Chapter 7 Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (1)Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cells The relationship between the structure and function of mit (2)Chloroplasts: in plant cells The relationship between the structure and function of chI Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation -ATP Chl: Photosynthesis→ATP+ NADPH→ Sugar
Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Chapter 7 (1) Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cells The relationship between the structure and function of mit. (2) Chloroplasts: in plant cells The relationship between the structure and function of chl. Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation → ATP Chl: Photosynthesis → ATP + NADPH → Sugar
Photosynthesis Aerobic respiration Chloroplast CH- ON Mitochondrion 02+H20 c2+H20 Carbohydrate ATP(contains high energy electrons ■■圖■■■ NADH ADP NADP+ NAD chemical energy (ATP] energy H20 e (contains low energy electrons) H20 : a eee Fi gure 6. 4 An overview of the energetics of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration
1. Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation A. Mitochondrial structure and function The size and number of mitochondria reflect the energy requirements of the cell (B) Figure 7-4 Relationship between mitochondria and microtubules
A. Mitochondrial structure and function ❖The size and number of mitochondria reflect the energy requirements of the cell. 1. Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation Figure 7-4 Relationship between mitochondria and microtubules
20 mInutes Figure 7-3 Mitochondrial plasticity. Rapid changes of shape are observed when a mitochondrion is visualized in a living cell
Figure 7-3 Mitochondrial plasticity. Rapid changes of shape are observed when a mitochondrion is visualized in a living cell
mitochondria myofibril CARDIAC MUSCLE SPERM TAIL Figure 7-5 Localization of mitochondria near sites of high ATP utilization in cardiac muscle and a sperm tail
Figure 7-5 Localization of mitochondria near sites of high ATP utilization in cardiac muscle and a sperm tail
nner and outer mitochondrial membranes enclose two spaces: the matrix and intermembrane space
❖Inner and outer mitochondrial membranes enclose two spaces: the matrix and intermembrane space
Outer membrane. Contains channel-forming protein, called Porin. Permea ble to all molecules of 5000 daltons or less Inner membrane(Impermeability) Contains proteins with three types of functions: (1)Electron-transport chain: Carry out oxidation reactions (2)ATP synthase: Makes ATP in the matrix; (3) Transport proteins: Allow the passage of metabolites Intermembrane space: Contains several enzymes use ATP to phosphorylate other nucleotides Matrix: Enzymes: Mit DNA, Ribosomes, etc
Outer membrane: Contains channel-forming protein, called Porin. Permeable to all molecules of 5000 daltons or less. Inner membrane (Impermeability): Contains proteins with three types of functions: (1) Electron-transport chain: Carry out oxidation reactions; (2) ATP synthase: Makes ATP in the matrix; (3) Transport proteins: Allow the passage of metabolites Intermembrane space: Contains several enzymes use ATP to phosphorylate other nucleotides. Matrix:Enzymes; Mit DNA, Ribosomes, etc
B Specific functions localized within adm af low oemddaty the mit by disruption of the organelle the content of the wmermemdea and fractionation Figure 14-6 Fractionation of purified on leave the cinerea mitochondria into separate ing action components. These techniques have made it possible to study the different proteins in each mitochondrial compartment. The method shown traneler to a mosan od which allows the processing of large numbers of mitochondria at the same time takes advantage tasty gaunt oewtrtuoaton of the fact that in media of low osmotic strength tom na cente matre an ita runeng ambra water flows into mitochondria and greatly expands the matrix space (yellow). While the cristae of the inner membrane allow it to unfold disruption and cermtnfugata tonale wnnt to accommodate the expansion, the outer membranewhich has no folds to begin withbreaks, releasing a structure composed of only the inner membrane and the matrix
Figure 14-6 Fractionation of purified mitochondria into separate components. These techniques have made it possible to study the different proteins in each mitochondrial compartment. The method shown, which allows the processing of large numbers of mitochondria at the same time, takes advantage of the fact that in media of low osmotic strength water flows into mitochondria and greatly expands the matrix space (yellow). While the cristae of the inner membrane allow it to unfold to accommodate the expansion, the outer membranewhich has no folds to begin withbreaks, releasing a structure composed of only the inner membrane and the matrix. B. Specific functions localized within the Mit by disruption of the organelle and fractionation
Localization of metabolic functions within the mitochondrion Outer membrane Inner membrane. Phospholipid synthesis Electron transport fatty acid desaturation Oxidative phosphorylation Fatty acid elongation Metabolite transport Matrix Intermembrane space Pyruvate oxidation Nucleotide phosphorylation TCA cvcle B oxidation of fats DNA replication, RNA transcription Protein translation
Localization of metabolic functions within the mitochondrion Outer membrane: Phospholipid synthesis fatty acid desaturation Fatty acid elongation Inner membrane: Electron transport Oxidative phosphorylation Metabolite transport Intermembrane space Nucleotide phosphorylation Matrix Pyruvate oxidation TCA cycle ß oxidation of fats DNA replication, RNA transcription, Protein translation
2. Molecular basis of oxidative phosphorylation outer mitochondrial membrane ner mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase electron ransport AT TP NAD'NADH ATP ADP+P ADP+P citrIc acid OUT acetyl CoA FOOD MOLECULES FROM CYTOSOL
2. Molecular basis of oxidative phosphorylation
