芸芸视频QQ:74788097TL:02881942202推荐:09新东方公共课程 考研英语补充资料(白皮书) 目录 2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试统一英语试题… 2006年考研英语新增题型大纲样题……… 2006年考研英语新增题型模拟题型一:搭配题… 18 206年考研英语新增题型模拟题型一:搭配题……18 2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试统一英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, c or d on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The human nose is an underrated tool Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) this is largely because, (2) animals, we stand upright, this means that our noses are (3) perceiving those smells which float through the air. (4) the majority of smells which stick to surfaces In fact, (5) we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) human smells even when these are(8) to far below one part in one million Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, (9)others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (ll) to the brain however it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) can suddenly become sensitive to it when( 13)to it often enou The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it(14) to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can(15) new receptors if necessary. Thi may (16) explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells-we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) of the usual smell of our own house, but we(18) new smells when we visit someone else,s The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors( 19) for unfamiliar and emergency signals(20) he smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire 1.[A although B IC but D] while 2. A] above IC] excluding D] besides 3. A] limited [B committed CI dedicated D confined 4.[A] catching B] ignoring C」 mIssing [D] 5. A] anyway IC]instead ID therefore 6. A] even if IC] only if [D] as if 7. A] distinguishing B discovering C] determining D detecting 8. A] diluted [B]dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused B since ID whereas [D typical 11. A signs B stimuli MEssages Impulses 12. [ A at first B at all ICAt large [D]at times 13. A subjected B left [C] drawn D] exposed 14.[A ineffective B] incompetent C inefficient D insufficient
- 0 - 考研英语补充资料（白皮书） 目 录 2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试统一英语试题……………………… 1 2006年考研英语新增题型大纲样题…………………………………… 12 2006年考研英语新增题型模拟题型一：搭配题……………………… 18 2006年考研英语新增题型模拟题型一：搭配题……………………… 18 2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试统一英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET l.(10 points) The human nose is an underrated tool Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) ________ this is largely because, (2) ________ animals, we stand upright, this means that our noses are (3) ________ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) ________ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces In fact,(5) ________,we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) ________ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ________ human smells even when these are (8) ________ to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,(9) others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ________ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) ________ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12)________can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13) to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ________ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) ________ new receptors if necessary. This may(16) ________ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells — we simply do not need to be. We are not (17)________of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) ________ new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors(19) ________ for unfamiliar and emergency signals(20) ________ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 1. [A] although [B]as [C]but [D] while 2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides 3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined 4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking 5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if 7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting 8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused 9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas 10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical 11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C]messages [D]impulses 12. [A] at first [B]at all [C]at large [D] at times 13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed 14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient
15. A introduce B summon [C]trigger ID] create 16. [A] still otnerwise sure B sick [C]awar [D] tired 18. A tolerate neglect DI 19. A available B reliable C] identifiable D] suitable 0. A] similar to B such as [C]along with D] aside from Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I(40 points) Text 1 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as'all too human with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance,. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily, Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services"than males Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr Brosnan s and Dr de waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange piece of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods(and much preferable to cucumbers ). So when one monkey handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuche The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the spec had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question 21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast B justifying an assumption C making a comparison D] explaining a phenomenon 2. The statement"it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph 1)implies that [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals B]resenting unfairness is also monkeys'nature C]monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are A]more inclined to weigh what they get B attentive, to researchers'instructions
- 1 - 15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create 16. [A] still [B]also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless 17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired 18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice 19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable 20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.(40 points) Text 1 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 'all too human', with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance,. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption. [C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon. 22. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature. [C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions. 23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are [A] more inclined to weigh what they get. [B] attentive, to researchers' instructions
[C]nice in both appearance and temperament D more generous than their male companions 24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys A] prefer grapes to cucumbers B can be taught to exchange things [C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated )I are unhappy when separated from others 25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions B Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. C Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do D Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Text 2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report: Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the concerning the future consequences of present actions por future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide ust as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent people of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -a classic case of paralysis by analysi To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we-must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won,'t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. a bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound 26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that [A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant IC people had the freedom to choose their own way of life D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense 27. According to bruce alberts science can serve as [AJa protector B]a judge 28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis"(Last line, Paragraph4)? A] Endless studies kill action B Careful investigation reveals truth
- 2 - [C] nice in both appearance and temperament. [D] more generous than their male companions. 24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys [A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. [B] can be taught to exchange things. [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. [D] are unhappy when separated from others. 25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. Text 2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. • There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report: "Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions." Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent people of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research — a classic case of "paralysis by analysis." To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we-must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. 26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that. [A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. [B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant [C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life [D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense 27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as [A] a protector. [B] a judge [C] a critic [D] a guide 28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis"(Last line, Paragraph4)? [A] Endless studies kill action. [B] Careful investigation reveals truth
C) Prudent planning hinders progress D Extensive research helps decision-makin 29. According to the author, what should the administration do about global warming? A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants B Raise public awareness of conservation CI Press for further scientific research D Take some legislative measures 30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because a] they both suffered from the government's negligence B a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former D both of them have turned from bad to worse Text 3 t Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control In dreams, a window opens a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just"mental noise-----the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is"off-line And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream, "says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. " If you don' t like it, change it Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement) sleep when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system(the"emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefronted cortex( the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. We wake up from dreams happy or depressed and those feelings can stay with us all day, "says Stanford sleep The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-----until, it appears, we begin to dream And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. with much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or"we wake up in a panic, "Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased peoples anxiety, Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep----or rather dream---on it and you'll feel better in the 31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams [A] can be modified in their courses B]are susceptible to emotional changes [C]reflect our innermost desires and fears )] are a random outcome of neural repairs By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show [AJ it's function in our dreams b the mechanism of REM sleep [C] the relation of dreams to emotions D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex 33. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend to aggravate in our unconscious mind B develop into happy dreams
- 3 - [C] Prudent planning hinders progress [D] Extensive research helps decision-making 29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming? [A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants [B] Raise public awareness of conservation [C] Press for further scientific research [D] Take some legislative measures 30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because [A] they both suffered from the government's negligence. [B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former. [C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. [D] both of them have turned from bad to worse. Text 3 Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-----the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it" Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr.Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefronted cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-----until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep ---- or rather dream---on it and you'll feel better in the morning. 31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams [A] can be modified in their courses [B] are susceptible to emotional changes [C] reflect our innermost desires and fears [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs 32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show [A] it's function in our dreams [B] the mechanism of REM sleep [C] the relation of dreams to emotions [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex 33. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend to [A] aggravate in our unconscious mind [B] develop into happy dreams
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep D show up in dreams early at nigh 34. Cartwright seems to suggest that A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control C] dreams should be left to their natural progression D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams A] Lead your life as usual B]Seek professional help C] Exercise conscious control D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime text 4 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of language and Music and why We should, Like, Care John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr Mcwhorter's academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of"whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss the case-endings of Old English But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing, "has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, alking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend .that Mr. Mcwhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive nere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas, He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian liticians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms ---- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English"on paper plates instead of china A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 36. According to mcwhorter the decline of formal english [AJ is inevitable in radical education reforms b is but all too natural in language development C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s 37. The word"talking"(Line 6, Paragraph3 )denotes BI personality IC liveliness D] informality 38. To which of the following statements would Mc whorter most likely agree? A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk B]Black English can be more expressive than standard English C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex idea 39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the authors LAJ interest in their language 4
- 4 - [C] persist till the time we fall asleep [D] show up in dreams early at night 34. Cartwright seems to suggest that [A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams [B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control [C] dreams should be left to their natural progression [D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? [A] Lead your life as usual [B] Seek professional help [C] Exercise conscious control [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime text 4 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of language and Music and why We should, Like, Care John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr Mcwhorter's academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing," has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960's even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend •that Mr. Mcwhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive ------there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas, He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms ---- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china" A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 36. According to Mcwhorter, the decline of formal English [A] is inevitable in radical education reforms [B] is but all too natural in language development [C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture [D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s 37. The word "talking"(Line 6,Paragraph3)denotes [A] modesty [B] personality [C] liveliness [D] informality 38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? [A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. [B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English. [C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. [D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's [A] interest in their language
B]appreciation of their efforts C] admiration for their memory. D] contempt for their old-fashionedness 40. According to the last paragraph, "paper plates"is to"china"as A]"temporary"is to"permanent B"radical"is to"conservative [C"functional"is to"artistic D"humble"is to"noble Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEETI(10 points) Canada's premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts-recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national instituti But"national"doesn,'t have to mean that"National"could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create Either way, one benefit of a "national"organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 3 1 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price 43 A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They(particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any strings attached That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone any where while drug costs keep rising fast Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanows report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on harmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs. So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients A: Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from
- 5 - [B] appreciation of their efforts. [C] admiration for their memory. [D] contempt for their old-fashionedness. 40. According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as [A] "temporary" is to "permanent." [B] "radical" is to "conservative" [C] "functional" is to "artistic" [D] "humble" is to "noble" Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1 (10 points) Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs. 41. What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care — to say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution. 42. But "national" doesn't have to mean that "National" could mean interprovincial — provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province — or a series of hospitals within a province — negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price. 43. A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast. 44. Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs." 45. So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. A: Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from
14.3percent to 26.8per cent! B: Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: " The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies C: What does"notional"mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much ounc D: The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government E: According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatment Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices F: So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovinci health list that would end duplication, save a dministrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices G: Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn ' t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it Part C Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. 47)On the other. it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career 48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied by lawyers. 50) while comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories. it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own iudgment. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system 英语试题置换页 请考生注意:(1)必须将本也粘贴在原英语试題的第13页上;(2)必须按本页的试题答题,否则该部分成绩无效 Part C Directions: d the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be tten clearly on ANSWER SHEET2 (10 Points)
- 6 - 14.3percent to 26.8per cent! B: Or they could read Mr.Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies." C: What does "notional" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. D: The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues. E: According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen. since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. F: So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save a dministrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices. G: Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law. If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career. 48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. 50) while comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgment. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system. 英语试题置换页 请考生注意：(1) 必须将本也粘贴在原英语试题的第13页上；(2) 必须按本页的试题答题，否则该部分成绩无效 Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2 (10 Points)
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene (47)In Europe. as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups. which bring together television, radio, newspapers. magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks. no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution 149)Creating a"European identity"that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice-that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentar services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale. it is no exaggeration to say"Unity we stand divided we fall-and if I had to choose a slogan it would be"Unity in our diversity. A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country ction lll writing part a Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use"Li Ming "instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) 2. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing then interpret its meaning, and give your cor You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points) 小女凡 外芒“足球器
- 7 - It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.(46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups, which bring together television, radio, newspapers. magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind. Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in. a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution. (49) Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice-that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own. In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say "Unity we stand divided we fall"-and if I had to choose a slogan it would be "Unity in our diversity." A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country. Section III Writing Part A Part A 51. Directions: Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) Part B 52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
参考答案 1-20 CBACB ADADB CADCC BCDAB 21-40 CBACB CDADB ACDDA BDABC 41-45 ECGFB 46、在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面,电视也许还从来没有想在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作 用 47、在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了,这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂 出版社组合到了一起 8、仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易,这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然,统计表明在80家欧洲 电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50% 49、创造一个将要组成旧大洲联系纤维并且尊重不同文化和传统的统一体不是一项容易的任务,需要策略性的选 Section lll writing(略) 2006年考研英语新增题型大纲样题 、选择搭配题(大纲样题) Di recons In the following text, some sentences have been removed For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41) Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals birds and insects of which we know nothing 43) There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast 5) About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone A)The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known
- 8 - 参考答案 1-20 CBACB ADADB CADCC BCDAB 21-40 CBACB CDADB ACDDA BDABC 41-45 ECGFB 46、在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有想在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作 用 47、在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂 志、出版社组合到了一起 48、仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲 电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50% 49、创造一个将要组成旧大洲联系纤维并且尊重不同文化和传统的统一体不是一项容易的任务，需要策略性的选 择 Section III Writing (略) 2006年考研英语新增题型大纲样题 一、选择搭配题 (大纲样题) Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41) ________ Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. 42) ________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing. 43) ________ There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 44) ________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. 45) ________. About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. [A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known
[B Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate IC]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air D The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the [E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks [ F]When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea arid there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved IG] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form 答案 12.F43.E44.A45.C 、排序题(大纲样题) Directions The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraph into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) A]"I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job We're in a budget crunch and i have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we 'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't--it,'s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn, t much you can do about it. B]"Finally, I can,'t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it,'s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets. not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed IC]"I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies D"Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However we know that's not fair-too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly, No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff. E]"The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor [ F]"So I just don' t know What to do. I,ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work G A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus
- 9 - [B]Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. [C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. [D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world. [E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks. [F]When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea arid there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved. [G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form. [答案] 41. B 42. F 43. E 44. A 45. C 二、排序题 (大纲样题) Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't — it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it. [B] "Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed. [C] "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires,' accidents, and other emergencies. [D] "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff." [E]"The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. [F] "So I just don't know What to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work." [G ] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation — how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus
