Chapter 3. Techniques in Cell Biology Preparatory observe put forward theoretics Design control tests Refer to knowledge Collect data Explain results Devise conclusion
Chapter 3. Techniques in Cell Biology Preparatory observe put forward theoretics Design control tests Collect data Explain results Devise conclusion Refer to knowledge
从整个生命科学的发展趋势看细胞 生物学方法 分子水平 细胞水平 结构功能 细胞生命活动 分析 综合 功能基因组学研究是细胞生物学研究的 基础与归宿 (生命科学研究的核心问题)
从整个生命科学的发展趋势看细胞 生物学方法 • 分子水平 细胞水平 • 结构功能 细胞生命活动 • 分析 综合 • 功能基因组学研究是细胞生物学研究的 基础与归宿 （生命科学研究的核心问题）
细胞生物学研究方法 显微观篝 细胞培养 分子生物学技术 组纵学找术 胚胎学技术 生物化学找术 物理学技术
IThe light microscopy Ocular eyepiece Reman fes the image foxmed by the ob ective lens aL lens Body tube Transmis Line ot vision ho image from the ob- ectve iens to the ocular Path of light Objective lenses Prmary Body tube lenses tha! magn ly the spec men Objective Stage Holds the eases in position Condenser Focuses ght througn specimen Condenser anses aphragm Controls the amount of light entering the condenser nato Coarse focusing knob Luminator Lignt source Base wih source of Base (a) Principal parts and functions (b) The path of light(bottom to top) Figure A-6 The Compound Light Microscope. (a)A compound light microscope. (b) The path of light through the compound microscope
1.The Light Microscopy
A. Res solution and magnification 100um animal Figure 3-1. Resolving power. Sizes 1o um of cells and their components drawn on a logarithmIc scale, indicating the range of objects that can be readily resolved by the naked eye and in the light and electron 2100nm virus microscopes. The following units of length are commonly employed in globula microscopy: um(micrometer)=10 6 mnm(nanometer)=10-9m A 1 nm sna (Angstrom unit)=10-10 m atom 0.1nm
Figure 3-1. Resolving power. Sizes of cells and their components drawn on a logarithmic scale, indicating the range of objects that can be readily resolved by the naked eye and in the light and electron microscopes. The following units of length are commonly employed in microscopy: µm (micrometer) = 10- 6 m nm (nanometer) = 10-9 m Å (Ångström unit) = 10-10 m
TWO WAVES IN PHASE TWO WAVES OUT OF PHASE 个个个0000 dim bright Figure 3-2. Interference between light waves. When two light waves combine in phase the amplitude of the resultant wave is larger and the brightness is increased. Two light waves that are out of phase partially cancel each other and produce a wave whose amplitude, and therefore brightness, is decreased
Figure 3-2. Interference between light waves. When two light waves combine in phase, the amplitude of the resultant wave is larger and the brightness is increased. Two light waves that are out of phase partially cancel each other and produce a wave whose amplitude, and therefore brightness, is decreased
Figure 3-3. Edge effects. The interference effects observed at high magnification when light passes the edges of a solid object placed between the light source and the observer
Figure 3-3. Edge effects. The interference effects observed at high magnification when light passes the edges of a solid object placed between the light source and the observer
LENSES RESOLUTION: the resolving power of the microscope depends on the width of the cone of illumination and therefore on both the condenser and the objective lens. It is IMAGE calculated using the formula the objective lens resolution 0.612. fsin B collects a cone of light rays to create where specimen an image e- half the angular width of the cone of rays collected by the objective lens the condenser lens from a typical point in the specimen focuses a cone of (since the maximum width is 180% light rays onto sin B has a maximum value of 1) each point of the r,. the refractive index of the medium specimen usually air or oil) separating the LIGHT specimen from the objective and condenser lenses i- the wavelength of light used (for white light, a figure of 0. 53 um is commonly ssumed) NUMERICAL APERTURE. r sin f in the aperture, the greater the resolution and the equation above is called the numerical aperture brighter the image (brightness is important in of the lens (NA) and is a function of its light- fluorescence microscopy). However, this advan- collecting ability For dry lenses this cannot be tage is obtained at the expense of very short more than 1, but for oil-immersion lenses it can working distances and a very small depth of field be as high as 1. 4. The higher the numerical Figure 3-4. Numerical aperture. The path of light rays passing through a transparent specimen in a microscope, illustrating the concept of numerical aperture and its relation to the limit of resolution
Figure 3-4. Numerical aperture. The path of light rays passing through a transparent specimen in a microscope, illustrating the concept of numerical aperture and its relation to the limit of resolution
specimen embedde n wax or negin steel blade B. Preparation of specimen ribbon of ribbon of sections on glass shde, stained and mounted under a cove 路浙射脉翻新盛 objective lent condense MINATION WITH UGHT MICROSCOPE Figure 3-5. Making tissue sections. How an embedded tissue is sectioned with a microtome in preparation for examination in the light microscope
Figure 3-5. Making tissue sections. How an embedded tissue is sectioned with a microtome in preparation for examination in the light microscope. B. Preparation of specimen
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