华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验七半翅目和脉翅目分科.pdf_大学文库

目的认识半翅目和脉翅目的常见科和掌握重要科的特征。材料划蝽，仰泳蝽，田鳖，蝎蝽，黾蝽，网蝽，盲蝽，猎蝽，长蝽，红蝽，缘蝽，荔蝽，圆蝽，水黾，刺肩蝽，臭虫（示范），花蝽（示范），土蝽（示范），草蛉，蚁蛉，蝶角蛉，以及本次实验各科的示范标本。内容与方法一、半翅目（一）分科特征主要包括触角的节数，有无单眼，前翅有无缘片、楔片和膜质部的脉序，中胸小盾片的形状和大小，足的类型、跗节式和爪的着生位置等。（二）分科检索表半翅目分科检索表 1 触角比头短，隐藏在复眼下的槽内而不外露········································································································ 2 - 触角比头长或等长，常显露在外面························································································································· 5 2 前足捕捉足 ································································································································································ 3 - 前足非捕捉足 ····························································································································································· 4 3. 后足圆筒形，无缘毛，不适于游泳；腹部末端的呼吸管长而外露··········································· 蝎蝽科Nepidae - 后足扁平，有缘毛，适于游泳；腹部末端的呼吸管扁而能缩入····································· 田鳖科Belostomatidae 4 头的后缘盖住前胸背板前缘；体背隆起不明显；前足第1跗节匙形，有丛生刚毛·········································· ································································································································································ 划蝽科 Corixidae - 头的后缘不盖住前胸背板前缘；体背隆起明显，游泳时背向下，腹面朝上；前足跗节不为匙形仰泳蝽科Notonectidae 5 腹部腹面密被银白色绒毛；生活于水面················································································································ 6 - 腹部腹面不被银白色绒毛；陆生····························································································································· 8 6 头部比胸部长或等长，体细长····························································································· 尺蝽科Hydrometridae - 头部比胸部短 ····························································································································································· 7 7 前足跗节端部完整，爪着生在末端························································································ 水蝽科Mesoveliidae - 前足跗节端部分裂，爪着生在裂开处而不在末端········································································ 水黾科Gerridae 8 触角5节，极少数4节············································································································································ 9 - 触角4节 ··································································································································································· 12 9 小盾片特别大，U形或半球形，几乎盖住腹部·································································································· 10 - 小盾片小，三角形或舌形，仅盖住腹部的少部分······························································································· 11 10 前翅长约为腹部的2倍，中间能折，栖息时折藏于小盾片下；跗节2节························ 龟蝽科Plataspididae - 前翅不特别长，不能折转；跗节常分3节·············································································· 盾蝽科Scutelleridae 11 胫节有强大的刺；前足开掘足，跗节有时退化·········································································· 土蝽科Cydnidae - 胫节无强大的刺，或仅有小刺；前足非开掘足，跗节发达···················································· 蝽科Pentatomidae 12 前胸和前翅有网状纹························································································································ 网蝽科Tingidae - 前胸和前翅无网状纹，或翅退化··························································································································· 13 13 喙3节 ······································································································································································ 14 - 喙4节 ······································································································································································· 16 14 无单眼；前翅极退化，后翅消失·································································································· 臭虫科Cimicidae - 常有单眼；前翅和后翅多正常······························································································································· 15 15 前翅有缘片及楔片，膜质部无封闭的翅室············································································ 花蝽科Anthocoridae - 前翅无缘片及楔片，膜质部有2个封闭的翅室········································································ 猎蝽科Reduviidae 16 喙基部弯曲，不贴于头部················································································································ 姬蝽科Nabidae - 喙基部直，不用时紧贴于头部······························································································································· 17 17 无单眼 ······································································································································································ 18 - 有单眼 ······································································································································································· 19 18 前翅有楔片；膜质部上有少数翅脉，形成l～2个基室································································ 盲蝽科Miridae - 前翅无楔片；膜质部上有2～3个基室，由此发出5～8条分枝脉··································· 红蝽科Pyrrhocoridae 19 前翅膜质部只有4～5条纵脉········································································································ 长蝽科Lygaeidae - 前翅膜质部有8条以上的纵脉······························································································································· 20 20 体纵长，边缘常平行，无金属光泽；触角着生头部背面；纵脉端部常分叉；触角，足和前胸背板上常部分扩展成叶状缘蝽科Coreidae - 体宽短，中间比两端宽，边缘不平行，有的有金属光泽；触角着生在头部腹面；纵脉端部不分叉；腹部第1可见腹节上的气门完全或部分外露 ············································································································································ 荔蝽科Tessaratomidae （三）常见科的主要特征和代表种类 A．蝎蝽亚目Nepomorpha 1．划蝽科Corixidae（图31A）触角3～4节；头部后缘覆盖前胸前缘；前足短，中足细长，后足扁浆形而短于中足；跗节式1-1-2或1-2-2。 2．仰泳蝽科Notonectidae（图31B）触角3～4节；体背隆起似船底，游泳时背面向下，腹面朝上；后足游泳足，明显长于前中足；跗节式2-2-2。代表种类：大仰泳蝽Notonecta montandoni Kirkaldy。 3．负子蝽科Belostomatidae（图31C）

触角4节；喙5节；前足捕捉足；腹末呼吸管短而扁；跗节式2-2-2或3-2-2。代表种类：桂花蝉Lethocerus indicus (Lep. et Serv.)。图31 半翅目分科 A.划蝽科；B.仰泳蝽科；C.负子蝽科 4．蝎蝽科Nepidae（图32A）触角3节；喙3节；前足捕捉足；腹末有长又外露的呼吸管；跗节式1-1-1。常见种类：中华螳蝎蝽Ranatra chinensis Mayr.。图32 半翅目分科 A.蝎蝽科；B.黾蝽科；C.臭虫科 B．黾蝽亚目Gerromorpha 5．黾蝽科Gerridae（图32B）体细长，腹面着生银白色绒毛；前足端跗节分裂，爪着生在其末端之前；后足腿节伸过腹末端；跗节式2-2-2。代表种类：海南巨黾蝽 Gigantometra gigas (China)。 C．臭蝽亚目Cimicomorpha 6．臭虫科Cimicidae（图32C）体小而扁卵形，红褐色，无翅；触角4节；喙3节；跗节式3-3-3。常见种类：温带臭虫Cimex lectularis L.。 7．网蝽科Tingidae（图33A）头背、前胸及翅上有网状纹；触角4节；喙4节；小盾片小三角形；跗节式2-2-2。常见种类：亮冠网蝽Stephanitis typica (Distant)。 8．花蝽科Anthocoridae（图34C）触角4节；喙4节；有单眼；前翅革片有缘片和楔片，膜片常具不明显的纵脉2～4条；小盾片小三角形。很多为有益的捕食性种类，如小花蝽 Triphleps minutus (L.)。 9．盲蝽科Miridae（图34A）触角4节；喙4节；无单眼；前翅有革片和楔片，膜片有翅室2个，无纵脉；小盾片小三角形。常见种类：黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorrhinus lividipennis Reuter。 10．猎蝽科Reduviidae（图33B）头部后端呈颈状；触角4节；喙3节，粗短而坚锐；常有单眼；前翅膜片常有2个翅室，室端伸出2条纵脉；小盾片小三角形。很多为有益的捕食性种类，如黑光猎蝽Ectrychotes andreae Thumberg。图33 半翅目分科 A.网蝽科；B.猎蝽科；C.红蝽科 D．蝽亚目Pentatomomorpha 11．长蝽科Lygaeidae（图34B）体长卵形；触角4节；喙4节；有单眼；前翅膜片有4～5条纵脉；小盾片小三角形。重要种类：甘蔗异背长蝽：Cavalerius saccarivorus Okajima。 12．红蝽科Pyrrhocoridae（图33C，34H）触角4节；喙4节；无单眼；前翅膜片有2～3个翅室，每翅室有3～4条纵脉伸出；小盾片小三角形。常见种类：棉二星红蝽Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius)。 13．缘蝽科Coreidae（图34D，35A）

触角4节；喙4节；有单眼；前翅膜片有8～9条纵脉从同一基横脉上伸出；触角、前胸背板和足上常有扩展成叶状的突起；小盾片小三角形。常见种类：稻棘缘蝽Cletus punctiger Dallas。 14．荔蝽科Tessaratomidae 触角4节，少数5节；有单眼；小盾片大三角形；膜片有多条纵脉，少分支；跗节式2-2-2或3-3-3；腹部第2气门外露。重要种类：荔枝蝽 Tessaratoma papillosa Drury。图34 半翅目的前翅 A.盲蝽科；B.长蝽科；C.花蝽科；D.缘蝽科；E.姬蝽科；F.跳蝽科；G.膜蝽科；H.红蝽科图35 半翅目的前翅 A.缘蝽科；B.盾蝽科；C.蝽科 15．蝽科Pentatomidae（图35C）触角5节，稀有4节；有单眼；小盾片大三角形或舌形；膜片有多条纵脉，少分支；跗节式3-3-3；腹部第2气门被后胸侧板遮盖而不可见。重要种类：稻绿蝽Nezara viridula (L.)。 16．土蝽科Cydnidae 触角5节，少数4节；有单眼；前足胫节有数列刚刺，似掘足；小盾片大三角形或舌形；跗节式3-3-3。常见种类：根土蝽Stibaropus jormosanus Takado et Yamagihara。 17．盾蝽科Scutelleridae（图35B）触角5节或4节；有单眼；小盾片U形，盖住前翅和整个腹部；前翅与体等长，膜片不折叠。常见种类：丽盾蝽Chrysocoris grandis (Thunberg)。 18．龟蝽科Plataspidae 又称圆蝽科。触角5节；有单眼；小盾片半球形，盖住前翅和整个腹部；前翅长于体长，膜片折叠于小盾片之下。常见种类：筛豆龟蝽Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius)。二、脉翅目（一）分科特征主要包括触角节数和形状，有无单眼，翅有无被粉状物和脉序，产卵器的形状等。（二）分科检索表脉翅目分科检索表 1 身体和翅上被有白粉；翅脉简单，无前缘横脉列和翅痣；体多小形··························· 粉蛉科Coniopterygidae - 体翅无白粉；翅脉复杂，有前缘横脉列和翅痣；体多为中型或大型································································· 2 2 触角末端膨大呈棒状或球杆状································································································································ 3 - 触角末端不膨大，丝状或念珠状····························································································································· 4 3 触角末端渐大呈棒状；翅痣下方有1个狭长的翅室；触角短于体长之半·························································· ····················································································································································· 蚁蛉科 Myrmeleontidae - 触角末端突然膨大呈球杆状；翅痣下方无延长的翅室；触角长于体长之半······················································· ······················································································································································ 蝶角蛉科 Ascalaphidae 4 前足特化为捕捉足；前胸延长································································································· 螳蛉科Mantispidae - 前足非捕捉足；前胸正常········································································································· 草蛉科Chrysopidae （三）常见科的主要特征和代表种类 1．草蛉科Chrysopidae（图36A～C）触角丝状，约与体等长；前胸梯形或矩形；中后胸粗大；翅的前缘脉简单，不分叉。我国特有珍稀种类：横断华草蛉Sinochrysa hengduana Yang

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验七 半翅目和脉翅目分科

华南农业大学：《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（实验指导）实验七半翅目和脉翅目分科