Q NTNU/XUAT Postgraduate course 21.05.02-31.05.02 Wastewater as a resource WATER RESOURCES AND WATER TREA TMENT IN SCANDINAVIA NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard NTNU/XUAT Postgraduate course 21.05.02-31.05.02: Wastewater as a resource WATER RESOURCES AND WATER TREATMENT IN SCANDINAVIA
Sweden MAP OF SCANDINAVIA Scandinavia consists of the countries: Norwegian Sea .Norway ° Sweden Denmark W The Nordic countries also Bothnia includes: ISLANDS Finland ESTONIA iceland The countries are situated far north(55-70 oN), but the Golf stream gives a pleasant climate NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard MAP OF SCANDINAVIA Scandinavia consists of the countries : •Norway •Sweden •Denmark The Nordic countries also includes : •Finland •Iceland The countries are situated far north (55-70 oN), but the Golf stream gives a pleasant climate
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SCANDIN. COUNTRIES Norway ( Japan) Sweden Denmark Population 4.3 mill (125 8.7 mill 5. 3 mill Area(103 km2) 324 (400) 450 43 ty (325) 123 (cap/km2) opography Mountainous, very long Large low-land area Very flat coast line Large woods River Many medium and large- Many medium and large- Very few -small sized sized sized Lakes Many- most small and Many- some lare ge sized Very few -very small and medium sized shallow Fjords Many-very long and very Few and small -however Very few-wide and shallow Baltic s Important Oil, fishing pulp and Pulp and paper, car, mining Food industries industries paper,metallurgI(al) NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SCANDIN. COUNTRIES Norway (Japan) Sweden Denmark Population Area (103 km2) Pop. Density (cap/km2) 4,3 mill (125) 324 (400) 13 (325) ~ 8,7 mill 450 19 ~ 5.3 mill 43 123 Topography Rivers Lakes Fjords Mountainous, very long coast line Many medium and largesized Many – most small and medium sized Many – very long and very deep Large low-land area, Large woods Many medium and largesized Many – some large sized Few and small – however Baltic Sea Very flat Very few - small sized Very few – very small and shallow Very few – wide and shallow Important industries Oil, fishing, pulp and paper, metallurgi (Al) Pulp and paper, car, mining Food industries
DRINKING WATER SITUATION IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Norway Sweden Denmark Drinking water Surface water 90% 50% 1% ground water 10% 50 %(25 infiltr 99% Typical drinking Humic substances, The same but also High hardness water characteristics very soft, low high Ca, Fe and Mn high Fe/Mn alkalinity, low pH in many waters nitrate, pesticide Typical drinking water HS removal Turbidity and Hs Fe/Mn-removal treatment corrosion control, removal, corrosion disinfection disinfection control, disinfection Dominating drinking HS: Coagulation/ Traditiona Aeration, Fe/Mn- water treatment direct filtration, coagulation/flocc. precipitation methods membrane filtr,sedim/filtration chlorination a/CO2-addition,Ca/CO2-addition Chlorination or U Chlorination Water consumption w250 1/capd w 150 1/capd c 150/capd NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard DRINKING WATER SITUATION IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Norway Sweden Denmark Drinking water Surface water Ground water 90 % 10 % 50 % 50 % (25 % infiltr.) 1 % 99 % Typical drinking water characteristics Humic substances, very soft, low alkalinity, low pH The same but also high Ca, Fe and Mn in many waters High hardness, high Fe/Mn, nitrate, pesticide Typical drinking water treatment HS removal, corrosion control, disinfection Turbidity and HSremoval, corrosion control, disinfection Fe/Mn-removal, disinfection Dominating drinking water treatment methods HS:Coagulation/- direct filtration, membrane filtr., Ca/CO2-addition, Chlorination or UV Traditional coagulation/flocc./ sedim./filtration, Ca/CO2-addition, Chlorination Aeration, Fe/Mnprecipitation, chlorination Water consumption ~ 250 l/cap.d ~ 150 l/cap.d ~ 150 l/cap.d
DRINKING WATER SITUATION II orway Sweden Denmark No of water works 1600 2100 2900 5 erving(%° f popu) 77% 89 92 Private wells 23% 11% 8 Water supply network 34.500km 66.100km Iron/stee 39 58% 36 PVC/PE/GUP 48% 35% 48% Asbestos 9% 8% Other 4% 7 8% 1100 NOK/inhb yr 15.700 yen/inb.yr Consumer cost 5 NOK/m3 7 DKK/m 67 yen/m 110 yen/mi Energy consumption 0.4 kWh/m NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard DRINKING WATER SITUATION II Norway Sweden Denmark No of water works Serving (% of popul) Private wells 1600 77 % 23 % 2100 89 % 11 % 2900 92 % 8 % Water supply network Iron/Steel PVC/PE/GUP Asbestos Other 34.500 km 39 % 48 % 9 % 4 % 66.100 km 58 % 35 % 7 % - 36 % 48 % 8 % 8 % Cost Consumer cost Energy consumption 1100 NOK/inhb.yr 15.700 yen/ihb.yr 5 NOK/m3 67 yen/m3 7 DKK/m3 110 yen/m3 0,4 kWh/m3
WASTEWATER SITUATION IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Norway Sweden Denmark wastewater effl. stand BOD 10-20 10-20 0-20 70% removal 8-12 0,3-08 0,3-05 0 Typical treatment plant Many chemical plants Biol /chemical, many Biol./chem. mostly Biological/chemical, Activ sludge plants,activ sludge, bio. P- many biofilm plants pre-or post precip. rem w/simult precip. Size of plant Many small Many medium-sized Many medium-sized 85%2010-50000pe>20 5 plants>100000>100.000pe >100000pe Sludge disposal 50 % to agricult. 50 to agricult 40 %o to agricult. 10 to compost 30 to landfill 20% to landfil‖l 30 to landfill 10% incineration 30% incineration Effluent disposal Fresh water ~20% 40% 40% Coastal water ~80% ~60% ~60% NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard WASTEWATER SITUATION IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Norway Sweden Denmark Wastewater effl. stand. BOD N P 10 – 20 70 % removal 0,3 – 0,8 10 - 20 8 – 12 0,3 – 0,5 10 – 20 8 1,0 Typical treatment plant Many chemical plants Biological/chemical, many biofilm plants Biol./chemical, many Activ. sludge plants, pre- or post precip. Biol./chem.. mostly activ. sludge, bio. Prem. w/simult. precip. Size of plant Many small – 85 % 100.000 Many medium-sized 10 – 50.000 pe, > 20 > 100.000 pe Many medium-sized 10 – 50.000 pe, > 20 > 100.000 pe Sludge disposal ~ 50 % to agricult. ~ 10 % to compost ~ 30 % to landfill ~ 50 % to agricult. ~ 30 % to landfill ~ 10 % incineration ~ 40 % to agricult. ~ 20 % to landfill ~ 30 % incineration Effluent disposal Fresh water Coastal water ~ 20 % ~ 80 % ~ 40 % ~ 60 % ~ 40 % ~ 60 %
USE OF SLUDGE IN AGRICULTURE Norwa Sweden D enmar EU Max value heavy metal Pb(mg/kg Ts) 100(25) 120 750-1200 1,75(0,75) 08(04) 20-40 100 100(40) 100 1000-1500 650 600(300) 1000 1000-1750 3 25(1,5 0.8 16-25 50(25 800 800(600) 4000 2500-4000 Max supply(g/ha/yr) 160 25 840 075 2,8 200 300 7000 200 40 700 15 Ni 25 210 1600 600 28000 Max supply(ton TS/ha/yr) Sludge treatm. requirem Stabilization hygienization yes No yes NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard USE OF SLUDGE IN AGRICULTURE Norway Sweden Denmark EU Max value heavy metal Pb (mg/kg TS) Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Zn 80 2 100 650 3 50 800 100 (25) 1,75 (0,75) 100 (40) 600 (300) 2,5 (1,5) 50 (25) 800 (600) 120 0,8 (0,4) 100 1000 0,8 30 4000 750-1200 20-40 1000-1500 1000-1750 16-25 300-400 2500-4000 Max supply (g/ha/yr) Pb Cd Cu Cr Hg Ni Zn 160 4 200 200 6 100 1600 25 0,75 300 40 1,5 25 600 840 2,8 7000 700 5,6 210 28000 Max supply (tonTS/ha/yr) 2 - 7 - Sludge treatm. requirem. Stabilization, hygienization Yes Yes No No No Yes No No