Init 1 Fighting with the forces of nature Objectives Students will be able to 1. grasp the main idea and structure of the text; 1. do a comparison and contrast between Napoleons invasion of Russia and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet union 2. master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text; 3. conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit Pre-reading tasks 1. Song 2. Napoleon Nelson: Horatio nelson: British admiral admiral.海军上将,舰队司令 who defeated the french fleet in the Battle of the Nile (1798), thus ending Napoleon's attempt to conquer Egypt and destroyed French and Spanish naval forces at Trafalgar(1805), where he was mortally wounded 怀康待,霍拉肖1758-1805英国海军上将,在尼罗河战役(1798年)中打败法国舰队,这样就 结束了拿破仑征服埃及的企图。1805年在特拉尔加摧毁了法国和西班牙的海军力量并身负 重伤 Trafalgar: A cape on the southwest coast of Spain northwest of the Strait of Gibraltar.特拉法尔加 角位于西班牙西南海岸的海角,在直布罗陀海峡西北 Peninsular [the Peninsula]【史】(1808-1814年西葡“半岛战争”中指)伊比里亚/古西班牙 Elba: An island of Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea between Corsica and the mainland. Napoleon Bonaparte spent his first period of exile here(May1814 February 1815)厄尔巴岛意大利的一个 岛屿,位于第勒尼安海,在意大利半岛和科西嘉岛之间,拿破仑被拿巴的第一次放逐地(1814 年5月-1815年2月) Waterloo: A town of central Belgium near Brussels. Napoleon met his final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo(June18.1815)滑铁卢比利时中部靠近布鲁塞尔的城镇。拿破仑在滑铁卢上役中 (1815年6月18日)遭到了决定性失败 Video clips bombardment:炮击;轰击- a noise of heavy bombardment猛烈的炮击声 hurl:猛投/冲,撞 cavalry: Troops trained to fight on horseback骑兵被训练在马背上战斗的部队 intersperse: To distribute among other things at intervals散置,点缀 Intersperse among使散布于,使散置于 intersperse with用.点缀着 pulse: To drive back, repel击退;驱逐,赶走 on cue:在预定的时间( exactly on the right moment, as if directed to take action at the moment back out of his agreement to blockade England plan to dictate the terms of a new deal In amputation arsonist cunning scheme
1 Unit 1 Fighting with the forces of nature Objectives Students will be able to: 1. grasp the main idea and structure of the text; 1. do a comparison and contrast between Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union; 2. master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text; 3. conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit. Pre-reading Tasks 1. Song 2. Napoleon Nelson: Horatio Nelson: British admiral admiral .海军上将, 舰队司令 who defeated the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile (1798), thus ending Napoleon's attempt to conquer Egypt, and destroyed French and Spanish naval forces at Trafalgar (1805), where he was mortally wounded. 怀康待，霍拉肖 1758-1805 英国海军上将，在尼罗河战役(1798 年)中打败法国舰队，这样就 结束了拿破仑征服埃及的企图。1805 年在特拉尔加摧毁了法国和西班牙的海军力量并身负 重伤 Trafalgar: A cape on the southwest coast of Spain northwest of the Strait of Gibraltar.特拉法尔加 角位于西班牙西南海岸的海角，在直布罗陀海峡西北。 Peninsular [the Peninsula ]【史】(1808-1814 年西葡“半岛战争”中指)伊比里亚/ 古西班牙 (Iberia)半岛 Elba: An island of Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea between Corsica and the mainland. Napoleon Bonaparte spent his first period of exile here (May 1814-February 1815).厄尔巴岛意大利的一个 岛屿，位于第勒尼安海，在意大利半岛和科西嘉岛之间，拿破仑·波拿巴的第一次放逐地（1814 年 5 月-1815 年 2 月） Waterloo: A town of central Belgium near Brussels. Napoleon met his final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815)滑铁卢比利时中部靠近布鲁塞尔的城镇。拿破仑在滑铁卢上役中 (1815 年 6 月 18 日)遭到了决定性失败 Video clips 1) ridge: bombardment: 炮击；轰击 --a noise of heavy bombardment 猛烈的炮击声 hurl: 猛投/冲,/撞 cavalry: Troops trained to fight on horseback 骑兵被训练在马背上战斗的部队 intersperse: To distribute among other things at intervals 散置，点缀: --intersperse among 使散布于..., 使...散置于 --intersperse with 用...点缀着 repulse: To drive back; repel 击退；驱逐，赶走 on cue: 在预定的时间 (exactly on the right moment, as if directed to take action at the moment) back out of his agreement to blockade England plan to dictate the terms of a new deal dig in smash into withdraw amputation deserted arsonist cunning scheme dwindle
bloated:浮肿的,发胀的,傲慢的 气ager:落伍士兵,蔓生的枝叶,游荡者,流浪者,落后者 napoleon will go home, the architect of one of the worst disasters in Mans history crumble:Ⅴ.弄碎,粉碎,崩溃 allied forces His fate is sealed seal: to establish or determine irrevocably:注定,确定不可取消地建立或决定: Our fate was sealed我们的命运是上天注定的 3. World War ll 2)A brief introduction to the war Winston Churchill: if the British empire and its commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still say THIS was their finest hour Franklin D. Roosevelt: Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our teritory, and our Interests, are in grave danger 3)A brief introduction to Hitler: Ant- Semitism:反犹太主义 Key-stone of his propaganda Institute(创立,开始) sterilization(消毒,绝育) and euthanasia(安乐死) measures: Sinti: and Roma / Gypsy: The Sinti and Roma are two large tribes or nations of the Gypsy people. The Sinti lived predominantly in Germany and western Europe. The Roma were centered in Austria and eastern Europe Slavic:n.斯拉夫语adj斯拉夫人[语的( A branch of the Indo-European language family that includes Bulgarian, Belorussian, Czech, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian Slovak Slovene, Ukrainian, and Wendish.斯拉夫语印欧语系的一支,包括保加利亚语、白俄罗斯语、 捷克语、马其顿语、波兰语、俄语、塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语、斯洛伐克语、斯洛文尼亚语、 乌克兰语和文德语) 4) Barbarossa:巴巴罗萨(神圣罗马帝国皇帝,1l5-11900 directive: An order or instruction, especially one issued by a central authority指示,命令 intelligentsia:n.知识分子(集合称),知识阶层,知识界 5) Field Marshal(陆军元帅) von palace 6) repel:ⅵt击退,抵制,使厌恶,使不愉快 ival:v.竞争,对抗,相匹敌n竞争者,对手 Global-reading Tasks 1. T asks Ss the following questions on the recording: v Where and when did the storm occur? Why did the crew fear the worst would happen to them? 2. Discussion: Man or nature, which is more powerful? 1) Ss are divided into two groups. One group lists instances where man conquers nature the other group comes up with cases where the forces of nature are too powerful to be resisted 2) Several Ss from both groups report their respective lists to class; 3) T solicits opinions from other Ss: man or nature, which do you think more powerful? T may move on to Text a by saying: Man changes nature in order to live in a better condition. However. man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. when Napoleon and Hitler finally realized their arrogance, it was too late 4. True or False questions: 1)The Icy Defender" refers to the Russian river.(F) It refers to the bleak Russian winter. I 2)Napoleon and his troops gained the quick victory in Russia as they had expected. (F)
2 bloated: .浮肿的, 发胀的, 傲慢的 plummet: straggler: 落伍士兵, 蔓生的枝叶, 游荡者, 流浪者, 落后者 Napoleon will go home, the architect of one of the worst disasters in Man’s history. crumble: v.弄碎, 粉碎, 崩溃 allied forces His fate is sealed. seal: to establish or determine irrevocably:注定，确定 不可取消地建立或决定： Our fate was sealed.我们的命运是上天注定的 3. World War II 2) A brief introduction to the war: Winston Churchill: if the British empire and its commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still say THIS was their finest hour! Franklin D. Roosevelt: Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests, are in grave danger. 3) A brief introduction to Hitler: Anti-Semitism: 反犹太主义 Key-stone of his propaganda: Institute (创立, 开始) sterilization (消毒, 绝育) and euthanasia (安乐死) measures: Sinti: and Roma / Gypsy: The Sinti and Roma are two large tribes or nations of the Gypsy people. The Sinti lived predominantly in Germany and western Europe. The Roma were centered in Austria and eastern Europe. Slavic: n.斯拉夫语 adj.斯拉夫人[语]的 (A branch of the Indo-European language family that includes Bulgarian, Belorussian, Czech, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian, and Wendish. 斯拉夫语印欧语系的一支，包括保加利亚语、白俄罗斯语、 捷克语、马其顿语、波兰语、俄语、塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语、斯洛伐克语、斯洛文尼亚语、 乌克兰语和文德语) 4) Barbarossa::.巴巴罗萨(神圣罗马帝国皇帝,1155-1190) directive: An order or instruction, especially one issued by a central authority 指示，命令 intelligentsia: n.知识分子(集合称), 知识阶层, 知识界 5) Field Marshal (陆军元帅) von Palace 6) repel: vt.击退, 抵制, 使厌恶, 使不愉快 rival: v.竞争, 对抗, 相匹敌 n.竞争者, 对手 Global-reading Tasks 1. T asks Ss the following questions on the recording: ✓ Where and when did the storm occur? ✓ Why did the crew fear the worst would happen to them? 2. Discussion: Man or nature, which is more powerful? 1) Ss are divided into two groups. One group lists instances where man conquers nature; the other group comes up with cases where the forces of nature are too powerful to be resisted. 2) Several Ss from both groups report their respective lists to class; 3) T solicits opinions from other Ss: man or nature, which do you think more powerful? 3. T may move on to Text A by saying: Man changes nature in order to live in a better condition. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. When Napoleon and Hitler finally realized their arrogance, it was too late. 4. True or False questions: 1) “The Icy Defender” refers to the Russian river. ( F ) [ It refers to the bleak Russian winter.] 2) Napoleon and his troops gained the quick victory in Russia as they had expected. ( F )
[To Napoleon's surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. They retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. 3)Napoleon didn 't capture the capital of Russia. (F) I Napoleon captured the capital of Russia: Moscow] 4)Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in 5)German troops adopted scorch-earth policy when they entered Russia.(F) I Stalin instructed the Russian people to burn and destroy farms and factories. I 6)Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the strong resistance from the Russian people F)[Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the severe winter in Russia. I 5. Questions and Answers: 1)What happened to Napoleons army when it was retreating from Moscov --.The russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the french from fields and forests on the other hand, the temperature dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius and Napoleon's army didnt have nough clothes, food and shelter. 2)Why didnt the russian people defend their homeland in the face of Napoleons offensive? They would like to take advantage of their nature situation to fight for them 3)What tactics did Hitler use in the invasion of the Soviet Union? He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or" lightning war", tactics that had defeated the rest of Euro 4)What was the significance of the battle of Stalingrad It was one of the most important battles. It ended Germany's ongoing offensive against the oviet Union and along with the second Battle of El Alamein paved the way for Nazi germanys eventual defeat 5)What conclusion does the author draw from Napoleons and Hitlers military campaigns? The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign While-reading tasks 1. T asks Ss to survey the text within three minutes and find out the main idea: Man changes nature in order to live. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. In this text, Napoleon and Hitler launched military campaigns against Russia(the Soviet Union), but they both ignored the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter-the Icy Defender. As a result, they both failed 2. t draws Ss'attention to the subtitles in the text, then leads them through text Organization Exercise 1. In this way Ss will have a better understanding of the text structure The text can be divided into four parts, as can be easily seen from the subtitles provided by the author Part One(Paras 1-2): Introduction- Both Napoleon's and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Part Two(Paras 3-11): Napoleons military campaign against Russia Part Three(Paras 12-20): Hitler's military campaign against the Soviet Union Part Four(Para 21 ): Conclusion- The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign T explains the language points in Parts I-IV, and has Ss practice them 4. Ss form groups to analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions. When they finish, some Ss groups report to class 3. Language points 1. stand/get/be in the way: prevent from doing sth --Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interest should never get in the way of her career I don't think kids have as much fun as we used to. Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of their relaxation 2. launch: start: send sth. on its course --ln 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the soviet Union.开始攻击
3 [To Napoleon’s surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. They retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went.] 3) Napoleon didn’t capture the capital of Russia. ( F ) [ Napoleon captured the capital of Russia: Moscow] 4) Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. ( T ) 5）German troops adopted scorch-earth policy when they entered Russia. ( F ) [ Stalin instructed the Russian people to burn and destroy farms and factories.] 6) Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the strong resistance from the Russian people. ( F ) [Hitler failed to capture Moscow because of the severe winter in Russia.] 5. Questions and Answers: 1) What happened to Napoleon’s army when it was retreating from Moscow? ---The Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French from fields and forests. On the other hand, the temperature dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius and Napoleon’s army didn’t have enough clothes, food and shelter. 2) Why didn’t the Russian people defend their homeland in the face of Napoleon’s offensive? ---They would like to take advantage of their nature situation to fight for them. 3) What tactics did Hitler use in the invasion of the Soviet Union? --- He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or “lightning war”, tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. 4) What was the significance of the battle of Stalingrad? ---It was one of the most important battles. It ended Germany’s ongoing offensive against the Soviet Union and along with the second Battle of El Alamein paved the way for Nazi Germany’s eventual defeat. 5) What conclusion does the author draw from Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns? ---The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. While-reading Tasks 1. T asks Ss to survey the text within three minutes and find out the main idea: - Man changes nature in order to live. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. In this text, Napoleon and Hitler launched military campaigns against Russia (the Soviet Union), but they both ignored the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter — the Icy Defender. As a result, they both failed. 2. T draws Ss’ attention to the subtitles in the text, then leads them through Text Organization Exercise 1. In this way Ss will have a better understanding of the text structure. - The text can be divided into four parts, as can be easily seen from the subtitles provided by the author. Part One (Paras 1-2): Introduction — Both Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Part Two (Paras 3-11): Napoleon’s military campaign against Russia Part Three (Paras 12-20): Hitler’s military campaign against the Soviet Union Part Four (Para 21): Conclusion — The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. 3. T explains the language points in Parts I-IV, and has Ss practice them. 4. Ss form groups to analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions. When they finish, some Ss groups report to class. 3. Language Points: 1. stand / get / be in the way: prevent from doing sth. --Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interest should never get in the way of her career. --I don’t think kids have as much fun as we used to. Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of their relaxation. 2. launch: start; send sth. on its course --In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union. 开始攻击
This computer company launched a new product last week这家电脑公司上周推出 种新产品。 launch a ship使船下水 launch an artificial satellite发射人造卫星 launch one,s son into the world把儿子送到社会上 launch a new enterprise /a company创办一个新企业开一家公司 aunch a mass production movement开展群众性生产运动 a massive campaign发动一场大规模运动 threats at sb.向某人发出威胁 ~into(积极有力地)开始 He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs 他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。 out(精力充沛或戏剧性地)开始 .she wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films 她不是仅仅想当一名歌手,现正在积极涉足电影界。 3. retreat: move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.我们采取如下策略:敌进我退,敌退我追 ~from从……撤退 to:撤退到 Opposite: advance; to advance against(on,to, toward..)朝……前进 4.be/ get bogged down: be unable to make progress俗]陷于泥沼;陷于困境,停顿 (bog:wtvi.)(与down连用)陷入沼泽;陷入困境 I got bogged down by the difficult homework课外作业把我给难住了 - How did the construction work bog down?建筑工程怎样会停下来的 The talks with the laborers got bogged down on the question of the pay rise. (T) 关于增加工资的问题使同工人们进行的谈判陷入了僵局。 The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the air pollution Many cars were bogged down because of /in the knee-deep snow Don t bog me down in this mass of detail.不要让我陷入这些难缠的琐事中。 We worried that the heavy rain across the prairie would soon bog our car.我们担心平原上的大 雨将很快使我们的汽车陷入淤泥 5 engage: begin fighting with sb.; etc - he commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately.与敌人开战 draw to; involve;(cause to) take part in or do I have no time to engage in gossip We tried to engage him in our conversation but in vain attract sb's interest We failed to engage any active support for our project - His good nature engages everyone他善良的性情吸引每个人 occupy占 Work engages much of her time.工作占去她很多时间。 as使聘为 in从事;使参加 ~with与……啮合 nie he: clench one' s teeth:[齿轮等]如上下牙齿那样咬紧:打谷 机的齿轮啮合性很好) 5. take a gamble take a risk he is taking a gamble investing all he The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. 6. press on ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way(used in the pattern: press on ahead with sth
4 --This computer company launched a new product last week.这家电脑公司上周推出一 种新产品。 launch a ship 使船下水 launch an artificial satellite 发射人造卫星 launch one's son into the world 把儿子送到社会上 launch a new enterprise /a company 创办一个新企业/开一家公司 launch a mass production movement 开展群众性生产运动 ~ a massive campaign 发动一场大规模运动 ~ threats at sb. 向某人发出威胁 ~ into （积极有力地）开始 --He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs. 他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。 ~ out （精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始 --She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films. 她不是仅仅想当一名歌手，现正在积极涉足电影界。 3. retreat: move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty --After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward. --We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.我们采取如下策略：敌进我退，敌退我追。 ~ from 从……撤退 ~ to: 撤退到 Opposite: advance: to advance against (on, to, toward…) 朝……前进 4. be / get bogged down: be unable to make progress[俗] 陷于泥沼; 陷于困境; 停顿 (bog: vt. vi. ) （与 down 连用）陷入沼泽；陷入困境 -- I got bogged down by the difficult homework.课外作业把我给难住了。 --How did the construction work bog down?建筑工程怎样会停下来的? --The talks with the laborers got bogged down on the question of the pay rise. (喻) 关于增加工资的问题使同工人们进行的谈判陷入了僵局。 --The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the air pollution. --Many cars were bogged down because of / in the knee-deep snow. --Don't bog me down in this mass of detail. 不要让我陷入这些难缠的琐事中。 We worried that the heavy rain across the prairie would soon bog our car. 我们担心平原上的大 雨将很快使我们的汽车陷入淤泥。 5 engage: begin fighting with sb.; etc --The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately. 与敌人开战 draw to; involve ; (cause to) take part in or do; --I have no time to engage in gossip. --We tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain. attract sb’s interest; --We failed to engage any active support for our project. --His good nature engages everyone.他善良的性情吸引每个人。 occupy 占 -- Work engages much of her time. 工作占去她很多时间。 ~ as 使聘为 ~ in 从事；使参加 ~ with 与……啮合(nie he : clench one’s teeth; : [齿轮等]如上下牙齿那样咬紧: 打谷 机的齿轮啮合性很好) 5. take a gamble: take a risk --She is taking a gamble investing all her money in real estate. --The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. 6. press on / ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way (used in the pattern: press on / ahead with sth.)
Despite fierce opposition, the government is pressing on with its campaign to eliminate corruption. --We can' t retreat; we can only press on/ahead with the reform 7. minus: prep. ---below zero --Tomorrow's temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees celcius made less by,,10 20 minus 10 . The gross profit of an automobile manufacturer equals the value of its car sales minus the cost of making cars Informal) without(没有) I went to work minus my briefcase.(我在没有公文包的情况下去上班) adj.( Mathematics) Negative or on the negative part of a scale: fil'J a minus value一个负值 minus five degrees零下五度 Ranking on the lower end of a designated scale: iika'J 我在考试中得了B减。( got B minus in the examination) n. the minus sign(-)减号; a negative quantity.负数:一个负的值和数, a deficiency or defect.不足或缺点 8. alliance: A close association of nations or other groups, formed to advance commo interests or causes联盟,同盟;联姻:结盟 make an alliance结成联盟 The two countries made an alliance.两国结盟。 economical alliance经济同盟 International Co-operativeA-国际合作社联盟 - Nationala- of Businessmen全国工商业主联盟 There is an alliance between logic and metaphysics逻辑与形而上学之间有类似之 enter into(an) alliance with与.结成联盟,与.联合 9. catch sb. off guard take sb. by surprise使措手不及/大吃一惊 The reporters question caught the foreign minister off guard The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard as he got a divorce only a couple of months ago 0. instruct: give orders or directions to sb. (used in the patterns: instruct sb. to do sth, instruct sb. that; instruct sb. with quote) My parents instructed me to start early.吩咐/命令某人早动身 .The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project Go and say hi to her, Ken, Peter instructed -- Ive been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives/ for the teacher我奉命在这 里等老师来 teach sb.(used in the pattern: instruct sb in /on sth He instructed family members in nursing techniques - instruct a class in history给一个班学生上历史课 (- They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job他们教给了我做这项工作的最 好办法。) 1l. render: cause to be in a specified condition,make使成为…使成为;制成 Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake/food.地震导致成百 上千的人无家可归。 He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck - The news rendered her speechless这个消息使她变得默默无言 His laziness renders him fat To give or make available, provide:给予或使可获得;提供: render assistance给予援助 to:译成(某种语言): to render sth into chinese译成中文
5 --Despite fierce opposition, the government is pressing on with its campaign to eliminate corruption. --We can’t retreat; we can only press on / ahead with the reform. 7. minus: prep. --- below zero; --Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees celcius. made less by; --20 minus 10 is 10. --The gross profit of an automobile manufacturer equals the value of its car sales minus the cost of making cars. (Informal) without (没有) --I went to work minus my briefcase. (我在没有公文包的情况下去上班) adj.( Mathematics) Negative or on the negative part of a scale:负的： --a minus value 一个负值 --minus five degrees 零下五度 Ranking on the lower end of a designated scale: 减的 --我在考试中得了 B 减。(I got B minus in the examination.) n. the minus sign (-).减号; a negative quantity. 负数：一个负的值和数; a deficiency or defect. 不足或缺点 8. alliance: A close association of nations or other groups, formed to advance common interests or causes 联盟，同盟；联姻；结盟 make an alliance 结成联盟 --The two countries made an alliance. 两国结盟。 --economical alliance 经济同盟 --International Co-operative A-国际合作社联盟 --National A-of Businessmen 全国工商业主联盟 --There is an alliance between logic and metaphysics.逻辑与形而上学之间有类似之 处。 enter into (an) alliance with 与...结成联盟, 与...联合 9. catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise 使措手不及/大吃一惊 --The reporter’s question caught the foreign minister off guard. --The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard as he got a divorce only a couple of months ago. 10. instruct: give orders or directions to sb. (used in the patterns: instruct sb. to do sth.; instruct sb. that; instruct sb. with quote); --My parents instructed me to start early. 吩咐 / 命令某人早动身 --The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project. --“Go and say hi to her, Ken,” Peter instructed. -- I’ve been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives / for the teacher.我奉命在这 里等老师来。 teach sb. (used in the pattern: instruct sb. in / on sth.) --He instructed family members in nursing techniques. --instruct a class in history 给一个班学生上历史课 (--They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job 他们教给了我做这项工作的最 好办法。) 11. render: cause to be in a specified condition, make 使成为…使成为；制成 -- Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake / flood.地震导致成百 上千的人无家可归。 --He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the back of the neck. --The news rendered her speechless.这个消息使她变得默默无言 --His laziness renders him fat. To give or make available; provide:给予或使可获得；提供： --render assistance 给予援助 ~ into: 译成（某种语言）: to render sth into Chinese 译成中文
up做(祷告);放弃,交出 render oneself up to投降 blow for blow以牙还牙 ood for evil以德报怨 render back报答,归还 12. bring to a halt: stop completely Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials 我们的旅行因风暴而终止。 Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm 13. offensive: n ---aggressive action, attack 红军发动大规模的军事攻击。( The Red Army led a massive military offensive, launch/ mount an~发动进攻 carry out/ undertake an~进攻 on the~发动进攻 assume/goon/ go over/ take the~进攻 If all else fails, I'll go over to the~.如果其他方法都失败,我将采取攻势 adj. of or about attack; causing offense; unpleasant 这支进攻的军队很快地羸得了阵地。( The offensive troops gained ground quickly.) My neighbor is really an offensive person. He often hold parties deep into the night 14. turn the tide( against); change what looks like defeat into victory改变形势,改变局面使 事态急转直下 Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the tide of the war in Europe 15. reckon count: consider: think 许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。( Many people reckon him to be a great football player reckon with take. into consideration All these problems had to be reckoned with as they ard We have to reckon with many problems.我们必须考虑到许多问题 16. toll: n. the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances; The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise 战争伤亡人数 money paid for the use of a bridge or road . The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of the roads - toll on long-distance telephone calls长途电话费用 Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge charge/ exact/impose a~征收(道路、桥梁等的)通行费/税 lewy(征收)onsb.向某人收费(或征税) take its/ a toll: cause damage, injuries or deaths(often followed by of / on The famine/ flood took a toll of30,000 lives.使丧生 这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。 The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages v. sound( a large bel) slowly at regular intervals鸣(钟),(特指宣布死亡) - -Bells were tolled all over the country at the emperors death (钟)鸣缓慢地以重复的单音调发出响声 The church bell tolled the hou.教堂的钟声报时。 An introduction of Bleak House by Charles Dickens: Bleak house Note The English legal system is the main object of Dickens's satire in BLEAK HOUSE, perhaps the first legal thriller, which centers on the interminable case of Jarndyce VS Jarndyce as it makes its tortuous
6 ~up 做（祷告）；放弃，交出 --render oneself up to 投降 ~ blow for blow 以牙还牙 ~good for evil 以德报怨 render back 报答, 归还 12. bring to a halt: stop completely --Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials. --我们的旅行因风暴而终止。Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm. 13. offensive: n. --- aggressive action, attack --红军发动大规模的军事攻击。 (The Red Army led a massive military offensive.) launch/ mount an ~ 发动进攻 carry out/ undertake an ~ 进攻 on the ~ 发动进攻 assume/ go on/ go over/ take the ~ 进攻 --If all else fails, I’ll go over to the ~. 如果其他方法都失败，我将采取攻势。 adj. of or about attack; causing offense; unpleasant --这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。( The offensive troops gained ground quickly.) --My neighbor is really an offensive person. He often hold parties deep into the night. 14. turn the tide (against): change what looks like defeat into victory 改变形势, 改变局面使 事态急转直下 --Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the tide of the war in Europe. 15. reckon: count; consider; think --许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。 (Many people reckon him to be a great football player.) reckon with: take… into consideration --All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose. --We have to reckon with many problems. 我们必须考虑到许多问题。 16. toll: n. the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances; --The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise. --war ~ 战争伤亡人数 --money paid for the use of a bridge or road --The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of the roads. --toll on long-distance telephone calls 长途电话费用 --Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge. charge/ exact/ impose a ~ 征收（道路、桥梁等的）通行费 / 税 levy (征收)~ on sb. 向某人收费（或征税） take its/ a toll: cause damage, injuries or deaths (often followed by of / on ) --The famine / flood took a toll of 30,000 lives. 使丧生 --这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages. v. sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals 鸣(钟), (特指宣布死亡) --Bells were tolled all over the country at the emperor’s death. （钟）鸣缓慢地以重复的单音调发出响声 --The church bell tolled the hour.教堂的钟声报时。 An introduction of Bleak House by Charles Dickens: Bleak House Note: The English legal system is the main object of Dickens's satire in BLEAK HOUSE, perhaps the first legal thriller, which centers on the interminable case of Jarndyce vs. Jarndyce as it makes its tortuous
way over the generations through the Court of Chancery大法官法庭 The battle drags on, the litigants诉讼人 are ruined by the legal fees, and the case itself becomes so convoluted旋绕的,费解的 that no one--lawyers, judges, plaintiffs--even remembers entirely what is at stake. As Dickens takes us through the case's history, he creates his usual array of vividly realized comic, tragic, and satirical figures, from the corrupt lawyer, Tulkinghorn, to the pathetic crossing-sweeper, little Jo, to the clerk called Nemo, including characters with such wonderful monikers名字,绰号 as Krook, Snagsby, Lord doodle, and the he does so ofte Dickens shows us in BLEAK HOUSE--perhaps his most ambitious novel--that venality x, corruption, and vanity have always been a part of human nature. Under the high comedy, he also shows us, very learly, the anger and indignation these qualities roused in him, and his compassion for the helplessness of the poor in the face of a social and legal system that seems, at times, designed only to destroy them Post-reading tasks 2. T checks on Ss'home reading(lext e ercises 1. T guides Ss through some after-text ex 3. T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit: preview Text A Unit 2 Smart car Objective Students will be able to understand the main idea and structure of the text learn some techniques in expository writing(definition quotes, a mixture of facts and opinions, etc. ) grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking, and writing activities related to the theme of the unit Pre-reading tasks T asks Ss the following questions on the song According to the song, will the world be a better or a worse place in a hundred years According to the song, what are some of the effects of modern science and technolog n man in the future? Do you agree?(thoughts and feelings will be shaped by drugs bodies will waste away; family life will be gone, babies will born artificially; man may no longer exist) Free writing Ss are given ten minutes to free write, beginning with the sentence: "Even if I could afford a car, I may not actually want to drive one because
7 way over the generations through the Court of Chancery 大法官法庭. The battle drags on, the litigants 诉讼人 are ruined by the legal fees, and the case itself becomes so convoluted 旋绕的,费解的 that no one--lawyers, judges, plaintiffs--even remembers entirely what is at stake. As Dickens takes us through the case's history, he creates his usual array of vividly realized comic, tragic, and satirical figures, from the corrupt lawyer, Tulkinghorn, to the pathetic crossing-sweeper, little Jo, to the clerk called Nemo, including characters with such wonderful monikers 名字, 绰号 as Krook, Snagsby, Lord Doodle, and the perfectly named Lord and Lady Dedlock. As he does so often, Dickens shows us in BLEAK HOUSE--perhaps his most ambitious novel--that venality 受贿, corruption, and vanity have always been a part of human nature. Under the high comedy, he also shows us, very clearly, the anger and indignation these qualities roused in him, and his compassion for the helplessness of the poor in the face of a social and legal system that seems, at times, designed only to destroy them. Post-reading Tasks 1. T guides Ss through some after-text exercises. 2. T checks on Ss’ home reading (Text B). 3. T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit: preview Text A. Unit 2 Smart car Objectives Students will be able to: understand the main idea and structure of the text; learn some techniques in expository writing (definition, quotes, a mixture of facts and opinions, etc.); grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text; conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking, and writing activities related to the theme of the unit. Pre-reading tasks T asks Ss the following questions on the song: --According to the song, will the world be a better or a worse place in a hundred years’ time? --According to the song, what are some of the effects of modern science and technology on man in the future? Do you agree? (thoughts and feelings will be shaped by drugs; bodies will waste away; family life will be gone, babies will born artificially; man may no longer exist) Free writing Ss are given ten minutes to free write, beginning with the sentence: “ Even if I could afford a car, I may not actually want to drive one because…
Ss exchange their papers with at least three fellow Ss, noting down reasons given by the others as to why they wouldn 't drive T asks several Ss to report to class the reasons for not driving a car given both by him herself and by others ove to Text a by saying: Some scientists and engineers have come with the idea of a smart car. Let's read to find out what this smart car can do Questions: How to distinguish opinions and factual statements Answer Questions land2 How important was the automobile industry in the twentieth century? What will happen to cars and roads in the twenty-first century? While-reading tasks T leads Ss through the instructions for Text Organization Exercise 1, and tell them that the main ideas will be filled in as soon as they finish studying a part o explains the language points in Part I and has Ss practice them tell sentences that express opinions from factual statements in Part I. Later T explains that facts and opinions are often interwoven in expository writing and that one must learn to distinguish them Ss summarize the main idea of part i T explains the language points in Part II and has Ss practice them Ss summarize the main idea of part ll Ss do Text Organization Exercise 2 T explains the language points in Part lii and has Ss practice them Ss summarizes the main idea of part ill Post-reading tasks Finding out definitions Ss work in pairs and re-read the text to provide definitions for blind spot, global positioning system, atom Several pairs report to class T solicits answers to the following questions with Besides listing facts and using definitions, what other writing techniques re used in this expository piece of writing? Will you use these techniques in your own writing? T guides Ss through some after-text exercises T checks on Ss home reading Ss do Part IV: Theme-related Language Learning Tasks T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit do the pre-reading task preview Text A Text Analysis automated driver. What do they mean? How do we find out? An efficient reader knows. He / she can make a guess based on knowledge of word-formation or knowledge of the world or the context. For example, when the reader comes across"Should you make a serious driving mistake(e.g, change lanes when there is a car in your blind spot) the computer would sound an immediate warning,, he or she can guess from the ontext that a blind spot must be a portion of the road behind a car, which a driver can not observe from the rear-view mirror What is the Global Positioning System? From the sentence containing this term("We already have twenty four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the global Positioning System. "I, we know it is a service linked with a satellite. From the following sentence we know its function("They make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. What is an atomic clock? The answer is found in exactly the same sentence. It vibrates at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory We can guess the meaning of"telematics" from word formation. The prefix"tele-"means
8 Ss exchange their papers with at least three fellow Ss, noting down reasons given by the others as to why they wouldn’t drive a car. T asks several Ss to report to class the reasons for not driving a car given both by him / herself and by others. 1. 3. T may move to Text A by saying: Some scientists and engineers have come up with the idea of a smart car. Let’s read to find out what this smart car can do. Questions: How to distinguish opinions and factual statements. Answer Questions 1and2 How important was the automobile industry in the twentieth century? What will happen to cars and roads in the twenty-first century? While-reading tasks T leads Ss through the instructions for Text Organization Exercise 1, and tell them that the main ideas will be filled in as soon as they finish studying a part. T explains the language points in Part I and has Ss practice them. Ss tell sentences that express opinions from factual statements in Part I. Later T explains that facts and opinions are often interwoven in expository writing and that one must learn to distinguish them. Ss summarize the main idea of Part I. T explains the language points in Part II and has Ss practice them. Ss summarize the main idea of Part II. Ss do Text Organization Exercise 2. T explains the language points in Part Iii and has Ss practice them. Ss summarizes the main idea of Part III. Post-reading tasks Finding out definitions Ss work in pairs and re-read the text to provide definitions for blind spot, global positioning system, atomic clock, telematics and automated driver. Several pairs report to class. T solicits answers to the following questions: --By what means did you come up with those definitions? --Besides listing facts and using definitions, what other writing techniques re used in this expository piece of writing? --Will you use these techniques in your own writing? T guides Ss through some after-text exercises. T checks on Ss’ home reading. Ss do Part IV: Theme-related Language Learning Tasks. T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit; do the pre-reading task; preview Text A. Text Analysis What jumps out first at a browser of this text may be those terms in quotation marks or with capitalized first letters—blind spot, global positioning system, atomic clocks, telematics and automated driver. What do they mean? How do we find out? An efficient reader knows. He / she can make a guess based on knowledge of word-formation or knowledge of the world or the context. For example, when the reader comes across “Should you make a serious driving mistake (e.g., change lanes when there is a car in your blind spot) the computer would sound an immediate warning”, he or she can guess from the context that a blind spot must be a portion of the road behind a car, which a driver can not observe from the rear-view mirror. What is the Global Positioning System? From the sentence containing this term (“ We already have twenty[four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the Global Positioning System. “], we know it is a service linked with a satellite. From the following sentence we know its function ( “They make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. “) What is an atomic clock? The answer is found in exactly the same sentence. It vibrates at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory. We can guess the meaning of “ telematics” from word formation. The prefix “tele-“means
distant, the suffix" -matics "may be the end part of "informatics". Then the sentence in the text-"GPS is actually but part of a larger movement, called telematics--tells us more about it What is an automated driver? Sentences directly following the term give a detailed explanation-The plan calls for computers, aided by thousands of three-inch magnetic spikes buried in the highway, to take complete control of the driving of cars ion heavily trafficked roads Cars will be bunched into groups of then to twelve vehicles, only six feet apart, traveling in unison, and controlled by computer Cultural Notes automobile industry: The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only economies but also cultures. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce. The auto industry has also reduced the overall cost of transportation by using methods such as mass production making several products at once, rather than one at a time ) mass marketing(selling products nationally and globally rather locally, and globalization of production (assembling products with parts made world-wide). Between 1886 and 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, automaking became the worlds largest manufacturing activity, with more than 53 million new vehicles built each year worldwide Automobile manufacturers are among the largest companies in the world. These corporations are often multinational. These companies often share parts, or use parts made in foreign factories. The U.S. automobile industry produced 16.8 million vehicles in 1999. The three major automobile manufacturers in the United States-General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and Daimler Chrysler(戴姆勒-克莱斯勒) AG-provde three-fourths of the industrys total direct employment in the United States t the start of the 21st century, the trends of global trade and manufacturing flexibility continue Computerization continues to be a major part of auto design and manufacture as do the search for alternative fuels and more efficient automobile designs Global Positioning System(GPS): space-based radio-navigation system, consisting of 24 satellites and ground support. GPS provides users with accurate information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions GPS determines location by computing the difference between the time that a signal is sent and the time it is received. GPS satellites carry atomic clocks that provide extremely accurate time. The time information is placed in the codes broadcast by the satellite that a receiver can continuously determine the time the signal was broadcast. The signal contains data that a receiver uses to compute the locations of the satellites and to make other adjustments needed for accurate positioning. The receiver uses the time difference between the time of signal reception and the broadcast time to compute the distance,or range, from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver must account for propagation delays, or decreases in the signals speed caused by the ionosphere and the troposphere. With information about the ranges to three satellites and the location of the satellite when the signal was sent, the receiver can compute its own three-dimensional position As of March 1998, 24 GPS satellites were in operation. Replenishment satellites are ready for launch, and contracts have been awarded to provide satellites into the 21 century. GPS applications continue to grow in land, sea, air, and space navigation. The ability to enhance safety and to decrease fuel consumption will make GPS an important component of travel in the international airspace system. Airplanes will use GPS for landing at fogbound airports. Automobiles will use GPs as part of intelligent transportation systems. Emerging technologies will enable gps to determine not only the position of a vehicle but also its altitude ntelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): advanced electronics, communications, and
9 distant, the suffix “-matics “ may be the end part of “informatics”. Then the sentence in the text—“GPS is actually but part of a larger movement, called telematics==tells us more about it. What is an automated driver? Sentences directly following the term give a detailed explanation—“The plan calls for computers, aided by thousands of three-inch magnetic spikes buried in the highway, to take complete control of the driving of cars ion heavily trafficked roads. Cars will be bunched into groups of then to twelve vehicles, only six feet apart, traveling in unison, and controlled by computer. “ Cultural Notes automobile industry: The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only economies but also cultures. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce. The auto industry has also reduced the overall cost of transportation by using methods such as mass production ( making several products at once, rather than one at a time ), mass marketing (selling products nationally and globally rather locally_, and globalization of production (assembling products with parts made world-wide). Between 1886 and 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, automaking became the world’s largest manufacturing activity, with more than 53 million new vehicles built each year worldwide. Automobile manufacturers are among the largest companies in the world. These corporations are often multinational. These companies often share parts, or use parts made in foreign factories. The U.S. automobile industry produced 16.8 million vehicles in 1999. The three major automobile manufacturers in the United States—General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and DaimlerChrysler （戴姆勒- 克莱 斯勒） AG—provde three-fourths of the industry’s total direct employment in the United States. At the start of the 21st century, the trends of global trade and manufacturing flexibility continue. Computerization continues to be a major part of auto design and manufacture, as do the search for alternative fuels and more efficient automobile designs. Global Positioning System (GPS): space-based radio-navigation system, consisting of 24 satellites and ground support. GPS provides users with accurate information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions. GPS determines location by computing the difference between the time that a signal is sent and the time it is received. GPS satellites carry atomic clocks that provide extremely accurate time. The time information is placed in the codes broadcast by the satellite so that a receiver can continuously determine the time the signal was broadcast. The signal contains data that a receiver uses to compute the locations of the satellites and to make other adjustments needed for accurate positioning. The receiver uses the time difference between the time of signal reception and the broadcast time to compute the distance, or range, from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver must account for propagation delays, or decreases in the signal’s speed caused by the ionosphere and the troposphere. With information about the ranges to three satellites and the location of the satellite when the signal was sent, the receiver can compute its own three-dimensional position. As of March 1998, 24 GPS satellites were in operation. Replenishment satellites are ready for launch, and contracts have been awarded to provide satellites into the 21st century. GPS applications continue to grow in land, sea, air, and space navigation. The ability to enhance safety and to decrease fuel consumption will make GPS an important component of travel in the international airspace system. Airplanes will use GPS for landing at fogbound airports. Automobiles will use GPS as part of intelligent transportation systems. Emerging technologies will enable GPS to determine not only the position of a vehicle but also its altitude. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): advanced electronics, communications, and
computer systems that increase the efficiency and safety of highway transportation Originally known as Intelligent Vehicle /Highway Systems(IVHS), these technologies can provide real-time information exchange between drivers and the roads, giving rise to the terms"smart cars'" and"smart highways. As the technologies have expanded to include public transportation and commercial vehicles, this range of technologies has become known as the Intelligent Transportation System. Increasingly, drivers will have access to up-to-the-minute information on traffic conditions alternate routes, and directions to unfamiliar destinations. Ultimately, vehicle control may be automated Language Study Words and Expressions 1) Turn sth. into a reality(使)变成,(使)成为 become a reality变成现实 Working at home and communicating with fellow workers via their PCs has become a reality for some make sth. a reality实现某事,落实 to escape from reality逃避现实 bring sb. back to reality使某人面对现实,不再抱有幻想 (2rank (pl) The armed forces军队,武装部队; a body of people classed together; numbers群众, 归类在一起的人们;成员: - oined the ranks of the unemployed加入到失业大军中 people of all ranks and classes各阶层人民 -a- painter of the first rank第一流的画家 pull rank: To use one's superior rank to gain an advantage弄权,利用某人的高级职位 谋求利益( pull one's rank on[美俚滥用职权,对…,强迫命令) vtr.* To place in a row or rows排列,排入一排或数排中 归类 a particular order or position to, classify分等/级,给予…特定的次序或位置; To His name will be ranked with the great names of history.将列入历史伟人之列。 R-the provinces in the order of size.按面积大小依次排列各省 I rank his abilities very high我认为他的能力很强。 v Intr. To hold a particular rank列为,位于,占据一个特定的等级( among,wth) ith top students in class在班上名列前茅 This town ranks high among beauty spots这城市在风景区中享有盛名。 * To complain抱怨; To engage in carping criticism. Often used with on:吹毛求疵,揭疮 疤,持续不断地进行尖刻的批评。通常与on连用 Stop ranking on me all the time.不要总对我吹毛求疵 dj* Growing profusely or with excessive vigor茂密丛生的,生长得茂密或速度极快的 rank vegetation in the jungle丛林中茂密丛生的植物 rank grass A生的杂草 * Yielding a profuse, often excessive crop, highly fertile极度肥沃的,生长出茂密乃至超 常植物的 rank earth肥沃的土壤 Absolute; complete绝对的,完全的 a rank amateur一个地道的业余者 a rank stranger十足的陌生人 - a rank beginner十足的新手 rank fraud大骗局 Conspicuously offensive恼人的,极其使人不快的: rank injustice极端的不公正 rank language下流话 (3).prototype: the first model or design of sth. from which other forms are copied or
10 computer systems that increase the efficiency and safety of highway transportation. Originally known as Intelligent Vehicle / Highway Systems (IVHS), these technologies can provide real-time information exchange between drivers and the roads, giving rise to the terms “smart cars” and “smart highways.” As the technologies have expanded to include public transportation and commercial vehicles, this range of technologies has become known as the Intelligent Transportation System. Increasingly, drivers will have access to up-to-the-minute information on traffic conditions, alternate routes, and directions to unfamiliar destinations. Ultimately, vehicle control may be automated. Language Study Words and Expressions (1).Turn sth. into a reality (使)变成, (使)成为 become a reality 变成现实 --Working at home and communicating with fellow workers via their PCs has become a reality for some. --make sth. a reality 实现某事, 落实 --to escape from reality 逃避现实 --bring sb. back to reality 使某人面对现实, 不再抱有幻想 (2)rank: (pl) The armed forces 军队, 武装部队; A body of people classed together; numbers 群众, 归类在一起的人们；成员： --joined the ranks of the unemployed 加入到失业大军中 --people of all ranks and classes 各阶层人民 --a painter of the first rank 第一流的画家 --pull rank: To use one's superior rank to gain an advantage 弄权, 利用某人的高级职位 谋求利益 (pull one's rank on [美俚]滥用职权, 对... 强迫命令) v.tr. *To place in a row or rows 排列, 排入一排或数排中 *To give a particular order or position to; classify 分等/ 级, 给予…特定的次序或位置； 归类 --His name will be ranked with the great names of history .将列入历史伟人之列。 --R-the provinces in the order of size.按面积大小依次排列各省。 --I rank his abilities very high.我认为他的能力很强。 v.intr. To hold a particular rank 列为, 位于, 占据一个特定的等级(among, with ) --ranked first in the class/ rank among / with top students in class 在班上名列前茅 --This town ranks high among beauty spots.这城市在风景区中享有盛名。 *To complain 抱怨; To engage in carping criticism. Often used with on:吹毛求疵，揭疮 疤, 持续不断地进行尖刻的批评。通常与 on 连用： --Stop ranking on me all the time.不要总对我吹毛求疵 adj. *Growing profusely or with excessive vigor 茂密丛生的, 生长得茂密或速度极快的 --rank vegetation in the jungle 丛林中茂密丛生的植物 --rank grass 丛生的杂草 *Yielding a profuse, often excessive crop; highly fertile 极度肥沃的, 生长出茂密乃至超 常植物的 --rank earth 肥沃的土壤 *(Absolute; complete 绝对的，完全的： --a rank amateur 一个地道的业余者 --a rank stranger 十足的陌生人 --a rank beginner 十足的新手 --rank fraud 大骗局 *Conspicuously offensive 恼人的, 极其使人不快的： --rank injustice 极端的不公正 --rank language 下流话 (3).prototype: the first model or design of sth. from which other forms are copied or