角10节；腹末有1对长蜡丝。我国特有且著名的资源昆虫：白蜡虫Ericerus pela (Chavannes)。图41 同翅目分科 A.粉蚧科；B.蚧科 do背腺；vc腹环腺；anp肛板；anc臀裂 15．盾蚧科Diaspididae 雌虫介壳是由第1和第2龄若虫的两层蜕和一层丝质分泌物叠成；腹部第4～8节或5～8节愈合成臀板。雄虫介壳由第1龄若虫的蜕和一层分泌物组成；触角10节。重要种类：松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi。作业与思考题 1．请比较稻叶蝉、稻飞虱、菜蚜、柑橘木虱和桑粉虱的形态特征的异同。 2．请简述同翅目中有哪些重要的资源昆虫及其产品。 3．何谓爬虫？

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验八 同翅目分科

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验八同翅目分科